Democratic Justice, page 138
615
Virgil Hawkins: Florida ex rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control, 350 U.S. 413 (1956) (per curiam).
615
refused to admit: State ex rel. Hawkins v. Board of Control, 93 So. 2d 354, 360 (Fla. 1957). See Darryl Paulson & Paul Hawkes, “Desegregating the University of Florida Law School: Virgil Hawkins v. The Florida Board of Control,” 12 Fla. St. U. L. Rev. 59 (1984).
616
“Declaration”: 102 Cong. Rec. 4459–61 (1956).
616
“The unwarranted” & “a clear” & “encroach[ed]” & “became” & “parents” & “undertook” & “which”: Id. at 4460.
616
Thurmond: Id. at 4461–62.
616
Morse & Humphrey: Id. at 4462–63. See Justin Driver, “Supremacies and the Southern Manifesto,” 92 Tex. L. Rev. 1053 (2014).
617
“uneducative”: FF to PAF, 4/19/1956, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 38, Page 158.
617
moderate: FF to AMB, 4/2/1956, at 2, id., Reel 32, Page 83.
617
impassioned: FF to EG, 4/10/1956, at 1–4, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 16, Pages 358–61 (arguing Harvard should hire AMB); FF to EG, 4/13/1956, at 1–3, id., at Pages 365–67; Al Sacks to FF, 4/10/1956, at 1–2, id., Reel 18, Pages 376–77.
617
“maturity”: EG to FF, 4/11/1956, at 1, id., Reel 16, Page 362.
617
sent Bickel: FF to AMB, 12/1955, id., Reel 32, Page 46.
617
“had its”: AMB to FF, 1/10/1956, id., Reel 14, Page 833.
617
strongly encouraged: FF to AMB, 8/23/1955, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 31, Pages 967–68.
617
responded: FF to AMB, 5/21/1956, id., Reel 32, Page 89; FF to AMB, 5/28/1956, id. at Page 90; EW to FF, 5/26/1956, id. at Page 91; AMB, “Frankfurter’s Former Clerk Disputes Byrnes’s Statement,” U.S. News & World Report, 6/15/1956, at 132 (responding to JFB, “The Supreme Court Must be Curbed,” U.S. News & World Report, 5/13/1956, at 52).
617
“by any” & “lawful means” & “deliberately” & “astonishingly”: TNR, 4/23/1956, at 11–13.
618
“superb” & “deftly”: FF to AMB, 4/2/1956, at 1–2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Pages 82–83.
618
casebook: PAF et al., Constitutional Law: Cases and Other Problems (1954).
618
editorship: FF to PAF, 5/31/1956, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 95.
618
“proves” & “undoubtedly” & “the relatively”: CSM, 3/26/1956, at 18. See CSM, 3/27/1956, at 16.
618
“exquisitely”: FF to PAF, 4/19/1956, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 38, Page 158.
618
commencement: PAF, “The Rule of Law,” 1956 Wash. U. L. Q. 314 (1956).
618
“the kind”: FF to PAF, 6/26/1956, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 38, Page 162.
618
“still” & “Sobeloff”: AP Story, 7/15/1956, in FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 40. See BG, 7/15/1956, at 57.
619
“Good God!”: AMB to FF, 7/15/1956, id., Reel 14, Page 75.
CHAPTER 35: RED MONDAY
620
Paul Buck: BH, 6/15/1956, at 1.
620
“need”: NYT, 6/15/1956, at 52.
620
chatted: BG, 6/15/1956, at 17.
620
“A brilliant”: NYT, 6/15/1956, at 52.
621
“cannot escape”: “Remarks of Felix Frankfurter at the Gravesite of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park, NY,” Memorial Day, 1956, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 200.
621
“100 per cent”: FWB to MDF, 6/16/1956, at 2, FFLC, Box 40.
621
“cultivated”: “Remarks of Felix Frankfurter at the Law School-Graduate School Alumni Day, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA,” 6/13/1956, at 6, FFLC, Box 200.
621
dinner: Memorandum, 5/15/1956, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 29, Page 702; MML to CEW, 6/30/1956, MMLP.
621
“What”: Remarks of AM, 6/14/1956, at 2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 29, Page 706.
621
“poet”: FF to Wilmarth Lewis, 6/26/1956, at 2, id., at Page 712.
621
“the most” & “asks” & “it is” & “For”: Remarks of PAF, 6/14/1956, at 1–2, id., at Page 708–9.
