Democratic Justice, page 104
15
bank clerk: 1905 New York Census, A.D. 29, E.D. 18., Page 9, Line 33.
15
“already”: FF to CCNY Board of Trustees, 1/1/1903, at 1–2, CCNY Archives, Box 281.
15–16
“bad” & “blew”: FFR, 15. Cf. Estelle “Stella” Frankfurter Int. with CEW, 11/28/1973 (recalling doctor advised FF not to go to law school in New York City to preserve his health).
16
Meyer Rosensohn: Id. at 15–16; City Record, 1/31/1905, Pt. 3, at 349.
16
Sam Rosensohn: Harvard Law School Catalogue, 1903/1904, at 38.
16
$150: Harvard Law School Catalogue 1904/1905, at 11.
CHAPTER 2: A QUASI-RELIGIOUS FEELING
17
1707 Cambridge Street: 1904–1905 Harvard Law School Catalogue, at 34; Quinquennial Catalogue of the Law School of Harvard University, 1817–1919, “Alphabetical List,” 89 (1920) (noting FF’s October 5, 1903 start date).
17
“That’s the Archangel”: FFR, 17–18.
17
“one of the most” & “virtuoso”: FFR, 18. The two-time All-American was Edward Bowditch, Jr. Harvard Law School Catalogue 1904–1905, at 31.
17
Langdell & case method: Bruce A. Kimball, The Inception of Modern Professional Education: C. C. Langdell 1826–1906, at 7–9, 311 (2009); Daniel R. Coquillette & Bruce A. Kimball, On the Battlefield of Merit, 344–435 (2015).
18
“blind”: FF to JNF, 12/18/1933, at 1, Frank Papers, Ser. 2, Box 12.
18
“a Mama’s”: FFR, 17.
18
every day: FF Int. with Max Freedman, n.d., at 7.
18
“You go”: FFR, 31–32.
18
“optionals”: Id. at 18–19.
18
“artist” & “model thinker”: FF, “Samuel Williston,” 76 Harv. L. Rev. 1321, 1322–23 (1963).
18
Ames & “the most versatile”: FFR, 18–22.
18
“electric”: FF, “Joseph Henry Beale,” 56 Harv. L. Rev. 701, 702 (1943).
18
“shy”: FF, “Eugene Wambaugh,” 54 Harv. L. Rev. 7, 8 (1940).
19
two-week span: Harvard Law School Scrapbook 8, 1903–1904 March–June, at 2233.
19
297: 1904–1905 Harvard Law School Catalogue, at 46.
19
235: 1905–1906 Harvard Law School Catalogue, at 47.
19
“I have”: FFR, 19.
19
returned: FFR, 32; FF to Birns, 11/30/1959, FFLC, Box 224 (noting resignation date of September 1, 1904, from Tenement House Department); New York City Directory, 1905–1906, at 469 (listing FF as clerk at 931 Park Avenue).
19
mid-August: FFR, 35; FF, “The Profession of the Law,” 4/30/1960, in Of Law and Life and Other Things That Matter, 169–70 (Philip B. Kurland, ed. 1965).
19
“There was”: FFR, 27.
19
80: “First-Year Grades,” FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 40, Page 247.
19
His torts: Max Lowenthal, “Felix Long Ago,” in Felix Frankfurter: A Tribute, 124 (Wallace Mendelson, ed. 1964).
19
Harvard Law Review: “Notes,” 1 Harv. L. Rev. 36 (1887); Coquillette & Kimball, On the Battlefield of Merit, 574–91.
19
third-year students: “Editorial Board,” 18 Harv. L. Rev. 527 (1905).
20
Stanley King: “Editorial Board,” 19 Harv. L. Rev. 119 (1905).
20
generosity: Elihu Root, Jr., to MD, 11/22/1919, at 1–3, FFLC, Box 91.
20
“too late”: FF, “Samuel Williston,” 76 Harv. L. Rev. at 1322.
20
heart disease: Harvard Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 19 (February 19, 1902): 1.
20
“rule” & “very clear” & “beyond” & “combination”: James B. Thayer, “The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law,” 7 Harv. L. Rev. 129, 150, 144, 151, 138 (1893).
20
legislators: Thayer, “The Origin and Scope,” 156 & James B. Thayer, Letter to the Editor, “Constitutionality of Legislation: The Precise Question for a Court,” The Nation, 4/10/1884, at 315.
20
“too common” & “to dwarf” & “thought by” & “the good” & “The judiciary”: James Bradley Thayer, John Marshall 107, 109–10 (1901).
21
“in the air”: FF to AMS Jr., 6/18/1963, at 2, FFLC, Box 101 & in R&FF, 25.
21
Wambaugh: FF, “Samuel Williston,” 76 Harv. L. Rev. at 1322.
21
“the most important” & “Because”: FFR, 300–1.
