Democratic Justice, page 125
406
Masses: Id. at 151–61; Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten, 244 F. 535 (S.D.N.Y.), rev’d, 264 F. 24 (2d Cir. 1917); Gerald Gunther, “Learned Hand and the Origins of the Modern First Amendment Doctrine,” 27 Stan. L. Rev. 719 (1975).
407
Second Circuit: Gunther, Learned Hand, 257–61.
407
“Not”: FF Int. with Gunther, 9/15/1960, at 6, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 28, Page 708.
407
“legal learning” & “outstanding”: “Frankfurter Memorandum on Learned Hand,” at 1, R&FF, 674.
407
five or six: Id. at 671.
407
“a chance”: FF to FDR, 9/30/1942, R&FF, 672.
407
“on the score” & “the only” & “the one” & “Every other”: FF to FDR, 11/3/1942, id. (emphasis in original).
408
“all more”: FF to FDR, 11/3/1942, R&FF, 673.
408
early November: id.; FDR Day by Day, 11/12/1942.
408
Rutledge: FF Int. with Gunther, 9/15/1960, at 7.
408
“Jehovah’s”: Busey v. District of Columbia, 129 F.2d 24, 38 (U.S. App. D.C. 1942) (Rutledge, J., dissenting) (vacated by 319 U.S. 579 (1943)).
408
could not criticize: INB to Max Freedman, 1/22/1969, INBP, Box 6; John M. Ferren, Salt of the Earth, 208–21 (2004).
408
Burlingham: CCB to FDR, 11/6/1942, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 35; CCB to HFS, 11/11/1942 tel., id.; HFS to CCB, 11/14/1942, id.; CCB to FDR, 11/18/1942, id.; George Whitney Martin, CCB, 3, 160–63, 501–4 (2005).
408
Stone secretly: FF Int. with Gunther, 9/15/1960, at 7.
408
told the president: FBD, 11/6/1942, at 2, FBP-FDRL, Box 1.
408
cooled: FB, In Brief Authority, 193–94 (1962).
408
“The longer”: CCB to FF, 11/20/1942, FFLC, Box 35. See CCB to FF, 11/23/1942, at 1, id. (quoting FDR to CCB, 11/20/1942).
409
“to prepare” & “He still”: FBD, 11/20/1942, at 3, FBP-FDRL, Box 1. FDR Day by Day, 11/20/1942 (cabinet meeting).
409
“only truly” & “the only”: FF to FDR, 12/3/1942, R&FF, 673.
409
announcement: Draft Hand announcement, id.
409
“private” & “sometimes”: FDR to FF, 12/4/1942, id. at 673–74. See FF to FDR, 12/7/1942, id. at 674; FBD, 12/31/1942, at 2, FBP-FDRL, Box 1 (wishing to proceed with FB’s recommendation of WBR).
409
learned from: DFF, 1/11/1943, at 154.
409
“I shall” & “Except”: LH to FF, 1/11/1943, FFLC, Box 64.
409
“your regret” & “one” & “the pure”: FF to LH, 1/26/1943, LHP, Box 105A, Folder 105-10.
409
“Felix raised”: LH to Henkin, 2/21/1943, id., Box 73, Folder 6 & Constance Jordan, ed., Reason and Imagination, 235 (2013).
409
“I don’t”: LH to CCB, 1/15/1943, at 1–2, CCBP, Box 6, Folder 6-16.
410
“pressured”: Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury, 2/25/1943, at 4 (blind item from columnist Dorothy Kilgallen claiming FF-FDR “feud” about the LH appointment). See Gressman Diary, 10/7/1943 (“FDR told FM that he had the hardest fight of his career to ward off FF [about LH] & to appoint Rutledge”); WOD, Go East Young Man, 331–32 (1974) (claiming in his exaggerated memoirs that FDR told him at a poker game that FF had “overplayed his hand”); FB, In Brief Authority, 193–94 (hearing similar rumors); Gunther, Learned Hand, 561–62 (characterizing rumors as “old Washington gossip” yet considering it a “probable reason”).
410
“the most foolish” & “the most liberal” & “might” & “the acclaim”: FF, Memorandum on Judge Learned Hand, R&FF, 675.
410
wheat: Wickard v. Filburn, 317 U.S. 111 (1942).
410
“contentious”: DFF, 1/9/1943, at 152.