621
enjoyed & 1:00 a.m.: FWB to MDF, 6/16/1956, at 1–2; Blumgart to FF, 6/20/1956, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 39, Page 380; MMLP to FF, 7/20/1956, at 2, MMLP (“I wish there could have been a tape recording of your remarks, which seemed to me to constitute a saga of your life.”).
621
“rather” & “it gave”: JA to IB, 7/12/1956, at 2–3, IBP, Box 239, #83–84. See FF Int. with JA, n.d., circa 1938, JSAP, Box 93, Folder 3.
622
Marion & rear garden: FF to LH, 8/21/1956, at 1–2, LHP, 105D, Folder 105-22; FF to MML, 9/17/1956, MMLP (FF handwritten).
622
“really very” & “the prospect” & “The Justice” & “fairly”: JA to IB, circa 1956, at 2, IBP, Box 239, #98.
622
“good company”: FF to CCB, 9/8/1956, at 2, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-15.
622
Dewey & Dulles & Brownell: NYT, 9/9/1956, at 56.
622
Parker & Vanderbilt: CT, 9/10/1956, at 22.
622
Hastie: WP, 9/26/1956, at 51.
622
presidential election: FF to LH, 7/5/1956, at 2, LHP, Box 105C, Folder 105-21. FF to LH, 8/21/1956, at 1, id., Box 105D, Folder 105-22; FF to CCB, Thanksgiving 1956, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-15.
622–623
“the difficulty” & “damn little” & “shining contrast”: FF to LH, 9/5/1956, at 1–2, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-22.
623
found his man: Seth Stern and Stephen Wermiel, Justice Brennan, 71–95 (2010); MML to FF, 10/3/1956, MMLP (confessing he had never heard of WJB).
623
“a blend” & grades: PAF to FF, 10/9/1956, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 15, Page 916.
623
“that martinet” & “a very”: FF to PAF, 10/4/1956, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 38, Page 169.
623
“under-value” & “in Jackson’s”: FF to PBK, 12/27/1956, PBKP, Box 14, Folder 3.
623
“delighted”: FF to WJB, 10/25/1956, FFLC, Box 30.
623
“very reassuring” & “geography” & “best”: PAF to FF, 10/30/1956, at 3, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 15, Page 924. See PAF to FF, 10/18/1956, at 1, id. at 920 (describing letter from New Jersey Supreme Court justice Nathan Jacobs to FF about WJB as “interesting and encouraging”).
623
“a ‘friend’ ”: WJB to FF, 10/3/1956, at 2, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 1, Page 124.
624
great impression: MML to FF, 11/19/1956, MMLP; FF to Harrison Tweed, 10/22/1956, FFLC, Box 108; Tweed to FF, 10/23/1956, at 1, id.; JLO to FF, 12/10/1956, FFLC, Box 87.
624
“plot” Stern & Wermiel, Justice Brennan, 103. See WJB Int. 31, at 8 with Stephen Wermiel (recalling FF’s dinner guests “surely gave me a working over”).
624
Acheson: NYTM, 10/5/1986, at 77–78.
624
legal luminaries: FF to MML, 10/18/1956, MMLP (“You can find out for yourself all you want to know. I can assure you now that you will find him a very agreeable person.”); FF to LH, 10/25/1956, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-22; LH to FF, 10/29/1956, id.
624
“a hard-working” & “a most agreeable”: FF to LH, 11/22/1956, at 1–2, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-22. See FF to MML, 10/10/1956, MMLP; FF to CCB, 10/3/1956, at 1, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-15.
624
Brennan joined: Fikes v. Alabama, 352 U.S. 191, 198 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., concurring); WJB to FF, 1/8/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 21, Page 929.
625
“Suffice”: FF to LH, 2/6/1957, at 2–3, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-22.
625
geography & judicial experience: FF to LH, 3/21/1957, id.; FF to CCB, 2/18/1957, at 1–2, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16; FF to CCB, 2/21/1957, P.S., id.
625
twenty-eight: FF, “The Supreme Court in the Mirror of Justices,” 105 U. Pa. L. Rev. 781, 783 (1957).
625
“Greatness”: Id. at 784.
625
Holmes & Cardozo: Id. at 786.
625–626
“One” & “functional” & “the confidence” & “ultimate”: Id. at 795–96.
626
Stewart & Schaefer & “I read”: FF to LH, 3/21/1957. See FF to CCB, 2/18/1957, at 2; FF to CCB, 2/21//1957, P.S.
