Democratic Justice, page 130
487–488
“the judicial” & “one” & “eccentric” & “alert” & “mindful”: Adamson v. California, 332 U.S. 46, 59, 62 (1947) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
488
“in a ‘sense’ ” & “the political” & “recognize” & “Remarks” & “uprooted”: Id. at 63–64 (“Frankfurter, J., concurring) (quoting Eisner v. Macomber, 252 U.S. 189, 220 (1920) (Holmes, J., dissenting)).
488
“certain” & “basic” & “those canons” & “standards” & “an alert”: Id. at 65–68 (Frankfurter, J., concurring) (quoting Palko, 302 U.S. at 325).
489
“civilized” & “fundamental” & “natural” & “I fear”: Id. at 71–72, 89–90 (Black, J., dissenting).
CHAPTER 29: MY EYES HATH SEEN THE GLORY OF THE COMING OF THE LORD
490
balconies: Jewish Advocate, 12/6/1945, at 8.
490
“A Jewish” & “a dreamer”: “Remarks of Mr. Justice Frankfurter telephoned from Washington, D.C. to the dinner in honor of Dr. Chaim Weizmann, held at the Waldorf-Astoria on Tuesday, November 27th, 1945,” at 2, 4, FFLC, Box 111 & Jewish Advocate, 12/27/1945, at 7.
491
declined invitations: FF to Abba Silver, 4/14/1943, FFLC, Box 102; FF to Abba Silver, 4/15/1943 tel., id.
491
underplayed: FF to Forrestal Diaries editor Walter Millis, 1/19/1953, at 5, FFLC, Box 136; DFF, 345–49.
491
“There isn’t” & “can”: Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN, 292–93 (1976) (translated from Hebrew).
491
social reformers: LDB to DKN, 11/19/1932, DKNP, HSTL, Box 35; HJL to DKN, 1/17/1936, id.; Evans to DKN, 3/4/1936, id.
492
rally progressives’: FF to DKN, 8/21/1935 tel., DKNP, HSTL, Box 31.
492
Harry Hopkins & special assistant: Application for Service Credit, 1/15/1946, id., Box 34; DKN to Edwin McKim, 5/28/1945, id.
492
“palace”: CT, 12/17/1943, at 5.
492
“this Harvard”: 89 Cong. Rec. 2818–20 (Pt. 2, April 1, 1943). See FF Diary, 5/12/1943, DFF, 237–38.
492
Carlton Hotel: ML OH, at 76, HSTL; Garrison Nelson, John William McCormack, 181–83 & 203 nn.33–36, 384–88 (2017); Abram L. Sachar, The Redemption of the Unwanted, 190–224 (1983); Garrison Nelson, “ ‘A Mania for Anonymity’: The Mysterious Presidential Aide, David K. Niles of Boston,” New England Political Science Association presentation 4/26–28/2012; Alfred Steinberg, “Mr. Truman’s Mystery Man,” Saturday Evening Post, 12/24/1949, at 24, 69, 70; David A. Friedman, “Against the Experts: Harry S. Truman, David K. Niles, and the Birth of the State of Israel, 1945–1948” (Undergraduate thesis, Whitman College, 2011); David B. Sachar, “David K. Niles and United States Policy Toward Palestine” (Undergraduate thesis, Harvard University, 1959).
492
“passion”: BH, 5/9/1943, at 1, 26.
492
homosexuality: FBI memorandum, 2/28/1951, File No. 100-23256, DKN FBI file, File 4 Section 2 (on file with author) (memorializing Whittaker Chambers’s accusations that during the 1930s DKN had “a homosexual affair” with Matthew Silverman, a New Deal lawyer and alleged member of a Communist cell, the Ware Group).
492
Communist ties: Numerous people contacted DKN seeking help for suspected Communists, which showed up in FBI files and the Venona files decrypting the transmissions of Soviet intelligence agencies. DKN FBI file, File 4, Sections 1–3 (on file with author); John Earl Haynes & Harvey Klehr, Venona, 284–85 (1999) (mentioning a person’s appeal to DKN for transit visas and that an associate of DKN’s may have been bribed). DKN, however, steadfastly denied that he was a Communist.
492
“hostile”: Memorandum of Conversation between FDR and King Ibn Saud, 2/14/1945, at 2, HSTP, PSF, Box 161.