411
“the Axis” & “in all”: Id., 1/30/1943, at 176.
411
“a jumping-off” & “how many” & “Well, I don’t” & “Well” & “When”: DFF, 1/11/1943, at 155. See Gressman Diary, 10/3/1943 (noting FM’s displeasure with WOD’s “running for the presidency all the time”); Gressman Diary, 10/8/1943 (similar quote).
411
“quest”: DFF, 1/18/1943, at 161.
411
“fine”: Id., 2/2/1943, id. 177–78.
411
reassigned: Id., 2/3/1943, id. 178–81 (HLB told OJR who told FF).
411
Democratic Party boss: Pendergast v. United States, 317 U.S. 412 (1943).
411
outraged: DFF, 2/4/1943, at 181–82.
411
“conspicuous”: Johnson v. United States, 318 U.S. 189, 202 (1943) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
412
to withdraw: DFF, 2/6/1943, at 183–84; id., 2/8/1943, id. 185.
412
snapshot: DFF, 141–261.
412
speechwriters: SIR, Working with Roosevelt, 207–8 (1952); FF to SIR, 12/20/1949, SIRP, Box 1 (heavily editing SIR’s description of FF’s speechwriting).
412–413
dictated & instructed & edited & editing skills: Norman I. Silber, With All Deliberate Speed, 80–87 (2004) (disputing characterization of interviews with PE in Bruce Allen Murphy, The Brandeis/Frankfurter Connection, 270–71 (1982)); FF Law Clerk Duties, Memorandum, n.d., at 6–7, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 9, Pages 68–69 (FF dictating opinions).
413
collaboration: Silber, With All Deliberate Speed, 103–4.
413
Chenery I: Securities & Exchange Comm’n v. Chenery, 318 U.S. 80, 87 (1943).
413
button: DFF, 2/21/1943, at 193.
413
“quite gray”: Lilienthal Diary, 10/10/1942 & 11/26/1942, David E. Lilienthal, The Journals of David Lilienthal: The TVA Years, 1939–1945, at 549, 563 (1964).
413
“thinner” & “a cricket”: IB to Marie and Mendel Berlin, 9/26/1943, IB, Letters 1928–1946, at 467 (Henry Hardy, ed. 2004).
413
“do you”: Louis Henkin Int. with Lash, 9/11/1974, Lash Papers, Box 51, Folder 6.
413
“stock”: DFF, 2/16/1943, at 190. The published version of the diary misspells FF’s secretary’s name as “Lee Waters.” Eleanor “Lee” Watters worked for FF until her marriage in 1943 when her sister Katherine became FF’s secretary. WES, 7/4/1943, at D-4; WP, 7/16/1949, at B3.
413
“running”: CT, 3/15/1943, at 3.
414
“radical”: 89 Cong. Rec. 2820 (1943).
414
“I don’t”: DFF, 5/12/1943, at 237–38.
414
“Do you” & “none” & “every”: DFF, 1/30/1943, at 173–74.
414
“expected” & “Rutledge”: Id., 3/6/1943, at 205.
414
“We talked”: DFF, 5/14/1943, at 239.
414
“guidance” & “the matter”: Id., 5/16/1943, at 242.
415
“I have” & “It is” & “to decide”: DFF, 3/12/1943, at 209.
415
“tired” & “tired” & “the way” & “have” & “strong”: DFF, 4/17/1943, at 227–28.
415
“beautifully” & “meticulously”: DFF, 3/20/1943, at 221. See id., 3/28/1943, at 224.
415
months: R&FF, 699.
415
“democratic” & “no”: FF “The Permanence of Jefferson,” 4/13/1943, at 2, 7–8, FFLC, Box 211 & FF, Of Law and Men, 230, 235 (Philip Elman, ed. 1956).
415
enduring ideas: Brad Snyder, “Frankfurter and Popular Constitutionalism,” 47 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 343, 345 (2013).
416
“no longer”: DFF, 5/19/1943, at 243.
416
“I have”: Id., 5/26/1943, at 245.
416
Weizmann & Welles: Id., May 27, 1943, at 246.
416
late June: The exact date of the meeting is unknown; it was not in FF’s 1943 Diary, which ends in mid-June, and FF left Washington in mid-July.
416
Karski: Timothy Snyder, “Biographical Essay of Jan Karski,” in Story of a Secret State, xxv–xxxi (Georgetown University Press ed., 2014).
