Democratic Justice, page 111
156
“liberal ideas”: FF to HFS, 1/22/1925, at 3–4, id.
156
“If you call”: FF to LH, 11/10/1924, at 4, LHP, Box 104A, Folder 104-11.
156
revised: FF to LH, 3/10/1926, at 1–2, id., Box 104B, Folder 104-12.
156–157
“a ‘revolutionary’ ” & “single revolutionary”: Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 658, 666, 669 (1925).
157
“no present” & “incitement” & “[e]very” & “should be”: Id. at 672–73 (Holmes, J., dissenting).
157
“the liberty”: Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, 534–35 (1925).
157–158
“gives” & “did immediate” & “vague” & “These words”: TNR, 6/17/1925, at 86.
158
“to make” & “ ‘good’ ” & “the real”: Id. at 86–87.
158
Holmes graced: Time, 3/15/1926; NYT, 3/7/1926, at E8 & SM1.
158
“Wherever”: TNR, 3/17/1926, at 88.
158
“veto” & “the costs” & “own judgment” & “How dubious”: TNR, 3/31/1926, at 158. See Schlesinger v. Wisconsin, 270 U.S. 230, 241 (1926) (Holmes, J., dissenting); Weaver v. Palmer Bros. Co., 270 U.S. 402, 415 (1926) (Holmes., J., dissenting).
159
made no secret: TNR, 11/4/1925, at 272; The Nation, 12/9/1925, at 652–53; JML to FF, 11/5/1925, at 1–3, FFLC, Box 74.
159
robust democracy: Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 372–74, 377, 379 (1927) (Brandeis, J., concurring).
CHAPTER 12: LET MR. LOWELL RESIGN
160
armed: 1 SV Trial Tr. at 75, 77.
160
lied: 2 SV Trial Tr. at 1726, 1731–32 (Vanzetti); id. at 1846, 1866, 1912 (Sacco).
160
Salsedo: FF, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti, 5–6 (1927); TNR, 6/9/1926, at 76.
160
Bridgewater: G. Louis Joughin and Edmund M. Morgan, The Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti, 48–49 (1948).
160
Brandeis’s: EGE, “Mr. Justice Brandeis,” The Survey, 11/1/1931, at 139.
160
activist: FFR, at 210; Springfield Sunday Union and Republican, 5/1/1932 & 5/8/1932, in FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Pages 354–57.
161
noticed & vowed: Springfield Sunday Union and Republican, 5/8/1932.
161
not read the newspaper: FFR, 208–10; FF to MDF, 7/13/1925, at 2, FFLC, Box 13; FF, “Newspapers and Criminal Justice,” in Criminal Justice in Cleveland, 515–527 (Roscoe Pound & Felix Frankfurter, eds. 1921). Some have questioned FF’s assertion that he had not paid attention to the trial. Moshik Temkin, The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair, 234–35 n.50 (2009); Robert H. Montgomery, “Felix Frankfurter and President Lowell in the Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” at 11–17, Sacco-Vanzetti/Montgomery Papers, Box 8, Folder M7(15) (observing that FF was in the country at the time of the murders, the New England Civil Liberties Committee had used his name to raise money for the legal defense fund as early as 1921, and FF had misdated the Proctor motion as 1925 when it was filed in 1923). FF made some minor factual errors in his reminiscences, yet at the time he insisted that he had not paid attention to the trial and did not become interested in the case until the Proctor motion in 1923. FF to Shattuck, 4/28/1927, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 34, Page 915; FF to JWM, 10/15/1927, at 1, id., Page 944.
161
“My opinion”: 1 SV Trial Tr. at 896.
161
Thompson’s motion: BG, 11/2/1923, at 25; BG, 11/7/1923, at 13; TNR, 12/26/1923, at 117–18 (article by EGE).
161
“repeatedly” & “When I” & “reprehensible” & “undermined”: FFR, 212–13.
162
advised: RNB to FF, 10/22/1924, ACLU Papers, Sub-Series 21, Vol. 260, Page 132; FF to RNB, 10/23/1924, id.; RNB to FF, 10/25/1924, id. at Page 135; RNB to EGF, 10/23/1924, id., Vol. 261, Page 48; RNB, “Memorandum for Miss Flynn on Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” 11/7/1924, id., Page 49.
162
In 1923: RNB to EGF, 10/18/1924, ACLU Papers, Sub-Series 21, Vol. 261, Page 55.