492
State Department officials: Secretary of State Edwin Stettinius, to HST, 4/18/1945, id.; Acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew to HST, 5/1/1946, id.; HST, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–1952, at 132–42 (1955). See David Nasaw, The Last Million (2020) (documenting Europe’s displaced persons after World War II).
493
made lists: SIR, Memorandum for the President, 11/19/1945, SIRP-HSTL, Box 4. SIR’s list included two longtime friends of FF’s, AM and Reinhold Niebuhr.
493
Sacco-Vanzetti: FWB, “Chum Felix Frankfurter,” at 38, FFLC, Box 257; FWB to FF, 3/17/1927 & FWB to FF, 3/22/1927 & FWB to FF, 4/1927 & FWB to FF, 5/12/1927 & FWB to FF, 6/22/1927 & FWB to FF, 6/1927 & FWB to FF, 7/11/1927, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 33, Pages 221–28; FWB to FF, 10/19/1927, FFLC, Box 38.
493
civic organizations: BG, 9/7/1974, at 30.
493
Byrnes’s list: JFB, Memorandum for the President, 11/21/1945, at 1, HSTP, PSF, Box 161; HST, Memorandum for Secretary of State, 11/27/1945, id.
493
“I presume”: FWB to FF, 12/4/1945, FFLC, Box 39.
494
meetings & prospects: FWB to FF, 12/17/1945, FFLC, Box 39; FWB to FF, 12/18/1945, id.
494
“At the end”: FWB, “Chum Felix Frankfurter,” at 49.
494
“so sickened” & “I am afraid” & “I hope”: FWB to FF, 2/15/1946, at 1–3, FFLC, Box 40.
494–495
“Free” & “Only” & “My English” & “We can’t” & “declaration”: FWB to FF, 2/24/1946, at 1–2, id. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, 87 (1947) (recalling FWB returned with conviction that Polish Jews “were determined to emigrate” to Palestine).
495
“Not” & “devoured” & “vulgar” & “the principles” & “need” & “Due regard” & “Safeguarding” & “no statesman” & “the first”: FF to FWB, 3/13/1946, at 1-2, FFLC, Box 40.
495
“Now”: FWB to FF, 4/4/1946, at 2, id.
495
anti-Zionist: FWB to FF, 7/23/1946, id.
495
lobbying: Hutcheson to Gentlemen of the Committee of Inquiry, 4/1/1946, id.; Bartley C. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, 270 (1947).
495–496
“The miraculous”: FWB to FF, 4/4/1946, at 1.
496
“and the”: FWB to FF, 4/2/1946, at 2. See To the Gates of Jerusalem: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1945–1947 (Norman J.W. Goda et al., eds., 2014); Crossman, Palestine Mission; Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain.
496
“perhaps” & “I have” & “heart” & “My regret” & “launched” & “prefer”: DKN to HST appointments secretary Matthew Connelly, 5/1/1946, HSTP, PSF, Box 161.
496
“the further”: Statement by the President, 4/30/1946, DKNP, Box 29.
496
Truman forwarded & Niles advised: HST to DKN, n.d. & DKN to HST, 5/7/1946, HSTP, PDF, Box 161.
496
Niles dismissed: Taylor to HST, 5/15/1946, DKNP, Box 29.
497
“May I”: DKN to HST, 5/27/1946, at 2, id.
497
Niles drafted: HST to Taylor, 5/27/1946, id.; Niles to Political Action Committee for Palestine, 5/31/1946, id.; The Forrestal Diaries, 7/26/1946, at 188–89 (Walter Millis, ed. 1951) (blaming Jewish propaganda for president’s acceptance of report and 100,000 Jewish immigrants).
497
“agitation” & “because”: NYT, 6/13/1946, at 1.
497
“I think”: FF to FWB, 6/22/1946, at 2, FFLC, Box 40.
497
Georgetown mansion: JA to IB, 4/30/1946, at 1, IBP, Box 239 #20.
497
publisher & married: JA to IB, 1/17/1947, at 1–2, id. at #28 & #29.
497
worried his friends & missed Berlin: JA to IB, 5/29/1946, id. at #23.
497
“Mrs. L”: JA to IB, 11/8/1947, id. #36.
497–498
“in a” & “spoke” & “mild” & “no heart” & “denounced” & “true”: JA to IB, circa 1947, at 2, IBP, Box 239, #41. This undated letter may have been written in 1946. In August 1946, JA wrote a series of columns about Palestine, including one with a negative reference about HST almost getting “carried away” by Wallace, SIR, and the “ineffable” DKN. It is the only JA column from 1946 and 1947 that mentioned both Palestine and DKN, and it was written with several others from London. WP, 8/18/1946, at B5. See WP, 8/14/1946, at 7; WP, 8/16/1946, at 8.
