Democratic Justice, page 139
635
Orval Faubus: NYT, 9/3/1957, at 1, 21; NYT, 9/4/1957, at 1, 37.
636
“Of course”: FF to LH, 9/8/1957, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23.
636
“a natural-born”: FF to CCB, 9/12/1957, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16.
636
lukewarm: DDE to Hazlett, 7/22/1957, at 4–6, Hazlett Papers, DDEL, Box 2 (“I think that no other single event has so disturbed the domestic scene in many years as did the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 in the school segregation case. . . . But I hold to the basic purpose. There must be respect for the Constitution—which means the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution—or we shall have chaos.”).
636
“You cannot”: NYT, 9/16/1957, at 19.
636
“The demands”: DDED, 9/13/1957, The Eisenhower Diaries, at 313 (Robert H. Ferrell, ed. 1981). See Arthur Krock, 4/7/1960, at 4–5, Krock Papers, Box 26 (int. with DDE refusing to endorse Brown and criticizing Court).
636
met with Faubus: DDED, 10/8/1957, The Eisenhower Diaries, at 347–48 (recollecting 9/14/1957 meeting).
636
“disgraceful”: NYT, 9/24/1957, at 1.
637
drove: “Some Recollections By JWD,” at 2, J. William Doolittle Collection of Materials Relating to Justice Felix Frankfurter (on file with author); Bill Doolittle Int. with author, 1/11/2018 & 12/6/2018.
637
directly to chambers & letters: WES, 11/15/1957, at A-2; FFLC, Box 122 (five folders of letters).
637
11:00 a.m. & 5:00 p.m.: HHBD, 11/15/1957, Reel 4.
637
sixteen former clerks: “Present 11/15/1957,” FFLC, Box 122.
637
“warm” & “Well, now”: FF to CCB, 11/27/1957, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16.
637
profiled: BG, 11/10/1957, at A1, A14; WP, 11/15/1957, at A16; BG, 11/15/1957, at 44.
637
“[h]ow could”: NYT, 11/17/1957, at E10.
637
Felix Frankfurter Scholarship Fund: WP, 11/23/1957, at B7 & photos, in FFLC, Box 182; HHBD, 11/22/1957, Reel 4; Benjamin F. Goldstein to FF, 12/18/1957, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 19, Page, 307.
637
editors: 67 Yale L.J., ii (1957) (dedication); Sir Owen Dixon, “Mr. Justice Frankfurter: A Tribute from Australia,” id. at 179–86; PBK, “Mr. Justice Frankfurter, The Supreme Court and the Erie Doctrine in Diversity Cases,” id. at 187–218; Ernest J. Brown, “The Open Economy: Justice Frankfurter and the Position of the Judiciary,” id. at 219–39; Nathaniel L. Nathanson, “Mr. Justice Frankfurter and Administrative Law,” id. at 240–65; Clyde W. Summers, “Frankfurter, Labor Law and the Judge’s Function,” id. at 266–303; Louis H. Pollak, “Mr. Justice Frankfurter: Judgment and the Fourteenth Amendment,” id. at 304–323.
638
“In fair”: TNR, 11/18/1957, at 7–9.
638
“the World Series”: FF to CCB, 11/21/1957, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16.
638
Griswold & “the Law”: Howard Kalodner Int., 12/13/2018.
638
To former students: FF to Donald Trautman, 9/12/1956, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel I, Page 201; FF to Reston, 10/16/1956, id. at 202; AL to FF, 1/11/1957, id. at 205; FF to PAF, 10/16/1956, id., Reel 38, Page 172; FF to Sacks, 8/23/1956, id., Reel 18, Page 379; FF to HMH, 9/27/1956, id., Reel 8, Page 810; AL to FF, 2/27/1956, ALP, Box II:9 (thanking for lunch); FF to Chayes, 9/12/1956, id.; FF to AL, 9/22/1956, id.; FF to AL, 1/14/1957, id.
638
“very few”: FF to Arthur Hays Sulzberger, 6/24/1957, id. See Lincoln Caplan, “Anthony Lewis: What He Learned at Harvard Law School,” 79 Mo. L. Rev. 871 (2014) (quoting AL’s notes from PAF’s and HMH’s classes); AL, 106 Harv. L. Rev. 1, 16–18 (1992) (recalling PAF’s class).
