Democratic Justice, page 115
“a really”: FF to Bernard Flexner, 5/23/1933, at 1, Flexner Papers, Box 4.
223
leadership: FF to FDR, 5/23/1933 tel., R&FF, 133; FF to FDR, 5/24/1933, id. at 133–34.
223
wondered & just fine: Seligman to FF, 7/31/1933, at 2, FFLC, Box 135; FF to Seligman, 8/14/1933, id.
223
questioned: HLS to FF, 12/5/1933, FFLC, Box 135; FF to HLS, 12/19/1933, id.; HLS to FF, 1/26/1934, id.; FF to HLS, 2/20/1934, id.
223
“on the principle” & “honestly” & “to take”: FF, “The Federal Securities Act II,” Fortune 8 (August 1933): 111.
223
“put people”: FDR, 5/17/1933, “A Recommendation to the Congress to Enact the National Industrial Recovery Act to Put People to Work,” The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 2, at 202–6.
223
Unlike Brandeis: FWB to Thomas Reed Powell, 9/5/1933, at 1, Powell Papers, Box A, Folder A3c.
223
“this is”: FF, Memorandum, 5/30/1933, at 2, FFLC, Box 159.
223
memorandum: FF to Richberg, 5/30/1933 & FF to Perkins, 5/29/1933 & FF to Wagner, 5/30/1933, id.
223
Wyzanski: Richberg to FF, 6/1/1933, id.
223
signed the NIRA: FDR, Goal of the National Industrial Recovery Act, 6/16/1933, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 2, at 246–47.
223
declined Johnson’s offer: WES, 5/30/1933, at A-2; FF to Alfred Cohn, 10/30/1935, R&FF, 288–89.
224
“one-man”: Joseph P. Lash, “A Brahmin of the Law,” DFF, 53.
224
young lawyers: FF to WL, 4/17/1933, R&FF, 128.
224
“the most natural”: FFR, 249.
224
often recommended: FF to RCM, 3/29/1933, FFLC, Box 84; RCM to FF, 4/1/1933, id.; FF to RCM, 5/21/1933 tel., id.; RCM to FF, 6/19/1933, at 2, id.; FF to FDR, 5/19/1933, R&FF, 134; FF to Ernest Gruening, 6/21/1933, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 60.
224
praised the hiring: FF to FDR, 6/6/1933, R&FF, 138.
224
“Politicians”: NYDN, 4/21/1933, at 27.
224
“have”: Kiplinger Washington Letter, 6/24/1933, at 3.
224
“[m]ore Jews”: Kiplinger Washington Letter, 7/1/1933, at 3.
225
“dealt”: Kiplinger Washington Letter, 7/22/1933, at 4.
225
“Jew Deal”: DFP, 4/2/1934, at 6.
225
“Happy”: NYHT, 1/14/1934, at A2.
225
“unbelievable” & “whitewash” & “fear” & “unless”: Unsigned to FF, 3/28/1933, FFLC, Box 81 & Ruth Mack Brunswick Papers, Box 1.
225
Ruth Mack Brunswick: FF to SSW, 3/28/1933, SSWP, Box 109, Folder 1; JWM to James McDonald, 5/2/1933 draft, FFLC, Box 188. See Harry Barnard, The Forging of an American Jew, 314 (1974); Paul Roazen, Freud and His Followers, 420–36 (1975); Lisa Appignanesi & John Forrester, Freud’s Women, 373–76 (1992).
225
important contacts: Mark Brunswick to FF, 5/5/1933, FFLC, Box 188.
226
“full discussion” & “started the train”: FF to Proskauer, 5/18/1933, at 1, FFLC, Box 137 (referring to April 7); FF to Hull, 5/23/1933, at 1, id. (referencing meeting); SSW to FF, 4/15/1933, at 1, SSWP, Box 109, Folder 1 (asking about meeting with “headquarters”). April 7 is plausible because of FF-RCM visit to White House that morning about the securities bill. More likely, it occurred during FF’s April 9 private visit with FDR for an hour before dinner. FDR Day by Day, 4/9/1933.
226
“alert” & “at the right”: FF to FDR, tel. n.d., at 1–2, FFLC, Box 137. The date is confirmed by Secretary of State Hull’s response. Hull to FF, 5/6/1933, id. (confirming April 16 wire).
226
“Time”: SSW to FF, 4/16/1938 day letter, SSWP, Box 109, Folder 1. See Melvin I. Urofsky, A Voice that Spoke for Justice, 260–75 (1982).
226
“the President’s” & “there isn’t” & “traditional” & “the high”: FF to RCM, 4/24/1933, RCMP, Box 68, Folder 6 (enclosing 4/14/1933 memorandum to Perkins).