626
pulled Brennan aside: FF, 10/25/1956, Typewritten Note at bottom of WJB handwritten note, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 1, Page 127.
626
Henry J. Friendly: FF to Brownell, 1/14/1957 & FF to LH, 2/1/1957, at 1, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-22; Brad Snyder, “The Judicial Genealogy (and Mythology) of John Roberts: Clerkships from Gray to Brandeis to Friendly to Roberts,” 71 Ohio St. L.J. 1149, 1199–1203 (2010).
627
bus system & boycott: Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956) (per curiam); Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters, 143–205 (1988); David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 11–82 (1986).
627
law graduates: Konigsberg v. State Bar, 353 U.S. 252, 274 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting).
627
“wholly”: Schware v. Board of Bar Examiners, 353 U.S. 232, 249 (1957) (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
627
“splendid”: JMH to FF, 4/17/1957, FFHLS, Pt. II, Reel 25, Page 292.
627
Red Monday: Michal R. Belknap, The Supreme Court under Earl Warren, 1953–1969, at 51–79 (2005); Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics, 92–103 (2000); Arthur J. Sabin, In Calmer Times (1999).
628
Before the term: Jerome Cohen Int. with Michael Parrish, 7/2/1974, at 1 & Cohen Int. with Laura McCreery, 11/19/2004, at 16–17 (recalling FF instructing him to “think” and write a memorandum about Yates in August 1956).
628
five years & $10,000: Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 302 (1957).
628
“not prepared”: WOD Yates Conference Notes, 10/12/1956, at 5, WODP, Box 1177 & HHB Yates Conference Notes, 10/12/1956, at 4, HHBP, Box 280, Folder 1.
628
sided: WOD Yates Conference Notes, 11/2/1956, at 1, id.; HHB Yates Conference Notes, 11/2/1956, id.
628
“organize”: Yates, 354 U.S. at 310.
628
statute of limitations: Id. at 312.
628
jury instructions: Id. at 312–27.
628
acquittals & retrial: Id. at 331, 333.
628
John Service: Service v. Dulles, 354 U.S. 363 (1957).
628
Douglas insinuated: Note, WOD Service Conference Notes, WODP, Box 1174 (handwritten note).
628
voted with majority: HHB Watkins Docket Books, O.T. 1956, HHBP, Box 279, Folder 2.
628
John T. Watkins: Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 183–85 (1957).
628
“not a First” & “save us”: FF to EW, 5/27/1957, at 2–3, EWP, Box 580, Folder 2.
629
“hands off”: TNR, 5/21/1924, at 329–31.
629
“is relevant”: FF to EW, 5/31/1957, at 3, EWP, Box 580, Folder 2. See FF to JMH, n.d., JMHP, Box 29.
629
“weakness”: FF to LH, 6/30/1957, at 3, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23.
629
separate concurrence: Watkins, 354 U.S. at 217 (Frankfurter, J., concurring).
629
“rancor”: FF to LH, 6/30/1957, at 3, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23.
629
“unnecessary” & New Republic article: Watkins, 354 U.S. at 218, 224–25 (Clark, J., dissenting).
629
right to free speech: Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234, 238–44 (1957).
629–630
“wide” & “chief” & “privacy” & “our very”: FF to EW, 6/3/1957, at 1–2, EWP, Box 580, Folder 2
630
separate concurrence: Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. at 255 (Frankfurter, J., concurring in result).
630
“to enforce”: FF to EW, 6/5/1957, at 1, EWP, Box 580, Folder 2.
630
one of his best: AMB Int. with Lash, 9/12/1974, at 4 (suggesting FF’s Sweezy and Dennis opinions represented two sides of same coin).
630
“the right” & “an overriding” & “an impersonal”: Sweezy, 234 U.S. at 266–67 (Frankfurter, J., concurring in result).
630
closest friends: FF to CCB, 7/5/1957, at 1–2, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16 (describing EW’s Watkins opinion as “water-logged” and indicating the chief justice’s Sweezy opinion garnered only four votes); FF to LH, 6/30/1957, at 3 (describing EW’s Watkins opinion as “mush and excessive & poor rhetoric”).
631
amendment: 103 Cong. Rec. 10057 (1957).
631
impeachment & Eastland & “The court”: NYT, 6/25/1957, at 15.
631
introduced legislation: 103 Cong. Rec. 10120 (1957).
631
FBI to disclose: Jencks v. United States, 353 U.S. 657, 658–66 (1957).