21
“other motives”: Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 64 (1905). Compare David E. Bernstein, Rehabilitating Lochner (2011) (explaining Peckham’s opinion and attributing law to powerful bakers’ union); Paul Kens, Judicial Power and Reform Politics (1990) (defending the law and bakers’ union as protecting exploited workers).
22
usually paid: Paul Kens, “Review of Bernstein, David E., Rehabilitating Lochner,” H-Law, H-Net Reviews, 6/2013, http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36949.
22
several studies: Lochner, 198 U.S. at 70–71 (Harlan, J., dissenting).
22
highlighted: NYT, 4/18/1895, at 1; CT, 4/18/1895, at 1; WP, 4/18/1895, at 11; 18 Harv. L. Rev. 618, 618–19 (1905).
22
“The Fourteenth”: Lochner, 198 U.S. at 75–76 (Holmes, J., dissenting).
22
Fogg: This speech summarized prior lectures LDB gave on May 4 and 5, 1905, at the Harvard Ethical Society. LDB to AGB, 10/18/1912, The Family Letters of Louis Brandeis, 197 (Melvin I. Urofsky & David W. Levy, eds. 2002) (referring to Fogg Museum speech to law students); FF to LDB, 11/12/1936, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 29 (recalling speech in law student days); Melvin I. Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis, 205 (2009) (placing FF’s attendance at subsequent law student lecture at Fogg Museum).
22
A German-speaking Jew: Peter Scott Campbell, “Notes for a Lost Memoir of Louis D. Brandeis,” Journal of Supreme Court History 43, no. 1 (2018): 28–46.
23
Morris Raphael Cohen: Morris Raphael Cohen, A Dreamer’s Journey, 133–34, 176 (1949); Leonora Cohen Rosenfield, Portrait of a Philosopher, 40–42 (1962).
23
Emory Buckner: Martin Mayer, Emory Buckner, 7–21 (1968).
23
Easter break: FFR, 35.
23
82 average: “Second-Year Grades,” FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 40, Page 247.
24
Review president: “Editorial Board,” 19 Harv. L. Rev. 119 (1905) (Roger Ernst as president).
24
excluded Jews: Jerold S. Auerbach, Rabbis and Lawyers, 150–51 (1990); Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice, 106–8, 121–23 (1976).
24
“was made” & “Yes” & “the life” & “a good office”: FFR, 35–36.
24
Dwight Morrow: FF to LH, 10/19/1931, at 1, LHP, Box 104B, Folder 104-21.
24
uncle Salomon: FF to JB, 9/6/1941, JBP, Box 8, Folder 3.
24
“You’ll encounter” & “this is a good”: FFR, 37–38.
24
third-year student: “Third-Year Grades,” FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 40, Page 247.
24
83 & first: AWS to MML, 5/28/1946, Scott Papers, Box 11, Folder 11-8.
24–25
“spoke into” & “like asking” & “Oh you” & “No, I really” & “Dear Frankfurter”: FFR, 23–24.
CHAPTER 3: THE DOMINANT IMPULSES OF YOUR NATURE
26
Henry Stimson: FF started working for Stimson on August 7 and could not have worked at Hornblower for more than a few weeks. HLS to William Henry Moody, 8/10/1906, at 5, HLSP, Reel 11, Vol. 1, Page 155 & NARA, Department of Justice, RG 60, Box 596 (referring to August 7 start date). Cf. FFR, 38–39; Samuel Spencer, Jr.’s, Notes of FF, GC Conversation—Summer 1947, at 3, FFHLS, Pt. III, Reel 15, Page 253 (placing phone call in September 1906 and two months at Hornblower).
26
five-foot-five: FF 1918 Passport Application, U.S Special Passport Applications 1916–1925, Vol. 3, at 352 (listing FF’s height as 5'6"); FF 1920 Application, U.S. Application, Reel 1231, Page 582 (listing FF’s height as 5'5").
26
Boone & Crockett & eight miles: HLS, “Previous Relations with Colonel Roosevelt,” HLSD, Reel 1, Vol. 2, Page 12; Henry L. Stimson & McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, xii–xxii, 3–4 (1948).
27
White House interview: Memorandum, 1/17/1909, HLSD, Reel 1, Vol. 1, Pages 1–10.
27
he hired: FFR, 38–40; Memoranda, 1/17/1909 & 8/15/1909, HLSD, Reel 1, Vol. 1, Pages 6–14; Diary entry, 11/8/1930, at 2, HLSD, Reel 2, Page 135 (recalling he hired FF and Winfred T. Denison even though they “were at no time and in no possible way party men, but who had become most valuable assistants”); FFR Transcript, 5/1953, at 138 (recalling Stimson did not ask him party affiliation).
27
$22,000 budget: HLS & MB, On Active Service, 5–7.
27
He wrote: HLS to Ames, 6/30/1906, at 1–3, HLSP, Reel 11, Vol. 1, at 126–28.
