H G Wells Omnibus, page 369
8. The northward skyline grows more intricate… more and more does one thank God for Wren: George is referring to the steeples of the more than fifty churches built in and around the City of London by the architect Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723), who also designed St Paul’s Cathedral.
9. Astor’s strong box: Probably a private joke; a strong box is a locked box for storing money or other valuables, a term here applied to the offices on Newton Street, High Holborn, of the Pall Mall Gazette, a newspaper owned by William Waldorf Astor since 1893 to which Wells was a frequent contributor, and from which (the joke seems to imply) payment could be difficult to obtain. Wells referred again to the newspaper’s offices in his Experiment in Autobiography (1934), ‘Large and extravagant offices were secured in the West End near Leicester Square.’
10. lighters: Barges used for loading and unloading ships.
11. hypertrophy: Overgrowth, typically from excess nutrition.
12. Caxton: William Caxton (c.1422–c.91) was the first English printer.
13. Painted Hall: A series of rooms in the Greenwich Hospital and Royal Naval College with pictures of heroic events in British naval history.
14. the ‘Ship’ where… those gentlemen of Westminster used to have an annual dinner: Until 1894 the Ship Hotel was the site of the annual Whitebait Dinner for members of the Cabinet at the end of every session of Parliament.
15. The old façade of the Hospital: Greenwich Hospital, the buildings of which had been used since 1873 by the Royal Naval College.
16. the old grey Tower: The Tower of London.
17. turgid degenerate Kiplingese: In a debased journalistic version of the style used by the poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) to celebrate British imperialism.
18. X2 isn’t intended for the empire, or indeed for the hands of any European power: It was evidently ordered by the United States navy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Some of these notes could not have been written without consulting three earlier editions: the Riverside edition of Tono-Bungay edited by Bernard Bergonzi (1966), the Everyman edition edited by John Hammond (1994) and the Oxford World Classics edition edited by Bryan Cheyette (1997).
E.M.
The notes on the fictional town of Wimblehurst above draw on topographical information kindly provided by Graham Tite, a Senior Conservation Officer in a local government planning office and author of various guides to Sussex buildings and the official town guide to Midhurst.
P.P.
THE WAR IN THE AIR
Table of Contents
H. G. Wells Biography
Early Life
Teacher
Artist
Personal Life
Writer
Political Views
The Fabian Society
Class
Democracy
World Government
Eugenics
Race
Zionism
First World War
Japan
Soviet Union
Other Endeavours
Summary
Religious Views
Literary Influence
Final Years
THE WAR IN THE AIR
PREFACE TO REPRINT EDITION
CHAPTER I. OF PROGRESS AND THE SMALLWAYS FAMILY
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER II. HOW BERT SMALLWAYS GOT INTO DIFFICULTIES
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER III. THE BALLOON
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER IV. THE GERMAN AIR-FLEET
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CHAPTER V. THE BATTLE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC
1
2
3
4
5
6
CHAPTER VI. HOW WAR CAME TO NEW YORK
1
2
3
4
5
6
CHAPTER VII. THE “VATERLAND” IS DISABLED
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CHAPTER VIII. A WORLD AT WAR
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER IX. ON GOAT ISLAND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CHAPTER X. THE WORLD UNDER THE WAR
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER XI. THE GREAT COLLAPSE
1
2
3
4
5
THE EPILOGUE
H. G. Wells Biography
Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946)—known as H. G. Wells—was a prolific English writer in many genres, including the novel, history, politics, social commentary, and textbooks and rules for war games. Wells is now best remembered for his science fiction novels and is called a “father of science fiction”, along with Jules Verne and Hugo Gernsback. His most notable science fiction works include The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), and The War of the Worlds (1898). He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.
Wells’s earliest specialised training was in biology, and his thinking on ethical matters took place in a specifically and fundamentally Darwinian context. He was also from an early date an outspoken socialist, often (but not always, as at the beginning of the First World War) sympathising with pacifist views. His later works became increasingly political and didactic, and he wrote little science fiction, while he sometimes indicated on official documents that his profession was that of journalist. Novels like Kipps and The History of Mr Polly, which describe lower-middle-class life, led to the suggestion, when they were published, that he was a worthy successor to Charles Dickens, but Wells described a range of social strata and even attempted, in Tono-Bungay (1909), a diagnosis of English society as a whole. A diabetic, in 1934 Wells co-founded the charity The Diabetic Association (known today as Diabetes UK).
Early Life
Herbert George Wells was born at Atlas House, 46 High Street, Bromley, in Kent, on 21 September 1866. Called “Bertie” in the family, he was the fourth and last child of Joseph Wells (a former domestic gardener, and at the time a shopkeeper and professional cricketer) and his wife, Sarah Neal (a former domestic servant). An inheritance had allowed the family to acquire a shop in which they sold china and sporting goods, although it failed to prosper: the stock was old and worn out, and the location was poor. Joseph Wells managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop and he received an unsteady amount of money from playing professional cricket for the Kent county team. Payment for skilled bowlers and batsmen came from voluntary donations afterwards, or from small payments from the clubs where matches were played.