638–639
“more thorough” & “more reflective” & “serious” & “the really”: AL, “Meeting with FF – Friday, Aug. 9, 1957,” at 1–2, ALP, Box II:9.
639
“The Stars” & “judicial” & “the idea”: NYTM, 11/10/1957, at 25.
639
ability to frame & fair criminal procedures: Id. at 25, 78. See McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, 347 (1943) (reversing conviction because of involuntary confessions and observing: “The history of liberty has largely been the history of observance of procedural safeguards.”); Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 155 (1947) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) (objecting to warrantless search of home); United States v. Rabinowitz, 339 U.S. 56, 68 (1950) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) (objecting to scope of search incident to arrest).
639–640
“electric” & “No one”: NYTM, 11/10/1957, at 78–79.
640
“exponent” & “a man” & “passionate” & “judicial” & “I regard”: Id. at 79. FF to AL, 11/10/1957, at. 1–2, ALP, Box II:9 (thanking for profile).
640
May 3 conference: WOD Conference Notes, 5/3/1957, at 2–3, WODP, Box 1191.
640
“The issues”: FF, “Memorandum for the Conference,” 6/7/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 501. See Patrick Weil, The Sovereign Citizen, 145–65 (2012).
641
“Felix irritates” & forbade: Jerome Cohen Int. with Michael Parrish, 7/2/1974, at 4 & Cohen Int. with Laura McCreery, 11/19/2004, at 4, 9–10 & Jerome Cohen Int., 12/14/2018. See FF, “To the Editor,” circa 10/1/1961, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 838 (“brainwashes”).
641
other clerk: EW to FF, 7/14/1956, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 8, Page 901 (describing Cohen as “able young man” and claiming “no objections” to FF’s hiring him); James F. Simon, Eisenhower vs. Warren, 237 (2018) (describing EW as “all-business” and “livid” about the FF clerkship) (based on 3/8/2016 int. with Cohen). Cohen was hired because HMH had forgotten to tell Aram J. Kevorkian he had been selected to clerk for FF; Kevorkian, who was stationed in La Rochelle, France, could not arrange for a discharge. FF to HMH, 6/25/1956, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 8, Page 895–96; FF to Kevorkian, 9/27/1956, at 1–2, id. Page 908–9.
641
Cohen wrote: Jerome Cohen, “Perez v. Brownell,” 7/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 502.
641
Warren no longer: WOD Perez & Trop & Nishikawa Docket Book, O.T. 1957, Box 1184; HHB Trop Docket Book, O.T. 1957, Box 294, Folder 7.
641
“These” & “tough” & “you are” & “this is” & “this Court”: FF to JMH, 10/29/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 441.
641
memoranda & drafts: Memorandum, 11/1957, Perez v. Brownell, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 519; Memorandum, Nishikawa v. Dulles, 10/1957, id., Page 243; Doolittle to Todd Peppers, Email, 6/17/2009 (recounting work on denationalization cases).
641
“excellent”: Whittaker to FF, 11/15/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 504.
642
“a great”: Whittaker to FF, 3/5/1958, at 1, id. at Page 598.
642
“a shock”: FF to Whittaker, 3/5/1958, at 4, id., Page 603.
642
“The Chief” & “the overtones” & “But every”: FF to WJB, 3/27/1958, at 1–3, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Pages 259–61 (quoting Nishikawa v. Dulles draft); Nishikawa v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 129 (1958). But see Perez v. Brownell, 356 U.S. 44, 78 (1958) (Warren, C.J., dissenting) (“The power to denationalize is not within the letter or the spirit of the powers with which our Government was endowed.”).
642
“The importance”: Perez, 356 U.S. at 57–60. See HHB Conference Notes, Perez v. Brownell, 10/29/1957, at 2, HHBP, Box 296, Folder 2 (FF observing that the Necessary and Proper Clause “applies to ‘all other powers’ ”) (quoting Art. I, §8, Cl. 17).
643
“All persons” & “basic”: Perez v. Brownell, 356 U.S. at 64–66 (Warren, C.J., dissenting) (quoting Amend. XIV, §1, cl. 1).
643
legislative supremacy: Id. at 79 (Douglas, J., dissenting).
643
“the dignity” & “the evolving”: Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100–1 (1958) (plurality opinion).