416
“I do not” & “Felix” & “Mr. Ambassador”: Jan Karski, Int. with Claude Lanzmann, October 1978, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YVTfG_qE2Y; Claude Lanzmann, The Karski Report (2010), digital video, 49 min.
417
white paper & camps & extinction: JTA, 10/31/1939, at 1, 5; CCB to FF, 11/20/1939, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-1 (thanking him for white paper).
417
Polish ministry’s: “The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland” (Dec. 10, 1942).
417
met with Roosevelt: FDR Day by Day, 7/28/1943.
417
“When I”: Jan Karski, Story of a Secret State, 387–88 (1944).
417
“idea man”: WES, 8/26/1943, at B-1.
417
not recorded: Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss, 290 (1949) (FF, WOD, FM, and RHJ were “frequent ‘off the record’ White House callers”).
417
tea: FDR Day by Day, 10/19/1943.
417
“unanimous”: FF to FDR, 10/20/1943, R&FF, 705–6.
417
“what” & “brains” & “the New Deal”: HLSD, 11/6/1943, Reel 8, Vol. 45, Page 28.
417
phoned: 10/6/1943 & 10/9/1943, JJMD; 1/25/1944 & 2/3/1944 & 2/21/1944 & 2/23/1944, JJMD.
417
evenings: HLSD, 11/28/1943, Reel 8, Vol. 45, Page 67; id., 12/7/1943, id., Page 96.
418
“the steps”: HLSD, 2/20/1942, Reel 7, Vol. 37, Page 144.
418
criticism: Monroe E. Deutsch to FF, 3/24/1942 tel., NARA, RG 107, CWRIC 3077, Reel I:57; FF to McCloy, 04/2/1942, NARA, RG 107, CWRIC 1740; Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 113 (1982).
418
“Then” & “Not so” & “military” & “will not”: 11 United States Law Week 3345–46 No. 44 (May 18, 1943).
418
justices agreed: FM Conference Notes, 5/15/1943, at 1–5 (mislabeled 5/16/1943, which was a Sunday), FMP, Reel 127, Hirabayashi, at 62–66.
418
Douglas circulated: Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81, 105–9 (1943) (Douglas, J., concurring).
419
“[t]he most shocking” & “Well”: DFF, 6/5/1943, at 251.
419
two-hour & “a thousand”: FF to HFS, 6/4/1943, at 1–2, HFSP, Box 68.
419
“a thousand” & “hoax” & “it promised”: DFF, 6/5/1943, at 251.
419
“impossible”: DFF, 6/6/1943, at 252.
419
“ancestry”: DFF, 6/5/1943, at 252.
419
“on the assumption”: FF to FM, 6/5/1943, FMP, Reel 127, Page 138.
419
“I would” & “That’s”: FM to FF & FF to FM, 6/5/1943, id., Page 137.
419
encouraged: FF to FM, 6/5/1943, id., Pages 139–40.
419
“the great”: FF to FM, 6/10/1944, at 1–2, id., Pages 143–44.
419
relief: FF to FM, n.d., id., Page 136.
419
“the first” & “based” & “two classes”: Hirabayashi, 320 U.S. at 111 (Murphy, J., concurring).
419
“For”: FF Join Memo, n.d., HFSP, Box 68.
420
revoked Schneiderman’s citizenship: United States v. Schneiderman, 33 F. Supp. 510 (N.D. Cal. 1940), aff’d by, 119 F.2d 500 (9th Cir. 1941).
420
seven-member Court: FM Conference Notes, 4/22/1942, FMP, Reel 125, Pages 402–4.
420
“this case” & “As one” & “American citizenship” & “attached”: DFF, 3/13/1943, at 211–12 & Schneiderman Conference Discussion, 12/5/1942, at 4–5, FFHLS, Pt. I, Reel 7, Pages 913, 915.
420
reargue: Schneiderman Conference Discussion, 12/12/1942, at 1–3, FFHLS, Pt. I, Reel 7, Pages 922–24.
420
Few newspapers: NYT, 3/13/1943, at 15.
421
“Is there” & “Is it” & “with blazing” & “The Hearst” & “I don’t” & “Of course”: DFF, 3/12/1943, at 209.
421
“reflects” & “deeply”: DFF, 5/31/1943, at 248–49. See Gressman Diary, 10/8/1943 (noting, based on conversations with FM, that WOD “has one eye on White House all the time” and mentioning WOD’s Schneiderman concurrence).