226
Perkins assured: Perkins to FF, 4/25/1933, id.
226
University in Exile: Alvin Johnson to FF, 5/2/1933, FFLC, Box 188; Johnson to FF, 5/7/1933, id.; Johnson to FF, 5/12/1933, id.; Johnson to FF, 5/22/1933, id.
227
fourteen German scholars: NYT, 8/19/1933, at 1.
227
ACLU petition: NYT, 9/11/1933, at 10.
227
“challenge”: FF to RCM, 6/13/1933, RCMP, Box 68, Folder 6.
227
Hull wrote: Hull to FF, 5/6/1933, at 1–2.
227
twenty-five minutes: FDR Day by Day, 5/7/1933.
227
reviewed a draft: FDR, “Fireside Chat #2 – ‘Outlining the New Deal Program,’ ” 5/7/1933, FDRL, MSF, No. 627; FF to FDR, 5/9/1933, R&FF, 130–31.
227
“felt more”: LDB, “Confidential to S.S.W.,” 5/11/1933, FFLC, Box 137.
228
“To withhold” & “on a personal” & “sectarian” & “attached”: FF to Hull, 5/23/1933, at 1–2.
228
blamed the inaction: FF to Proskauer, 5/18/1933.
228
“There are two”: SSW to FF, JWM, and LDB, Memorandum, 5/23/1933, at 2, SSWP, Box 109, Folder 1.
228
book burning: NYHT, 5/12/1933, at 13.
228
“the authentic”: NYHT, 5/19/1933, at 19.
228
did not speak: FF to WL, 11/28/1936, FFLC, Box 78 (quoting NYHT, 5/19/1933, at 19).
229
“promptly” & “if he had”: FF to SSW, n.d., “Labor Day,” at 1, SSWP, Box 189, Folder 30. The document was written after 1938 because it was on the justice’s stationery.
229
historians: Compare Rebecca Erbelding, Rescue Board (2018) & Richard Breitman & Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (2013) (arguing FDR did the best he could under the circumstances) with Rafael Medoff, FDR and the Holocaust (2013) & David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews (1984) (faulting Roosevelt).
229
mine owners: FF, Memorandum, 9/6/1933, R&FF, at 150–55; FDR Day by Day, 9/6/1933.
229
coal code: FDR Day by Day, 9/14/1933; FDR Day by Day, 9/15/1933.
229
wrote U.S. ambassadors: FDR to Ambassador Robert Bingham (Britain), 10/2/1933, R&FF, 159–60; FDR to Ambassador Breckinridge Long (Italy), 10/2/1933, FFLC, Box 97; FDR to Ambassador Hugh R. Wilson (Switzerland), 10/2/1933, id.
229
keep tabs: NYHT, 9/25/1933, at 15.
229
lunchtime talk: CEW to Augustus Hand, 9/15/1933, CEWP-MHS, Box 20.
229
“secret”: WES, 9/20/1933, at A-2.
229
“moved”: FF to TGC, 9/18/1933, TGCP, Box 638.
230
promoting: FF to Frances Perkins, 4/3/1933, FFLC, Box 150; FF to Perkins, 4/6/1933, id.; FF to Perkins, 4/11/1933 tel., id.
230
“like having”: Perkins to FF, 4/25/1933, RCMP, Box 68, Folder 6.
230
“unique”: FF to FDR, 9/26/1933 tel., R&FF, 157.
230
invited Paul Freund: TGC to PAF, 8/4/1933, TGCP, Box 198.
230
letter of introduction: FF to MLH, 9/24/1933, R&FF, 156.
CHAPTER 16: CHARMING EXILE
231
friends: Thomas Reed Powell to FF, 10/2/1933, at 3, FFLC, Box 117.
231
photographers & 62-degree & 2:00 p.m.: BG, 9/25/1933, at 1–2.
231
wired the president & wrote Corcoran: FF to FDR, 9/26/1933 tel.; FF to TGC, 9/26/1933, at 1–4, TGCP, Box 198.
231
Oxford station & Eastman House & Lindsay: FFR, 251–52.
231
happiest: FF to LDB, 10/5/1933, FFLC, Box 29.
232
Oxford gowns & mortified: FFR, 253–55; MDF to TGC, 1/10/1934, at 4, TGCP, Box 638.
232
Gates: FF to TGC, 10/7/1933, TGCP, Box 198.
232
argued and bet: SGates to IB, 6/23/1934, IBP, Box 103; A.J. Ayer, Part of My Life, 158 (1977); FFR, 261–62.