162
specifically requested: WGT to SVDC, 11/20/1924, at 3, id., at Pages 142–43.
163
“I wish”: FF to HJL, 9/23/1926, at 1, FFLC, Box 74.
163
Commonwealth Fund: Max Farrand to FF, 9/17/1925 & Gates Application Form, FFLC, Box 131.
163
clerk for Holmes: SGates to W. G. Gates, 1/5/1927, at 1–6, Gates Family Papers; SGates to W. G. Gates, 12/25/1926, at 2–3, id.; TGC to FF, n.d., at 2, OWHP, Reel 42, Page 26.
163
Gates drafted: SGates to W. G. Gates, 5/30/1926, at 3–4, Gates Family Papers; FF to WL, 6/11/1926, WLP, Reel 10, Box 10, Folder 427a.
163
read: FF to WL, 6/8/1926, id.
163–164
“bothering” & “Under”: TNR, 6/9/1926, at 75–76.
164
“The prosecution” & “any Judge”: Id. at 76 (quoting Frank v. Mangum, 237 U.S. 309, 349 (1915) (Holmes J., dissenting)).
164
“stand” & “you”: Id.
164
“Damn them” & “The 2,000”: Id. at 76–77 (quoting Davis v. Boston Elevated Ry. Co., 235 Mass. 482, 497 (1920) (Rugg, C.J.)).
165
Medeiros: 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4359.
165
getaway car: Id. at 4632.
165
not been involved: Id. at 4641.
165
find a job: HBE, “Felix,” at 3–12, 18–26, 28–30, in Adventure of Living (unpublished memoir), HBEP, Box 21, Folder 21-9; HBE, “Felix,” Felix Frankfurter: A Tribute, 91–107.
165
co-authored: Reginald Heber Smith & HBE, “The Criminal Courts” in Criminal Justice in Cleveland, 227–372.
165
asked Ehrmann: EGE to Forrest Bailey, 5/17/1926, at 1–2, ACLU Papers, Sub-Series 21, Vol. 306, Page 321–22.
165
Morelli gang: HBE, The Untried Case (1933).
165
$1500: WGT to FF, 6/16/1926, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 36, Page 342; WGT to RNB, 10/29/1926, at 1, ACLU Papers, Sub-Series 21, Vol. 306, Page 309.
165
advised: Mary C. Crawford to RNB, 9/13/1926, at 1, id., Vol. 306, Page 450; FF to RNB, 10/29/1926, id., Vol. 306, Page 460.
165
whole new: EGE to Bailey, 5/29/1926, id., Page 324.
165
circumspect Lippmann: FF to WL, 6/11/1926, at 1; FF to WL, 6/13/1926, WLP, Reel 10, Box 10, Folder 427a; WL to FF, 6/14/1926, id.
166
Department of Justice: NYW, 9/20/1926, at 6.
166
changing the tone: Crawford to RNB, 9/13/1926, at 1.
166
hearing & knew: NYT, 9/14/1927, at 13; FF to WL, 9/20/1926, WLP, Reel 10, Box 10, Folder 427a; FF to WL, 9/22/1926, id.; WL to FF, 9/23/1926, id.
166
Thayer denied: 5 SV Trial Tr., Defendant’s Amended Bill of Exceptions for a Motion for a New Trial, 10/28/1926, at 4362.
166
stifle calls: Crawford to RNB, 9/13/1926, at 2 & FF to RNB, 9/13/1926, at 1–2, ACLU Papers, Sub-Series 21, Vol. 306, Pages 456–57.
166
O’Brien: ACLU to FF, 7/15/1926, id. at Page 455.
166
“We Submit”: BH, 10/26/1926, reprinted in NYW, 5/3/1927, at 14; LDB to FF, 10/29/1926, HBHS at 258.
166
“very difficult” & “pamphlet”: FF to MDF, 11/18/1926, at 1, FFLC, Box 14.
166
“the more” & “an incredibly” & “absolutely”: FF to MDF, 11/17/1926, at 2, id. See SGates to W. G. Gates, 12/25/1926, at 3 (sixty-page manuscript with FF).
166
promised: FFR, 214.
166
bankruptcy: Memorandum, 10/25/1924 & Bankruptcy Petition, 10/1924, Dorothy Whitney Straight Elmhirst Papers, Reel 16.