498
“revered” & “intimate” & “learned” & “their emotion”: DA, Present at the Creation, 169 (1969).
498
Grady report: NYT, 5/4/1946, at 5; NYT, 6/26/1946, at 1.
498
Truman recalled: Presidential Statement, 7/31/1946, DKNP, Box 29.
498
Buxton assured: FWB to FF, 8/9/1946, FFLC, Box 40.
499
Acheson: NYT, 8/10/1946, at 1.
499
rebuked: NYT, 8/24/1946, at 5.
499
“had gone” & “had in it”: DA, Present at the Creation, 176. See James Reston, Deadline, 390–91 (1991) (overestimating DA’s anti-Zionist influence on HST).
499
“You spent”: FF to DA, 7/30/1946 tel., DAP, Reel 8, Box 11, Folder 144.
499
“My dear”: FF to Lord Inverchapel, 8/7/1946, id. FF to DA, 8/8/1946, id.
499
“You will”: FF to DA, 11/14/1946, id.
499
refugees suffered: FWB to FF, 7/15/1946, FFLC, Box 40 (enclosing Hutcheson to FWB, 7/12/1946).
499
“be entirely”: FF to FWB, 7/17/1946, at 3, id.
499
ignored & opposed: Presidential Statement, 7/2/1946, DKNP, Box 29; The Forrestal Diaries, 12/3/1947, at 346–47 (recounting discussion with JFB who blamed DKN and SIR for decision to turn down Grady report).
499
notified: HST, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–1952, at 152–53.
499
“means”: FF to FWB, 7/17/1946, at 3, FFLC, Box 40.
499
“insoluble”: HST, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–1952, at 152–53.
499
“Not in”: FWB to FF, 9/12/1946, at 1, FFLC, Box 40.
500
initially agreed: Acting Secretary of State Will Clayton to HST, 9/12/1946 & HST to Clayton, 9/14/1946, HSTP, PSF, Box 161.
500
endorsed: Presidential Statement, 10/4/1946, id., Box 162.
500
Pearson: WP, 10/11/1946, at 12.
500
“one” & “short”: Time, 10/14/1946, in DKNP, Box 29.
500
gunned for: ML OH, at 76–77.
500
“Marshall has” & “the problem”: FF to FWB, 1/23/1947, at 2, FFLC, Box 40. NYT, 1/10/1947, at 23 (Crum predicting that Marshall would be sympathetic to displaced persons).
500
“I hope”: CW to FF, 1/7/1947, at 1, FFLC, Box 111.
500
blamed Truman: HST, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–1952, at 153–54. FF to CCB, 10/8/1948, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-8 (blaming Marshall’s anti-Zionism on Bevin).
500–501
“of long” & “shared”: NYT, 2/27/1947, at 1.
501
“I have tried” & “but this” & “in the name”: CW to FF, 5/1/1947, at 1–3, FFLC, Box 111.
501
political bickering: FF to FWB, 6/3/1947, FFLC, Box 40.
501
“joy” & “in full”: CW to FF, 6/22/1947, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. 22, at 351–52 (Barnet Litvinoff, ed. 1979).
501
“The Jews” & “The Jews”: HSTD, 7/21/1947, at 1–2, HSTL, PSF, Box 226.
502
Niles-drafted: Presidential Statement, 6/5/1947, DKNP, Box 29.
502
John Hilldring: DKN to HST, Memorandum for the President, 7/29/1947, at 1–2, DKNP, Box 29.
502
medal of merit: FF to DKN, 9/24/1947, at 1, id., Box 32.
502
“Mazel”: FF to DKN, 10/13/1947, DKNP, Box 32.
502
Philippines: The Forrestal Diaries, 1/7/1948, at 357–58 (based on Forrestal’s conversation with Henderson); Sachar, “David K. Niles and the United States Policy Toward Palestine,” 72–73 & n.81 (based partially on 1/6/1959 int. with Ginsburg and BVC about FF and the Philippines).
502
“untruth” & “I never”: FF to Millis, 1/19/1953, at 5, in DFF, 348.
502
“a far-sighted”: FF to CW, 11/17/1947, CWP, No. 23-2787. See FF to CW, 11/22/1947, id., No. 2-2788a.