643
“All power” & “clearly” & “judgment” & “the gravest” & “This is” & “it is”: Id. at 119–20 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting) (quoting Blodgett v. Holden, 275 U.S. 142, 148 (1927) (Holmes, J., separate opinion)).
644
“remarks”: NYT, 4/3/1958, at 17.
644
“adjectival” & “deep”: FF to AL, 4/3/1958, ALP Box II-9 (quoting AL’s article). See AL to FF, 4/9/1958, id. (responding that the philosophical “differences” sometimes result in “surface irritations”).
644
“nothing”: NYT, 4/3/1958, at 17.
644
“his opinion”: Memo for Record, n.d., FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 912.
644
“Does he”: Note, id. See Weil, Sovereign Citizen, 147 (quoting EW clerk Dallin Oaks’s journal on announcement).
644
“a vigorous” & “more restrained”: NYT, 4/3/1958, at 17.
644
packed: LH to FF, 2/10/1958, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 27, Page 561; Gerald Gunther, Learned Hand, 653 (1994).
644
classrooms & radio: FF to CCB, 2/14/1957, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-17; BG, 2/4/1958, at 19; BG, 2/5/1958, at 24.
644
“the whole”: Learned Hand, The Bill of Rights, 27–29 (1958).
645
“a third” & “its own”: Id. at 54–55.
645
“For myself”: Id. at 73.
645
“central” & “you cannot” & “whether” & “square”: FF to LH, 2/13/1958, at 1–2, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23. See LH to FF, 2/22/1958, at 1–2, id. (agreeing he might have joined the majority); FF to JMH, circa 1958, at 1, JMHP, Box 533 (“While I regret that B felt he had to give his views on the Segregation Cases, I quite appreciate that he may have thought it would be lacking in candor not to do so.”).
645
miscegenation laws: FF to LH, 9/8/1957, at 1, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23 (asking about miscegenation laws); LH to FF, 9/13/1957, id.; FF to LH, 9/17/1957, at 1–3, id. (defending his ducking of miscegenation cases, observing the Fourteenth Amendment “makes no reference to color,” and discussing AMB’s law review article).
645
“justified” & “inconclusive”: LH to FF, 9/25/1957, id.; FF to LH, 9/27/1957, at 1–2, id. LH to FF, 10/10/1957, id.
645
“the boys” & “for the love”: FF to LH, 10/12/1957, at 2–3, id. See FF to LH, 2/13/1958, at 2 (insisting Brown does not necessarily mean overruling miscegenation laws); Constance Jordan, ed., Reason and Imagination, 374–82 (2013). LH’s biographer Gerald Gunther blamed FF’s “incessant hammering” for LH’s change of heart about Brown. A former LH clerk whom FF had encouraged to write the biography, Gunther claimed that LH had been unaware of the Court’s subsequent summary opinions desegregating municipal swimming pools, golf courses, buses, and other public accommodations. Gunther, Learned Hand, 666, 670. Whether he read those opinions or not, LH proved himself to be a less-than-astute interpreter of the Fourteenth Amendment’s text and history in concluding initially that they prohibited all racial classifications. Moreover, LH explained at the time that he added his discussion of Brown at the last minute “under the proper pressure of that Law Clerk to beat all Law-Clerks, Roland [sic] Dworkin, and one or two others who said ‘You simply cannot duck that one,’ I took up the pros and cons as best I could . . .” LH to FF, 2/22/1958, at 1. Months after the lectures, LH read AMB’s article about the history of the Fourteenth Amendment and concluded that Brown was “unnecessary and bad law.” LH to FF, 11/1/1958, at 2, Hand Papers, Box 105D, Folder 105-24.
645
Hand announced: NYT, 5/8/1958, at 15.
646
“may well”: Manchester Guardian, 2/8/1958, at 5.
646
“I’m afraid” & “These liberals”: FF to CCB, 2/14/1958, at 1–2.
646
“Read Monday’s batch”: FF to Arthur Sutherland, 4/1/1958, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23 (FF handwritten to LH).
646
“permanently” & “It upset”: JA to IB, 4/30/1958, at 2, IBP, Box 239, #108. See JA to IB, 3/20/1958, at 2, Id., #103.
646
content: MDF to AMB, 8/5/1958, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Pages 390–91; FF to LH, March 1958, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23.