166
plummeted: David W. Levy, Herbert Croly of The New Republic, 272, 288 (1985) (circulation at 14,500 in 1925).
167
“quasi-Oriental”: Bruce Bliven, Five Million Words Later, 176–77 (1970).
167
heard: ES to FF, 12/23/1926, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 36, Page 300.
167
$50,000: ES, The Happy Profession, 156 (1946).
167
“if it didn’t”: FFR, 214–15.
167
South America & London: ES to JCM, 3/23/1927, at 1, Sedgwick Papers, Carton 4.
167
offered: ES to FF, 1/4/1927, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 36, Pages 329–30.
167
decided to break: ES to FF, 1/7/1927, at 1–2, id., Pages 331–32; FFR, 214–15.
167
circulation: American Newspaper Annual and Directory (N. W. Ayer & Son), 1928, at 466 (132,348 for Atlantic Monthly) & 766 (25,000 for New Republic).
167
two editors: Bliven, Five Million Words Later, 183; Robert Morss Lovett, All Our Years, 183–85 (1948); Levy, Herbert Croly of The New Republic, 285–87.
167
did not seem interested: Edmund Wilson to AMS Jr., 1964, in Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics 1912–1972, at 197 (1977).
167
March 1927 issue: FF, “The Portentous Case of Sacco and Vanzetti: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Trial of Grave Importance,” Atlantic Monthly, 3/1927, 409–32.
167
month later: FF, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927).
167
privately acknowledged: FF, Inscription to W. G. Gates, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927), Gates Family Papers (“this little book, in the making of which Sylvester had a partner’s share, unfortunately not revealed on the title page”); FF, Inscription to SGates, The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti (1954), id. (“But for your massive help this book may never have appeared, certainly not as effectively”); Int. with Oliver Gates, 5/8/2016 (recalling concerns with European co-author as inviting conspiracy theories about a Communist plot); Sacco-Vanzetti entry, Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 8, 279–80 (1935) (authored by Gates).
167
$125: FF to Shattuck, 4/27/1927, at 2.
167
“The Sacco-Vanzetti”: FF, “Prefatory Note,” The Case of Sacco and Vanzetti, iii.
168
to delay: ES to FF, 1/4/1927, at 1; FF to John Maguire, 1/20/1927, at 1–3, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Pages 535–37.
168
to wait: WGT to FF, 2/10/1927, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 24, at 561–62.
168
offered & “scientific”: FF, Memorandum, 2/12/1927, at 1–2, id., Pages 563–64.
168
agreed: WGT to FF, 12/21/1927, at 1, id., Reel 25, Page 854; FF to John Moors, 12/19/1927, id., Reel 33, Page 607.
168
“The purpose”: JCM to ES, circa 3/23/1927, at 1, Sedgwick Papers, Carton 4.
168
“hot-headed” & “upright”: ES to JCM, 3/23/1927, at 2, id.
168
“estimate” & “unsympathetic” & “faith”: JCM to ES, 3/26/1927, at 1–2, id., Carton 7.
168
inconspicuous hotel: FWB to FF, 6/28/1960, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 123; FWB, “Chum Felix,” at 38–39, id., Box 257.
169
April 5: 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4880; Commonwealth v. Sacco, 259 Mass. 128, 139–41 (Apr. 5, 1927).
169
not in Massachusetts: John M. Maguire, “Memorandum for Professor Frankfurter,” 5/4/1927, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Pages 538–39.
169
courtroom: NYW, 4/10/1927, at 1–2; BH, 4/10/1927, at 1, B12; BET, 4/9/1927, at 1, 15.
169
“As I”: 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4896.
169
“I am suffering”: Id. at 4904.
169
cried & “by the passage”: 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4904–5.
169
whisper: BH, 4/10/1927, at 1.
169
“moved”: NYW, 4/10/1927, at 2.
170
defense counsel: WGT to Stoughton Bell, 4/11/1927, RPP, Pt. I, Reel 74, Page 492; FF to Bell, 4/9/1927, id., Page 491.
170
Storey: Maguire to RP, 6/11/1927, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Page 540; FF to Maguire, 6/12/1927, at 1, id. at Page 541.
170
endowment: FF to RP, 4/6/1927, RPP, Pt. I, Reel 74, Page 487.
170
1917 letter: BET, 4/27/1927, at 2; BET, 4/29/1927, at 13.