232
New College & All Souls: Michael Ignatieff, Isaiah Berlin, 59–68 (1998).
233
“a++”: IB to A.J. Ayer, circa 1936, IBP, Box 105, #162 & in IB, Letters 1928–1946, at 180 (Henry Hardy, ed. 2004).
233
“Bowra speaking”: FFR, 258–59.
233
closeted: Leslie Mitchell, Maurice Bowra, 120–48 (2009).
233
poems: Maurice Bowra, New Bats in Old Belfries (Henry Hardy & Jennifer Holmes, eds. 2005).
233
“entirely”: C.M. Bowra, Memories, 318–19 (1966).
233
tests: FF to LDB, 11/7/1933, at 1, FFLC, Box 29.
233
London doctor: FF to LDB, 12/28/1933, at 1, id.
233
“like nothing”: MDF to TGC, 1/10/1934, at 5.
233
federalism & Blackwell’s & economists: FFR, 256–61, 263–65, 271.
233
“wholly”: FF to JML, 1/10/1934, at 2, FFLC, Box 117.
233
Mae West & Three Little Pigs: FF to TGC, 12/28/1933, at 8, TGCP, Box 638.
233
friends: FF to FDR, 1/15/1934, R&FF, at 188–89.
233
Keynes’s & Rutherford’s: FF to LDB, 12/9/1933, at 1, FFLC, Box 29; FFR, 257–58.
233
Inner Temple: FF to LDB, 11/17/1933, at 2, FFLC, Box 29; FF to OWH, 11/23/1933, H-FF Corr., 275.
234
ten to one: Arthur Lehman Goodhart, “Legal Procedure and Democracy,” Journal of the American Judicature Society 47, no. 3 (August 1963): 58.
234
Derby & “Well”: FFR, 259–61.
234
unsigned article: “The Federal Securities Act,” The Economist, 1/6/1934, at 4–6, FFLC, Box 197; FF to BVC, n.d., FFLC, Box 115; FF to BVC, 12/29/1933, at 2–3, TGCP, Box 638.
234
Geoffrey Dawson: FF to FDR, 1/29/1934, R&FF, 190–91; FDR to FF, 2/3/1934, id. at 192.
234
BBC: FF, “Transatlantic Misperceptions,” The Listener, 2/21/1934, at 299–301, 332, FFLC, Box 197; ToL, 2/12/1934, at 8; FF to FDR, 3/19/1934, R&FF, 200.
234
University of Manchester & Samuel Alexander: Manchester Guardian, 3/10/1934, at 8; FF to LDB, 5/14/1934, FFLC, Box 29; FFR, 257.
234
“not a lawyers’ ” & “a scheme” & “dynamic” & “fixed”: FF, “The Constitutional Aspects of President Roosevelt’s Recovery Programme,” 2/1/1934, at 3–4, 6, Record of the General Meeting of Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House Online Archives, RIIA/8/309.
234
“could make”: FFR Transcript, 8/28/1957, at 361–62.
234
“The Lord”: Freedman, R&FF, 13–14.
234
“if the founders” & “drop dead”: FF, “The Constitutional Aspects of President Roosevelt’s Recovery Programme,” 2/1/1934, at 23.
234
removed: Freedman, R&FF, 13–14.
235
“a member”: FF, “The Constitutional Aspects of President Roosevelt’s Recovery Programme,” 2/1/1934, at 19, 22.
235
“as masterly”: HJL to OWH, 2/3/1934, 2 HLL at 1466.
235
“no visible”: MDF to TGC, 1/10/1934, at 2–3.
235
Treasury Department: FF to TGC, 11/16/1933, TGCP, Box 638; FF to TGC 12/28/1933, at 2–3, id.; FF to TGC, 11/7/1933, id.
235
Acheson refused: FF to LDB, 11/17/1933, at 1, FFLC, Box 29; FF to FDR, 12/12/1933, R&FF, 176–77; FDR to FF, 12/22/1933, id. at 184; FF to DA, 12/24/1933, DAP, Reel 7, Folder 140; FF to DA, 2/5/1934, id.; DA to FF, 1/26/1934, FFLC, Box 115; DA to FF, circa 2/1934, id. See DA, Morning and Noon, 161–94 (1965); Robert Beisner, Dean Acheson, 11–12 (2006).
235
“to the wrong”: FF to TGC, 1/8/1934, at 2, TGCP, Box 638 & FF to LDB, 1/7/1934, FFLC, Box 29.
235
Oxford economists: FF to FDR, 11/23/1933, R&FF, 167 (enclosing letter, id. at 168–73).
235
advance copy: FF to FDR, 12/16/1933, id. at 177–83 (enclosing John Maynard Keynes, “An Open Letter to President Roosevelt”).