A defining incident of young Wells’s life was an accident in 1874 that left him bedridden with a broken leg. To pass the time he started reading books from the local library, brought to him by his father. He soon became devoted to the other worlds and lives to which books gave him access; they also stimulated his desire to write. Later that year he entered Thomas Morley’s Commercial Academy, a private school founded in 1849 following the bankruptcy of Morley’s earlier school. The teaching was erratic, the curriculum mostly focused, Wells later said, on producing copperplate handwriting and doing the sort of sums useful to tradesmen. Wells continued at Morley’s Academy until 1880. In 1877, his father, Joseph Wells, fractured his thigh. The accident effectively put an end to Joseph’s career as a cricketer, and his subsequent earnings as a shopkeeper were not enough to compensate for the loss of the primary source of family income.
No longer able to support themselves financially, the family instead sought to place their sons as apprentices in various occupations. From 1880 to 1883, Wells had an unhappy apprenticeship as a draper at the Southsea Drapery Emporium, Hyde’s. His experiences at Hyde’s, where he worked a thirteen-hour day and slept in a dormitory with other apprentices, later inspired his novels The Wheels of Chance and Kipps, which portray the life of a draper’s apprentice as well as providing a critique of society’s distribution of wealth.
Wells’s parents had a turbulent marriage, owing primarily to his mother being a Protestant and his father a freethinker. When his mother returned to work as a lady’s maid (at Uppark, a country house in Sussex), one of the conditions of work was that she would not be permitted to have living space for her husband and children. Thereafter, she and Joseph lived separate lives, though they never divorced and remained faithful to each other. As a consequence, Herbert’s personal troubles increased as he subsequently failed as a draper and also, later, as a chemist’s assistant. Fortunately for Herbert, Uppark had a magnificent library in which he immersed himself, reading many classic works, including Plato’s Republic, and More’s Utopia. This would be the beginning of Herbert George Wells’s venture into literature.
Teacher
In October 1879 Wells’s mother arranged through a distant relative, Arthur Williams, for him to join the National School at Wookey in Somerset as a pupil–teacher, a senior pupil who acted as a teacher of younger children. In December that year, however, Williams was dismissed for irregularities in his qualifications and Wells was returned to Uppark. After a short apprenticeship at a chemist in nearby Midhurst, and an even shorter stay as a boarder at Midhurst Grammar School, he signed his apprenticeship papers at Hyde’s. In 1883 Wells persuaded his parents to release him from the apprenticeship, taking an opportunity offered by Midhurst Grammar School again to become a pupil–teacher; his proficiency in Latin and science during his previous, short stay had been remembered.
The years he spent in Southsea had been the most miserable of his life to that point, but his good fortune at securing a position at Midhurst Grammar School meant that Wells could continue his self-education in earnest. The following year, Wells won a scholarship to the Normal School of Science (later the Royal College of Science in South Kensington, now part of Imperial College London) in London, studying biology under Thomas Henry Huxley. As an alumnus, he later helped to set up the Royal College of Science Association, of which he became the first president in 1909. Wells studied in his new school until 1887 with a weekly allowance of 21 shillings (a guinea) thanks to his scholarship. This ought to have been a comfortable sum of money (at the time many working class families had “round about a pound a week” as their entire household income) yet in his Experiment in Autobiography, Wells speaks of constantly being hungry, and indeed, photographs of him at the time show a youth who is very thin and malnourished.
He soon entered the Debating Society of the school. These years mark the beginning of his interest in a possible reformation of society. At first approaching the subject through Plato’s Republic, he soon turned to contemporary ideas of socialism as expressed by the recently formed Fabian Society and free lectures delivered at Kelmscott House, the home of William Morris. He was also among the founders of The Science School Journal, a school magazine that allowed him to express his views on literature and society, as well as trying his hand at fiction; a precursor to his novel The Time Machine was published in the journal under the title The Chronic Argonauts. The school year 1886–87 was the last year of his studies.
During 1888 Wells stayed in Stoke-on-Trent, living in Basford, and also at the Leopard Hotel in Burslem. The unique environment of The Potteries was certainly an inspiration. He wrote in a letter to a friend from the area that “the district made an immense impression on me.” The inspiration for some of his descriptions in The War of the Worlds is thought to have come from his short time spent here, seeing the iron foundry furnaces burn over the city, shooting huge red light into the skies. His stay in The Potteries also resulted in the macabre short story “The Cone” (1895, contemporaneous with his famous The Time Machine), set in the north of the city.
