Democratic Justice, page 118
278
Corcoran traveled: Joseph P. Lash, Dealers and Dreamers, 311 & 485 n.43 (1988); SFR to FF, n.d., at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 2, Page 792.
278
“will certainly”: HSCD, 8/12/1937, at 1–5.
278
white linen: Birmingham News, 8/12/1937, at 2.
278
The son: Roger K. Newman, Hugo Black, 3–230 (1994); Steve Suitts, Hugo Black of Alabama (2005).
278
Ku Klux Klan: Newman, Hugo Black, 233–63; Suitts, Hugo Black of Alabama, 408–33.
279
defended him: FF to CCB, 8/16/1937, at 2, FFLC, Box 34.
279
Borah & “character” & “ ‘yes’ man”: FF to CCB, 9/1/1937, at 2–3, id.
279
outgrown & despised: FF to CCB, circa 9/7/1937, at 1–2, id.
279
Hutcheson: FF to CCB, 9/9/1937, at 1, id.
279
“more courage”: FF to CCB, 9/24/1937, id. See FF to CCB, 9/27/1937, id.; FF to CCB, 9/29/1937, at 1–2, id.; CCB to FF, 10/1/1937, at 2, id. (FF handwritten comments); R&FF, 409 (letters defending HLB).
279
“acting” & “[s]omething” & “The President” & “realiz[ing]”: FF, “Notes for an Address on the State of the Union,” 8/10/1937, R&FF, 404–6.
280
inspired: FF to FDR, 8/31/1937, at 1-2, FDRL, PSF, Box 135.
280
“constant struggle” & “ultimately” & “a Constitution” & “it is” & “the modern” & “Whether” & “to find” & “the partisan” & “as Marshall”: FF Draft, Constitution Day Address, R&FF, 409–17.
281
“The Constitution” & “great layman’s” & “a charter” & “an unending”: FDR, “Constitution Day Address,” 9/17/1937, at 8, 10–11, FDRL, MSF, Box 34, No. 1071.
281
back: FF to CCB, 9/1/1937, at 1; FF to MRC, 9/24/1937, MRCP, Box 5, Folder 9.
281
“did not shoot” & “feels”: BVC to FF, 10/11/1937, at 6–7, FFLC, Box 28. See HID, 7/16/1938, HI, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 424 (1954) (TGC’s anger at LDB for not resigning in favor of FF).
281
backfired: Richard L. Stokes to TGC, 10/4/1937, TGCP, Box 198; Stokes to FF, 10/6/1937, id.
281
“Felix Frankfurter versus”: STLPD, 10/3/1937, at 69.
281
“I am rather”: FF to TGC, n.d., at 1–2, TGCP, Box 198. See FF to Max Lerner, 10/7/1937, at 1, Lerner Papers, Series 1, Box 3, Folder 120 (Stokes interview and public silence).
282
thrilled: FF to Winifred Reed, 1/17/1938, SFRP, FF Corr. Addenda, Folder 2.
282
Holmes speeches: SFR to FF, 1/17/1938, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 2, Page 795; SFR to FF, 2/3/1937, id., Page 796.
282
first law clerk: SFR to FF, 3/30/1938, id., Page 815 (John Sapienza). See John D. Fassett, “The Buddha and the Bumblebee,” Journal of Supreme Court History 28 (2003): 165–96.
282
not-so-secret: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 94 (recounting conversation with FDR in spring 1938 about replacing LDB with FF); HSCD, 12/18/1938, at 8, HSCP, Reel 2.
282
mend fences: FDR Day by Day, 1/26/1938.
282
asked Hughes: LDB-FF Conversations, 2/5/1939, LDBHLS, Pt. II, Reel 33, Page 369.
282
“found”: Harry Barnard, The Forging of an American Jew, 318 (1974).
282
$2000: Letter to LDB, 12/21/1937, LDB-Brandeis U, Box 121.
CHAPTER 19: SORTA TOUGH AIN’T IT!
283
cream stucco: NYT, 7/12/1938, at 19.
283
tall candle & roses: NYHT, 7/12/1938, at 12A. Cardozo spent his final six months of life at the home of his good friend Judge Irving Lehman along with his law clerk JLR. Michael E. Parrish, Citizen Rauh, 40–42 (2010); Andrew L. Kaufman, Cardozo, 566–78 (1998); Richard Polenberg, The World of Benjamin Cardozo, 234–50 (1997); George S. Hellman, Benjamin N. Cardozo, 298–313 (1940).
283
Twenty-Third Psalm: NYHT, 7/12/1938, at 12A; Cardozo Funeral Notes, Kaufman Papers, Box 12.