421
“skates” & Roberts suspected: DFF, 6/1/1943, at 249 & Notes on the Schneiderman Case, 6/1/1943, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. I, Reel 7, Page 925.
421
“shocked” & “skullduggery” & “it was”: DFF, 6/15–16/1943, at 257–59 & Notes on the Schneiderman Case, 6/15–16/1943, at 2–5, FFHLS, Pt. I, Reel 7, Pages 926–29.
421–422
“If Law were”: FF Join Memo in Schneiderman, n.d., HFSP, Box 69. See FF to HFS, 6/21/1943, id.; Schneiderman v. United States, 320 U.S. 118 (1943); David Fontana, “A Case for the Twenty-First Century Constitutional Canon,” 35 Conn. L. Rev. 35 (2002).
422
“very” & “ashamed” & “inexcusable” & “did not”: DFF, 5/4/1943, at 234.
422
“merely” & jeopardized: Murdock v. Pennsylvania, 319 U.S. 105, 135, 140 (1943) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). See Jones v Opelika, 319 U.S. 103 (1943) (per curiam); Martin v. Struthers, 319 U.S. 141, 152 (1943) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
422
Kennebunk: BG, 6/10/1940, at 1, 4. See Shawn Francis Peters, Judging Jehovah’s Witnesses, 72–95 (2000) (discussing mob attacks in Texas, Maine, Illinois, Maryland, West Virginia, and elsewhere).
422
“for the purposes”: West Virginia v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 626 & n.1, 628 (1943).
422
local custom: Richard Danzig, “How Questions Begot Answers in Felix Frankfurter’s First Flag Salute Opinion,” Supreme Court Review (1977): 261–62; Richard Danzig, “Justice Frankfurter’s Opinions in the Flag Salute Cases: Blending Logic and Psychologic in Constitutional Decisionmaking,” 36 Stan. L. Rev. 675, 714–17 (1984).
422
pipefitter: NYT, 9/11/1988 at 1, 30; Walter Barnett, 1940 U.S. Census, Roll T627_4416, Page 24B, ED 20-119, Line 41 (“laborer” in “chemical factory”).
422
two daughters: Gregory L. Peterson et al., “Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette,” 81 St. John’s L. Rev. 755, 767–71 (2007) (recollection of Gathie Barnett Edmonds and Marie Barnett Snodgrass); David L. Hudson, Jr., “Woman in Barnette Reflects on Flag Salute Case,” FreedomForum Institute, 4/29/2009, https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/2009/04/29/woman-in-barnette-reflects-on-flag-salute-case/.
422
other families: Peters, Judging Jehovah’s Witnesses, 245.
423
“religious liberty” & “impaired”: Barnette v. West Virginia, 47 F. Supp. 251, 252–53 (S.D. W. Va. 1942).
423
briefs in support: Brief of the Committee on the Bill of Rights of the American Bar Association, 1942_WL_75727 & Brief for American Civil Liberties Union, 1943_WL_71854.
423
assigned: Peterson et al., “Recollections of West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette,” 81 St. John’s L. Rev. at 784 (recollection of BB).
423
Having concurred and dissented: Douglas v. Jeannette, 319 U.S. 157, 166 (1943) (Jackson, J., concurring in result and dissenting in Murdock v. Douglas and Martin v. Struthers); FF to RHJ, 4/9/1943, FFLC, Box 69 & FF to RHJ, 4/29/1943, id. (joining RHJ’s concurrence in Douglas v. Jeannette and commenting on his opinion); John Q. Barrett, “Justice Jackson in The Jehovah’s Witnesses’ Cases,” 13 F.I.U. L. Rev. 827, 840–41, 844–50 (2019) (RHJ’s opinion in Douglas v. Jeannette as dissent in Murdock).
423
believed & had made: RHJ, The Struggle for Judicial Supremacy, 284–85 & n.48 (1941) (noting Gobitis as exception to Court’s protection of free speech); HID, 6/15/1940, HI, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Lowering Clouds: 1939–1941, at 211 (1955) (describing RHJ as “bitter” about Gobitis at previous day’s cabinet meeting).
423
“the individual’s” & “public”: West Virginia v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 634 (1943).
423
“oversimplification”: Id. at 636.
424
“The very” & “may not”: Id. at 638.