647
Robert Carter: Oral Argument of Robert Carter, 1/15/1958, at 00:33:01, https://www.oyez.org/cases/1957/91.
647
“The less”: HHB Conference Notes, NAACP v. Alabama, at 3, HHBP, Box 296, Folder 12. See WOD Conference Notes, NAACP v. Alabama, at 2, WODP, Box 1186; TCC Conferences Notes, NAACP v. Alabama, at 1, TCCP, Box A60, Folder 5.
647
$10,000 to $100,000: NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 U.S. 449, 451–54 (1958).
647
extensively edited: FF to JMH, 4/23/1958, JMHP, Box 533; JMH to FF, 4/24/1958, id.; FF to JMH, 4/24/1958, id.; FF to JMH, 4/28/1958, id.; FF to JMH, n.d., id.
647
“not inflexible” & “will be”: FF comments, NAACP v. Alabama draft, at 9, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 32, Page 60. See JMH to FF, 5/2/1957, id. at Page 70; FF to JMH, 5/23/1957, id. at Page 71.
647
“a break”: FF to TCC, 6/25/1957, at 1, id. at Page 72.
647
retaliated: Bates, Long Shadow of Little Rock, 116–22 (recalling harassment and expulsion of Minnijean Brown).
647
“the time”: Aaron v. Cooper, 163 F. Supp. 13, 30 (E.D. Ark. 1958).
647
lunch: HHBD, 6/23/1958, Reel 5 (EW, HLB, WOD, TCC, JMH, WJB, and Whittaker “discussed Little Rock”).
647–648
“stiff fight” & “tepid” & “Some plain”: FF to AMB, circa 8/20/1958, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 403 (FF handwritten).
648
“we’d be” & “professional” & “inexperience” & “shortsightedness”: FF to AMB, 8/29/1958, id. at Page 401.
648
“We have”: Aaron v. Cooper, 357 U.S. 566, 567 (1958) (per curiam). See Draft, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 35, Page 906 & Drafts, id., Reel 28, Pages 225–43.
648
two California death row & Frankfurter dissented: Caritativo v. California, 357 U.S 549, 550 (1958) (per curiam); id. at 552–60 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). See FF to JMH, 6/26/1958, JMHP, Box 52.
648
“it would”: NYT, 7/2/1958, at 19 (quoting Caritativo, 357 U.S. at 559 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)).
648
“said nothing”: Frankfurter written notation, Caritativo v. California, 1957 Term Doolittle Bound Volume, at 969. See HHBD, 6/30/1958, Reel 5; EW Calendar, 6/30/1958, EWP, Box 30, Folder 4 (5:00 p.m. visit to FF’s chambers).
648
“Neither” & “I merely”: NYT, 7/2/1958, at 19 (quoting Caritativo, 357 U.S. at 559 (Frankfurter, J., dissenting)).
648
“the final break”: Schwartz, Super Chief, 254 (quoting unnamed justice, probably WJB). FF was quoted as referring to EW as “That Dumb Swede.” The source, which claimed that FF and his former clerk PG had used the term, was an undated note in the files of an FF antagonist, syndicated columnist Drew Pearson. Jim Newton, Justice for All, 347 & 563 n.11 (2006) (relying on undated memorandum, quoting PG quoting FF, in Pearson’s files). As Newton acknowledged, FF never used this phrase in his voluminous correspondence.
649
“intellectually”: FF to AMB, 8/2/1958, at 2–3, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Pages 387–88.
649
“I hope”: JMH to FF, 7/15/1958, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 1, Page 591–92.
649
August 18: Aaron v. Cooper, 257 F.2d 33 (8th Cir. 1958).
649
“wiser”: FF to AMB, 8/18/1958, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 392.
649
Smith v. Allwright: FF to AMB, circa 8/19/1958, id. at 397 (“Someday let me tell you the story of this.”) (attaching Smith v. Allwright concurrence).
649
special term: NYT, 8/26/1958, at 1, 18.
649
conferred: Freyer, Little Rock on Trial, 151 & Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 148 (Whittaker flew from Kansas City to Los Angeles to confer with EW and WJB) (based on WJB int.).
650
European vacation: Martin to Secretary of State, 8/26/1958 tel., HHBP, Box 307, Folder 16.