283
“a most” & “really” & “quite”: FF to Ella Frankfurter, 7/15/1938, FFLC, Box 256.
283
Rauh & canopy & light rain: NYT, 7/12/1938, at 19; NYHT, 7/12/1938, at 12A; Long Island Press, 7/12/1938, at 13.
284
finished first: WP, 2/28/1937, at B1; WP, 5/23/1937, at B1.
284
“by all” & “Frankfurter would” & “the public” & “Well” & “I do” & “One”: Henry Morgenthau Jr. Diaries, 5/24/1937, Morgenthau Papers, Book 69, Reel 94, at 308.
284
did not come: Michael E. Parrish, Felix Frankfurter and His Times, 275 (1982) & Parrish, Citizen Rauh, 48 (arguing, on the basis of August 12, 1975, and August 17, 1985, interviews with JLR, that FF was not surprised by FDR’s phone call because TGC and BVC had been keeping the Harvard law professor informed nightly by phone).
284
pulled a fast: HID, 1/15/1939, HI, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 559 (1954) (recalling FDR’s description of FF’s supporters as “a little bunch of conspirators” and HI’s surmising that “until it was all over, the President did not realize that we had ganged up on him for Frankfurter”); R&FF, 481–82.
285
William Allen White: FDR to WAW, 10/13/1938, WAWP, Box C290. FDR’s letter to WAW has not been featured in previous accounts of FF’s nomination.
285
“willingness” & “narrow”: HSCD, 7/6/1938, HSCP, Reel 2, at 96.
285
“next”: CCB to HFS, 10/14/1938, at 2, HFSP, Box 7 (according to La Guardia). See Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 94 (1948) (in the spring of 1938, FDR told Hopkins he wanted to appoint FF to replace LDB, but that “the need was for a man west of the Mississippi since the entire area was then unrepresented on the Court”).
285
certain: HSCD, 7/9/1938, HSCP, Reel 2, at 99–100.
285
9:15: FDR Day by Day, 7/5/1938.
285
Frank Murphy: FM to TGC, 11/10/1938, FMP, Roll 44, at 35.
285
“Otherwise”: HID, 7/16/1938, HI, Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 423–24.
285
Corcoran: BVC to FF, 10/11/1937, at 6–7, FFLC, Box 28.
286
“replied”: HID, 7/16/1938, HI, Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 424.
286
“They call”: Time, 9/12/1938. See William Lasser, Benjamin V. Cohen, 199–201 (2002) (noting that BVC had less to do with the “purge” campaign and with domestic politics in late 1938 than TGC because of BVC’s Zionist activities).
286
overnight stay: FDR Day by Day, 5/12/1938, & 5/13/1938.
286
luncheon: FF to FDR, 5/18/1938, R&FF, 457–58; HID, 5/15/1938, HI, Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 393.
286
Georgetown set: Gregg Herken, The Georgetown Set (2014); Robert W. Merry, Taking on the World (1996).
286
court-packing fight: Joseph Alsop & Turner Catledge, The 168 Days (1938).
286
New Deal advisers: Joseph Alsop & Robert Kintner, Men Around the President (1939).
286
summer and fall: JA to FF, 9/7/1938, JA to FF, 9/22/1938, JA to FF, 9/29/1938, JA to FF, 10/7/1938, JA to FF, 10/14/1938, JA to FF, 11/21/1938, JSAP, Box 32 (sending drafts); id., Box 93, Folder 3 (FF and TGC interviews).
287
“Mr. President” & “few” & “one-man” & “If” & “But”: BG, 7/18/1938, at 1–2. The Borah story regarding Cardozo may be overstated. He had met with Hoover on the eve of the nomination. Yet by that time, FF and other liberals had lobbied Hoover’s secretary of state HLS and former attorney general HFS to advocate for Cardozo. Brad Snyder, The House of Truth, 535–40 (2017).
287
“If there” & “if the President”: STLPD, 7/27/1938, in Norris Papers, Box 280. See Dilliard to Norris, 8/10/1938, id.
287
Waupaca: Richard Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Persistence of a Progressive, 1913–1933, at 541–42 (1971); Richard Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Triumph of a Progressive, 1933–1940, at 341 (1978).
288
confirm Brandeis: 53 Cong. Rec. 9032 (1916).
288
court-packing bill: WP, 3/13/1937, at 1 (asking for some remedy); NYTM, 5/30/1937, at 3, 25 (term limits); Lowitt, George W. Norris: The Triumph of a Progressive, 1933–1940; George W. Norris, Fighting Liberal (1945).