After teaching for some time, Wells found it necessary to supplement his knowledge relating to educational principles and methodology and entered the College of Preceptors (College of Teachers). He later received his Licentiate and Fellowship FCP diplomas from the College. It was not until 1890 that Wells earned a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology from the University of London External Programme. In 1889–90 he managed to find a post as a teacher at Henley House School, where he taught A. A. Milne. His first published work was a Text-book of Biology in two volumes - 1893.
Upon leaving the Normal School of Science, Wells was left without a source of income. His aunt Mary—his father’s sister-in-law—invited him to stay with her for a while, which solved his immediate problem of accommodation. During his stay at his aunt’s residence, he grew increasingly interested in her daughter, Isabel. He would later go on to court her.
Artist
One of the ways that Wells expressed himself was through his drawings and sketches. One common location for these was the endpapers and title pages of his own diaries, and they covered a wide variety of topics, from political commentary to his feelings toward his literary contemporaries and his current romantic interests. During his marriage to Amy Catherine, whom he nicknamed Jane, he drew a considerable number of pictures, many of them being overt comments on their marriage. During this period, he called these pictures “picshuas”. These picshuas have been the topic of study by Wells scholars for many years, and in 2006 a book was published on the subject.
Personal Life
In 1891, Wells married his cousin Isabel Mary Wells. The couple agreed to separate in 1894 when he fell in love with one of his students, Amy Catherine Robbins (later known as Jane), whom he married in 1895. Poor health took him to Sandgate, near Folkestone, where in 1901 he constructed a large family home: Spade House. He had two sons with Jane: George Philip (known as “Gip”) in 1901 (died 1985) and Frank Richard in 1903 (died 1982).
With his wife Jane’s consent, Wells had affairs with a number of women, including the American birth control activist Margaret Sanger, adventurer and writer Odette Keun, Soviet spy Moura Budberg and novelist Elizabeth von Arnim. In 1909 he had a daughter, Anna-Jane, with the writer Amber Reeves, whose parents, William and Maud Pember Reeves, he had met through the Fabian Society; and in 1914 a son, Anthony West (1914–1987), by the novelist and feminist Rebecca West, 26 years his junior. In Experiment in Autobiography (1934), Wells wrote: “I was never a great amorist, though I have loved several people very deeply”. David Lodge’s novel A Man of Parts (2011) - a ‘narrative based on factual sources’ (author’s note) - gives a convincing and generally sympathetic account of Wells’s relations with the women mentioned above, and others.
Writer
Some of his early novels, called “scientific romances”, invented several themes now classic in science fiction in such works as The Time Machine, The Island of Doctor Moreau, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, When the Sleeper Wakes, and The First Men in the Moon. He also wrote realistic novels that received critical acclaim, including Kipps and a critique of English culture during the Edwardian period, Tono-Bungay. Wells also wrote dozens of short stories and novellas, including, “The Flowering of the Strange Orchid”, which helped bring the full impact of Darwin’s revolutionary botanical ideas to a wider public, and was followed by many later successes such as “The Country of the Blind” (1904).
According to James Gunn, one of Wells’ major contributions to the science fiction genre was his approach, which he referred to as his “new system of ideas”. In his opinion the author should always strive to make the story as credible as possible, even if both the writer and the reader knew certain elements are impossible, allowing the reader to accept the ideas as something that could really happen, today referred to as “the plausible impossible” and “suspension of disbelief”. While neither invisibility nor time travel was new in speculative fiction, Wells added a sense of realism to the concepts which the readers were not familiar with. In “Wells’s Law”, a science fiction story should contain only a single extraordinary assumption. Being aware the notion of magic as something real had disappeared from society, he therefore used scientific ideas and theories as a substitute for magic to justify the impossible. Wells’s best-known statement of the “law” appears in his introduction to The Scientific Romances of H.G. Wells (1933),
“As soon as the magic trick has been done the whole business of the fantasy writer is to keep everything else human and real. Touches of prosaic detail are imperative and a rigorous adherence to the hypothesis. Any extra fantasy outside the cardinal assumption immediately gives a touch of irresponsible silliness to the invention.”
Though Tono-Bungay is not a science-fiction novel, radioactive decay plays a small but consequential role in it. Radioactive decay plays a much larger role in The World Set Free (1914). This book contains what is surely his biggest prophetic “hit”. Scientists of the day were well aware that the natural decay of radium releases energy at a slow rate over thousands of years. The rate of release is too slow to have practical utility, but the total amount released is huge. Wells’s novel revolves around an (unspecified) invention that accelerates the process of radioactive decay, producing bombs that explode with no more than the force of ordinary high explosives—but which “continue to explode” for days on end. “Nothing could have been more obvious to the people of the earlier twentieth century”, he wrote, “than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible … [but] they did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands”. In 1932, the physicist and conceiver of nuclear chain reaction Leó Szilárd read The World Set Free, a book which he said made a great impression on him.