631
voted with the majority: HHB Jencks Conference Notes, 10/19/1956, at 1–2, HHBP, Box 280, Folder 5 (no FF vote); HHB Jencks Conference Notes, 3/22/1957, at 1, id. (FF votes to reverse and remand on jury instruction on “membership” and exclusion of defense counsel from discussion of FBI reports); WOD Jencks Conference Notes, 10/19/1956, at 2–5, WODP, Box 1174; WOD Jencks Conference Notes, 11/2/1956, at 1–2, id.; WOD Jencks Conference Notes, 3/22/1957, at 1.
631
detailed comments: Jencks draft, 5/6/1957, at 1, WJBP, Box I:3, Folder 5.
631
“I’m still” & Clark’s dissent: Jencks draft, 5/12/1957, at 1, id.
631
“I remain”: Jencks draft, 5/21/1957, at 1, id.
631
FBI reports & trial judge: Jencks, 353 U.S. at 667, 669.
632
“close”: Id. at 681 (Clark, J., dissenting).
632
Eastland: Pittsburgh Press, 6/5/1957, at 39.
632
Nixon: NYT 8/15/1957, at 14.
632
Hoover: NYT, 8/18/1957, at E10.
632
certain: NYT, 9/1/1957, at 1.
632
Jencks Act: Jencks Act, 18 U.S.C. 3500 (1957).
632
“We can”: 103 Cong. Rec. 12809 (1957).
632
“hot air” & “I firmly” & “the enslaved”: FF to WJB, 8/29/1957, at 1, WJBP, Box I:3, Folder 7. See WJB to FF, n.d., circa Summer 1957, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 1, Page 133.
633
“you suggested”: WJB to FF, 8/31/1957, at 1, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 1, Page 135.
633
“cheered” & “which I interpreted”: FF to WJB, Sunday, n.d., at 1–2, WJBP, Box I:3, Folder 7.
633
“The past is”: FF to WJB, 9/4/1957, at 1–2, id.
633
read the entire & Ervin’s: FF to WJB, Sunday, n.d., at 1. See FF to MML, 8/24/1957, at 2, MMLP; FF to MML, 9/26/1957, at 2, id. FF to CCB, 8/15/1957, CCBP, Box 5, Folder 5-16; FF to LH, circa July 1957, at 2, LHP, Box 105D, Folder 105-23; 103 Cong. Rec. 13113, 13144–48, 13159, 13277, 13318, 13429, 13453–55, 13471, 13737, 13850 (1957) (Ervin).
633
credited him: FF to FWB, 8/6/1957, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 40. See FF to AMB, 8/6/1957, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 32, Page 253 (referring to PAF and MDH); 103 Cong. Rec. 13306–7 (1957) (JFK reprinting MDH and PAF remarks).
633
rode to Phil Graham’s: Katharine Graham, Personal History, 241 (1997); Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate, 928 (2002); FF to JLR, 9/1/1957, at 1, JLRP, Box 286, Folder 14 (praising JLR’s “contagious level-headedness”).
634
72–18: 103 Cong. Rec. 13900 (1957).
634
“I rejoice”: FF to WJB, Sunday, n.d., at 3.
CHAPTER 36: THE JUDICIAL RESPONSE TO LITTLE ROCK
635
Elizabeth Eckford: David Margolick, Elizabeth and Hazel (2011); David Margolick, “Through a Lens Darkly,” Vanity Fair 9/2007; https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/audio/elizabeth-eckfords-words?backlink=https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/her-own-words-elizabeth-eckford.
635
400 people & epithets: NYT, 9/5/1957, at 1, 20. See Daisy Bates, The Long Shadow of Little Rock, 61–68 (1962, 1987); Elizabeth Jacoway, Turn Away Thy Son, 1–6 (2007); Tony A. Freyer, Little Rock on Trial (2007); Tony Freyer, The Little Rock Crisis (1984); Bernard Schwartz, Super Chief, 289–305 (1983); J.W. Peltason, Fifty-Eight Lonely Men, 161–92 (1961); Josh Blackman, “The Irrepressible Myths of Cooper v. Aaron,” 107 Geo. L.J. 1135 (2019); Tony A. Freyer, “Cooper v. Aaron (1958): A Hidden Story of Unanimity and Division,” Journal of Supreme Court History 33, no. 1 (2008): 89; Dennis J. Hutchinson, “Unanimity and Desegregation: Decisionmaking in the Supreme Court, 1948-1958,” 68 Geo. L.J. 1, 73–86 (1979).