288
“an opportunity” & “There is” & “the confidential” & “recently” & “Felix”: NYHT, 8/8/1938, at 2.
288–289
“Dear” & “their great” & “He can” & “the best” & “to repudiate”: TGC to Norris, 8/6/1938, Norris Papers, Box 280.
289
“letter”: Note, 8/1938, id.
289
“The whole Times”: TGC to AM, 8/23/1938, TGCP, Box 205. See AM to TGC, 8/14/1938, id. (relaying conversation with Times editor Charles Merz about omission); NYT, 8/9/1938, at 3.
289
“he would”: BaltSun, 8/9/1938, at 2.
289
only handicap: Wilkes-Barre Times Leader, 8/15/1938, at 13.
289
“This Norris” & “an object” & “an idol”: Reading Times, 8/10/1938, at 6.
289
Holmes’s 1932 letter: WES, 8/16/1938, at A-9.
289–290
Senator Norris: “Holmes’s Opinion of Frankfurter,” OWH to Governor James Ely, 1/15/1932, Norris Papers, Box 280.
290
met with Roosevelt: FDR Day by Day, 8/17/1938.
290
Minton declared: NYT, 8/19/1938, at 4.
290
“Frankfurter’s” & “the man” & “the movement” & “many Roman” & “it will”: WES, 8/16/1938, at A-9.
290
“as good” & “former” & “favorably” & “geographical” & “racial” & “were not” & “they do not” & “has some” & “campaign” & “There’s”: Minneapolis Star, 8/18/1938, at 12. See FF, “Mr. Justice Cardozo,” A.B.A. J. 24, no. 8 (August 1938): 638–39.
291
“White House” & “a ghost”: Charleston Gazette, 7/31/1938, at 6. See Drew Pearson & Robert S. Allen, The Nine Old Men (1936).
291
American Bar Association convention: Indiana Evening Gazette, 8/4/1938, at 6.
291
“inside track” & “liberal”: Corpus Christi Times, 8/24/1938, at 4.
291
10 to 1: Nevada State Journal, 8/25/1938, at 4.
291
“satisfied” & “The President” & “get word”: JAFD, 8/25/1938, at 2–3, 11, JAFP, Reel 4, Box 43. See Sacramento Bee, 8/30/1938, at 11 in FDRL, PSF, Box 56, Pt. 2 (political cartoon sent from JAF to HSC to FDR about lack of western representation on Supreme Court).
292
“astonishing” & “a personal”: Alsop & Kintner, Men Around the President, 158.
292
“made” & “go to” & “too old” & “doubted” & “I took”: HSCD, 9/8/1938, HSCP, Reel 2, at 121.
292
Born in Nebraska: Biographical Statement, at 1–2, HMSP, Box 1, Folder “Biographical Material”; Daniel R. Ernst, “Dicey’s Disciple on the D.C. Circuit,” 90 Geo. L.J. 787, 793–96 (2002); Daniel R. Ernst, “State, Party, and Harold M. Stephens,” 14 W. Legal Hist. 123, 154–57 (2001).
292
“C-Man”: FF to LH, 12/4/1939, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 64.
292
humiliated: LDB-FF Conversations, “Gold Clause,” at 2, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 33, Page 360.
293
law clerks: HMS to FF, 6/22/1954, HMSP, Box 14; FF to HMS, 9/10/1935, id.; HMS to FF, 9/26/1935, id.; FF to HMS, 9/30/1935, id.; HMS to FF, 10/5/1935, id.
293
“a toady”: FF to CCB, 1/3/1939, at 2, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-1.
293
Stephens’s surrogates: HMSP, Box 91 (containing lists of contacts dated 2/16/1938).
293
Cummings, like Farley: HMS to HSC, 3/2/1939, id.; HSC to HMS, 3/7/1939, at 3, id.; FDR to HSC, 3/11/1939, id., Box 94; HMS to HSC, 3/16/1939, id.; HMS to JAF, 3/21/1939, id.; JAF to HMS, 3/27/1939, id.
293
“nothing” & “the appointment”: JAFD, 9/26/1938, at 4, JAFP, Reel 4, Box 43.
293
Gallup poll: NYHT, 9/19/1938, at 7.
293
“definitely”: CT, 9/26/1938, at 12.
293
Schwellenbach: id.; FDR Day by Day, 9/28/1938.
293
Albert Lee Stephens: FDR Day by Day, 10/1/1938.
294
“wealthy”: WES, 9/21/1938, at A-11. See Baltimore Evening Sun, 9/29/1938, at 13.
294
Sulzberger: HID, 9/18/1938, HI, Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes: The Inside Struggle: 1936–1939, at 470–71.