235–236
“Your letters” & “a practical”: FDR to FF, 12/23/1933, id. at 183–84.
236
“the significance” & “The air” & “the forces” & “its people”: FF to FDR, 10/17/1933, R&FF, 164.
236
James G. McDonald: FF to FDR, 11/23/1933, id. at 167–68 (enclosing McDonald to FF, 11/20/1933, id. at 173–74).
236
Austria’s: FF to FDR, 2/20/1933 tel., id. at 194–95.
236
“the football”: FF to FDR, 2/22/1934, id. at 195.
236
George Messersmith: FF to FDR, 3/22/1934, id. at 209.
236
“Palestine”: FF, “Persecution of Jews in Germany,” World Today, 4/1934, at 36–38, FFLC, Box 197.
236
$2000 gift: “L.D.B. Cash January 1–January 31, 1934,” LDBP-Brandeis U, Box 121; FF to LDB, 5/14/1934, at 1.
236
“overwhelmed” & “Palestine”: FF to LDB, 4/18/1934 [n.d.], at 2–3, FFLC, Box 29.
236
Aaronsohn: FF to OWH, 5/7/1934, H-FF Corr., 276.
236–237
“transcendent” & “Jewish Palestine” & “sizable growth”: FF, “Notes on Visit to Palestine,” 6/8/1934, at 2, FFLC, Box 197. See “Prof. Frankfurter’s Itinerary in Palestine,” & “Continuation of Prof. Frankfurter’s Itinerary in Palestine,” 4/1934, id.
237
kept tabs: FF to FDR, 2/14/1934, R&FF, 192–93; FF to TGC, 2/13/1934, at 1, TGCP, Box 638; FF to TGC, 3/6/1934, id.; FF to TGC, 3/14/1934, id.; FF to TGC, 4/24/1934, id.
237
called on Congress: FDR, “Another Step to Protect Investors and to Eliminate Destructive Speculation—Recommendation for the Securities Exchange Commission,” 2/9/1934, The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Vol. 3, at 90–93 (1938).
237
“extraordinary”: FF to TGC, 5/7/1934, at 6, TGCP, Box 638.
237
“hot”: WES, 2/27/1934, at A-2.
237
“succeeded”: John Carter Franklin (aka The Unofficial Observer), The New Dealers, 322 (1934).
237
“Jew Deal”: DFP, 4/2/1934, at 6.
237
“a little” & “10 to 18” & “the communistic”: 78 Cong. Rec. 7085–88 (1934). See Katie Louchheim, “The Little Red House,” Virginia Quarterly Review 56, no. 1 (Winter 1980): 119–34..
237
“Dear Horns” & “everything” & “remind”: TGC to FF, 4/22/1934, at 1–3, TGCP, Box 638.
237
“Dear Little”: FF to TGC and BVC, 5/15/1934, at 1–2, TGCP, Box 198.
238
admiration: TGC to FF, 5/11/1934, at 1–2, id.; BVC to FF, 5/11/1934, FFLC, Box 115.
238
“general”: FF to TGC, 6/8/1934, at 1, TGC, Box 638.
238
“the talk” & “the powerful”: FF to TGC, at 5/7/1934, at 1–4.
238
“to keep”: FF to FDR, 5/23/1934, R&FF, 220.
238
no hurry: FF to LDB, 5/1/1934, at 1–3, FFLC, Box 29.
238
Hawaii: TGC & BVC to FF, 6/18/1934, id. at 223–25.
238
June 30: FF to FDR, 6/8/1934, R&FF, 222.
238
“charming exile”: FF to TGC, 6/21/1934, at 2.
238
Vivian Pomeroy: BG, 7/9/1934, at 1, 17.
238
“The New Deal”: BaltSun, 7/9/1934, at 7.
238
Roosevelt requested: FDR to FF, 6/11/1934, R&FF, 222.
CHAPTER 17: THE MOST INFLUENTIAL SINGLE INDIVIDUAL IN THE UNITED STATES
239
“What’s” & “had come” & “there is”: MDF to TGC, n.d., at 2–4, TGCP, Box 638.
239
NIRA & fair competition codes: Schechter Poultry v. United States, 295 U.S. 495, 521–23 (1935); National Industrial Recovery Act, 48 Stat. 195 (June 16, 1933).
239
Government lawyers & “Blue Eagle”: William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 65–67 (1963); Peter H. Irons, The New Deal Lawyers, 28–30 (1982); Daniel R. Ernst, “Of Sheepdogs and Ventriloquists,” 69 Buffalo L. Rev. 43 (2021).