502–503
French ambassador: CW to FF, 10/22/1947, FFLC, Box 111.
503
Indian delegation: CW to FF, 11/24/1947, id.
503
Bonnet: FF to CW, n.d., CWP, No. 31-2794A (enclosing Bonnet to FF, 12/1/1947); FF to CW, 12/3/1947 tel., id., No. 26-2796. See Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, 452–57 (1949) (UNSCOP testimony and United Nations vote on November 29, 1947).
503
stag lunch: WES, 10/4/1947, at B-11.
503
Philadelphia Orchestra: WES, 10/21/1947, at B-3.
503
buffet: WES, 11/15/1947, at B-11.
503
Luxembourg: WES, 11/18/1947, at B-3.
503
Forrestal & Lovett: The Forrestal Diaries, 8/8/1947, at 303–4 & 9/4/1947, at 309–10 & 12/1/1947, at 346.
503
“The memory”: CW to FF, 11/24/1947. See FF to CW, 11/22/1947 (handwritten: “The memory of that lovely evening will long remain vivid.”); Eliahu Elath, The Struggle for Statehood, Vol. 2A, 401–2 (1982).
503
November 19: Weizmann, Trial and Error, 458–59
503
close contact: FF to CW, 10/10/1947, CWP, No. 31-2775; FF to CW, 11/22/1947; CW to FF, 11/24/1947; FF to CW, 11/23/1947 tel., CWP, No. 10-2788A.
503
“You came”: FF to CW, 12/16/1947 tel., id., No. 8-2800.
504
“importuned & “annoyed”: The Forrestal Diaries, 12/13/1947, at 348–49.
504
“wisdom” & “[t]he alternative”: FF to Lovett, 11/29/1947 tel., FFLC, Box 78 & DFF, 348.
504
“a little”: FF to Millis, 1/19/1953, in DFF, 348.
504
looming concern: Forrestal Diary, 9/29/1947, The Forrestal Diaries, at 322 (“I asked the President whether it would not be possible to lift the Jewish-Palestine question out of politics.”).
504
Marshall rebuffed: Marshall to FF, 3/15/1948, IBP, Box 253; FF to Marshall, 3/10/1948, id.; Elath, The Struggle for Statehood, Vol. 2B, 576–77 (Marshall’s rebuff of CW meeting).
504
Eddie Jacobson: HST Appointment Calendar, 3/18/1948 (noting CW 12:15 p.m. meeting “Requested from New York City from Edward Jacobson”); id., 3/13/1948 (Jacobson 10:45 a.m. meeting); Eddie Jacobson, Chronology of events relating to Palestine and the recognition of Israel, 1945–1949, at 3, HSTL (noting on 3/13 he arranged CW meeting with HST and saw HST again 3/17 in NYC to discuss CW meeting); Eddie Jacobson to Josef Cohn, 4/1/1952, at 2–7, HSTL.
505
“strip[]ed”: HST to Mary Jane Truman, 3/21/1948, at 2, HSTP, Personal and Family Papers, Box 20.
505
“a liar”: HSTD, 3/20/1948.
505
temporary: Press Release, 3/25/1948, HST, PSF, Box 162; HST, Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope, 1946–1952, at 160–64; CW, Trial and Error, 472–73.
505
“Tragedy”: FF to CW, 3/26/1948, at 1–3, CWP, No. 2-2820.
505
After the war: “ML – dates in Life of,” n.d., at 5–7, Lash Papers, Box 65, Folder 1; Personal History, MLP, Box 21, Folder 40.
505
Wickersham Commission: FF to ML, n.d., circa 9/1930, MLP, Box 22, Folder 9.
505
1934 Securities Exchange Act & shied: Telford Taylor COH, at 183–87; JLR Int. with Joseph Lash, 12/5/1984, at 1, Lash Papers, Box 65, Folder 2; Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President, 7 (1991) (recalling discussions with ML in Lafayette Park because ML believed J. Edgar Hoover had him under surveillance).
505
Truman & Brandeis & monopolies & wiretapping: ML OH, at 23–25; ML to Jonathan Daniels, 12/10/1949, at 1, MLP, Box 13, Folder 29; Daniels to ML, 11/18/1949, at 1, id.
505
“You know”: Note, n.d., at 2, id.
505
vice-presidential spot: “A Few Notes on the July 1944 Democratic Convention,” id.
506
“Actions”: “Actions,” 3/25/1948, Clifford Papers, Box 31.