294
Nazi atrocities: Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief (1985); Susan E. Tifft & Alex S. Jones, The Trust, 215–19 (1999).
294
bet: Sulzberger, Memorandum, 5/27/1937, Sulzberger Papers, Box 256, Folder 5; Sulzberger to FF, 2/1/1938, id.; FF to Sulzberger, 2/2/1938, id.
294
Billikopf: JB to FF, 11/2/1938, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 183; JB to Sulzberger, 11/4/1938, id. At the time, Sulzberger denied talking to FDR directly yet later recollected he had. Compare Sulzberger to Harold I. Cammer, 1/23/1939, Sulzberger Papers, Box 256; Sulzberger to FF, 1/5/1939, id. with Sulzberger to Orvil Dryfoos, 8/29/1962, id.; Sulzberger to Rabbi Jacob Weinstein, 3/16/1961, id.
294
“our crowd”: Stephen Birmingham, Our Crowd (1967).
294
Morgenthau Sr.: JB to FF, 11/2/1938, at 1–2.
294
Morgenthau, Jr.: FDR Day by Day, 8/30/1938; id., 8/31/1938.
294
Corcoran: FDR Day by Day, 9/1/1938; id., 9/2/1938; id., 9/3/1938; id., 9/6/1938 (with Hopkins at Hyde Park).
294
draft a letter: TGC to AM, 9/26/1938, TGCP, Box 205.
294
“would be”: Draft letter, at 1, id.
294
“the rumors” & “got”: FF to JB, 11/15/1938, at 1, FFLC, Box 25.
294
“one”: LDB to FF, 11/23/1938, HBHS, at 623.
294
“there was” & “spoke”: HID, 12/3/1938, HIP, Reel 2, at 3065.
295
“Never”: FF to GJ, 12/12/1938, GJP-FDRL, Box 29.
295
“dragged” & “from”: NY Post, 3/18/1938, at 2; John Cooper Wiley to George S. Messersmith, 3/18/1938 tel., NARA, State Department Files 1930–39, RG 59, Box 1685 (Salomon’s daughter reported: 1:00 a.m. arrest & police prison in Elisabeth promenade); Jewish Exponent, 3/25/1938, at 1.
295
collarless & prisoners: NY Post, 1/24/1939, at 4 (Post photographer Ernest Kleinberg’s account).
295
friend in Vienna: FF Int. with Max Freedman, n.d., at 2–3, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 40, Pages 269–70.
295
Josef Redlich: FFLC, Box 92; FF, “Josef Redlich,” 50 Harv. L. Rev. 389 (1937).
295–296
sparse & Rosenwald: FF to Salomon Frankfurter, 12/28/1920, FFLC, Box 18; Salomon Frankfurter to FF, 10/20/1931, id.
296
Nancy Astor: FF Int. with Max Freedman, n.d., at 3–4, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 40, Pages 270–71.
296
“promised” & “that unless”: Lady Astor to FF, May 1938, in R&FF, 473–74. See FF to Lady Astor, 6/2/1938, id. at 474–75; Astor to Westbrook Pegler, 8/30/1948, at 1–2, Pegler Papers, Box 35, Folder 5 (recalling her assistance to FF’s uncle and her displeasure that FF believed she was a Nazi sympathizer); Christopher Sykes, Nancy, 376–90 (1972) (Astor’s relationship with von Ribbentrop and assistance to FF).
296
Feis & Messersmith & Wiley: Feis to FF, 3/26/1938, at 1, FFLC, Box 54; Messersmith to FF, 3/30/1938, at 1, id.; FF to Messersmith, 3/17/1938, FFLC, Box 83; Rochester Democrat, 3/28/1938, at 1.
296
Frankfurter’s request: Messersmith to Austria Legation, 3/13/1938 tel., NARA, State Department Files 1930–39, RG 59, Box 1685; Wiley to Messersmith, 3/18/1938 tel., id.
296
“unknown”: Wiley to Messersmith, 3/19/1938 tel., id.
296
“nervous”: Wiley to Messersmith, 3/22/1938, id.
296
“good”: Wiley to Messersmith, 3/24/1938, id.
296
astounded Roosevelt & seek favors: FF to FDR, 10/24/1941 & FDR to FF, 10/27/1941, R&FF, 619–20. On Lady Astor story, see Liva Baker, Felix Frankfurter, 200–201, 353 n.17 (1969); Leonard Baker, Brandeis and Frankfurter, 351–52 (1984); Parrish, Felix Frankfurter and His Times, 273, 321 n.1.