170
“timidity” & “fear” & changed: FF to LDB, 4/22/[1927], at 1, FFLC, Box 29. See RP Diary Entry, 2/28/1927, RPP, Pt. II, Reel 40, Page 31 (describing complaints about FF’s article as “very annoying”).
170
“one-sided”: RP to Spencer Montgomery, 5/12/1927, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 24, Page 663.
170
not to confront: FF to RP, 8/23/1927, at 1–2, RPP, Reel 74, Pages 509–10.
170
never recovered: HBE, “Felix,” Felix Frankfurter: A Tribute, 99 (recalling publication as end of their friendship); RP to Wallace Mendelson, 3/26/1963, RPP, Pt. I, Reel 52, Page 574 (questioning FF’s account of Sacco and Vanzetti’s trial as a product of the Red Scare).
170
conscientious objectors: Jeremy K. Kessler, “The Administrative Origins of Modern Civil Liberties Law,” 114 Colum. L. Rev. 1083, 1108–11, 1126–27 (2014).
170
“the most”: Francis S. Philbrick to FF, 5/3/1927, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 25, Page 661.
170–171
“dangerous” & “the character” & “playing” & “the facts”: “Memorandum as to Genesis of Wigmore Article on Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” n.d., FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 24, Page 642.
171
“I have” & “Professor”: NYT, 4/11/1927, at 8. See Webster Thayer to Wigmore, 12/8/1927, Wigmore Papers, Box 47, Folder 26 (thanking).
171
Bureau of Investigation: Wigmore to Chief, Bureau of Investigation, 3/31/1927, id.
171
“the plausible” & “errors” & “libel” & “approved”: BET, 4/25/1927, at 1, 12.
171
Harvard Square & Herald & “be temperate”: FFR, 215–16.
171
bill of exceptions: FF to JWM, 10/6/1927, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 34, Page 925.
171
“I say”: BH, 4/26/1927, at 1.
172
“the plausible” & “the contra-canonical”: BET, 5/10/1927, Pt. 2, at 3.
172
“I shall” & “serious charges” & “his original”: BET, 5/11/1927, Pt. 2, at 3.
172
Thompson published: BET, 5/23/1927, in FFLC, Box 246.
172
“very fortunate” & “brought”: ERB to FF, 5/16/1927, FFLC, Box 31.
172
“Wigmore is”: FFR, 217. See Michael Parrish notes on FF’s 1927 Diary, 11/22/1927 (noting lunch with Norman Hapgood who discussed “in detail” his two-and-a-half-hour interview with ALL and that “Hapgood took notes of this interview which I shall try to incorporate in this diary”) (on file with author). The 1927 diary has been stolen.
172
He declared: “Minutes of Meeting of Citizens’ Committee of Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” 4/7/1927, at 1–7, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Pages 960–67.
172
clemency petition: WGT & HBE to Governor Fuller, 5/4/1927, 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4907.
172
new information: “Minutes of Meeting of Citizens’ Committee of Sacco-Vanzetti Case,” 4/7/1927, at 3–6.
173
“those bastards” & “those damn” & “Just wait” & “that long-haired”: Vanzetti to Governor Fuller, 5/3/1927, 5 SV Trial Tr. at 4924, 4926, 4928.
173
“Did you”: 5 SV Trial Tr. at 5065, 5418–19. See CEW to Francis Russell, 3/31/1986, Francis Russell Papers, Folder “1986 March 1–31” (CEW’s father “found Thayer the most indiscreet judge he had ever known well.”).
173
petitions: FF to Bailey, 4/15/1927, ACLU Papers, Vol. 326, Page 8.
173
pleaded: FF to WL, 5/9/1927, at 1, WLP, Reel 10, Box 10, Folder 428b.
173
“partisan” & “fanning”: NYHT, 5/6/1927, in FFLC, Box 246.
173
New York Times: Lester Markel to FF, 5/26/1927, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Page 612; Markel to FF, 6/8/1927, id. at Page 615; FF to Markel, 6/9/1927, id. at Page 616; FF. Memorandum, 6/17/1927, id. at Page 613.
173
“The Prejudices” & Kirby’s: NYW, 5/6/1927, at 14.
173
“One courageous”: FF to WL, 7/13/1927, at 6, WLP, Reel 10, Box 10, Folder 428b.
173–174