27
“the most able”: HLS to Moody, 8/10/1906, at 6.
27
$750: FFR, 39; HLS to Moody, 8/10/1906, at 4–5.
27
“clerks”: Root Jr. to MD, 11/22/1919, at 3–4.
28
“it isn’t” & “I suggest”: FFR, 39–40. See Samuel Spencer, Jr.’s, Notes of FF, GC Conversation—Summer 1947, at 3; FF, “The Profession of the Law,” 4/30/1960, in Of Law and Life and Other Things That Matter, 160–61 (Philip B. Kurland, ed. 1965) (similar comments).
28
his colleagues: FFR, 40 (partner reactions).
28
“His work”: HLS to Moody, 8/10/1906, at 5.
28
“We have” & “a study”: FFR, 41–42.
28
motion to quash: NYT, 10/16/1906, at 4.
28–29
$108,000 & removed it: FFR Transcript 2/24/1954, at 13–14; New York Central R.R. v. United States, 212 U.S. 481, 486, 490 (1909).
28
“People talked”: FFR, 41.
29
Stimson’s trust: HLSD, 8/15/1909, at 12–14.
29
only immigrant: FFR, 43 HLS, Circular, n.d., “Assignment of Work to Take Effect Jan. 1, 1909,” at 2–3, NARA Department of Justice, RG 60, Box 596; United States ex rel. Funaro v. Watchorn, 164 F. 152 (S.D.N.Y. 1908). At Ellis Island, he befriended a young interpreter for Italian immigrants, Fiorello La Guardia. FF, “Fiorello H. La Guardia,” 9/20/1957, at 1, FFLC, Box 200.
29
Emil Sonner: FFR, 42–43.
29
suicide: Leavenworth Times, 12/17/1909, at 2.
29
recruitment: Samuel R. Spencer, Jr.’s, Notes of FF, GC Conversation—Summer 1947, at 3; Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 97 (1960) (based on 9/29/1954 int. with FF); HLSD, 8/15/1909, at 11 (hiring WTD, Dorr, FF, and Bird in July and August).
29
office mate: FFR, 4.
29
Denison: HLS to Moody, 8/10/1906, at 2.
29
weekends: HLS and MB, On Active Service, 7.
29
E. H. Harriman: FFR, 46–48; Harriman v. ICC, 211 U.S. 407 (1908), rev’g, 157 F. 432 (1908).
30
search warrant: FFR, 48–49.
30
Morse: HLS and MB, On Active Service, 10; Morse v. United States, 174 F. 539 (2d Cir. 1909).
30
dummy loans: NYT, 10/22/1908, at 6.
30
“the excitement”: FFR, 44–45.
30
Heinze: NYT, 4/26/1910, at 20; NYT, 5/6/1910, at 1; NYT, 5/28/1910, at 8; BDE, 6/2/1910, at 4; United States v. Heinze, No. 2, 218 U.S. 547 (1910).
31
“The Case”: Outlook, 5/9/1909, at 25–38. See HLS and MB, On Active Service, 10–11; Outlook, 8/6/1910, at 771–84.
31
special prosecutors: FFR, 50.
31
U.S. attorney’s office: Wise to Attorney General George Wickersham, 12/18/1909, & Wickersham to Wise, 12/21/1909, & Wise to Wickersham, 12/23/1909, NARA, Department of Justice, RG 50, Box 600.
31
subpoena: NYT, 5/25/1910, at 3.
31
books and papers: Outlook, 8/6/1910, at 776.
31
front-page news: NYT, 1/15/1910, at 1.
31
unsuccessfully appealed: Heike v. United States, 217 U.S. 423 (1910).
31
Court of Appeals: FF to HLS, 6/7/1911, at 1, HLSP, Reel 25, Page 114; ERB to FF, 6/22/1911, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 30.
31
Supreme Court: HLS and MB, On Active Service, 11–14; Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 107; Heike v. United States, 227 U.S. 131 (1913), aff’g, 192 F. 83 (2d Cir. 1911).
32
governor of New York: HLS, “Personal Recollections of the Convention and Campaign of 1910,” at 1–8, HLSD, Reel 1, Vol. 2.
32
5:40 p.m.: NYTrib, 9/30/1910, at 1.
32
half dozen: NYSun, 9/10/1930, at 3.
32
“closely associated”: NYT, 9/30/1910, at 4.
32
many hats: HLSP, Reel 20.
32
“He has” NYT, 9/29/1910, at 5.
33
Denver: TR, “The Nation and the States,” 8/29/1910, Denver, Colorado, http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/691.pdf; United States v. E. C. Knight, 156 U.S. 1 (1895); Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
33
Osawatomie: TR, “New Nationalism,” Osawatomie, Kansas, 8/31/1910, http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/speeches/trnationalismspeech.pdf.
33
accused the judiciary: John Milton Cooper, Jr., The Warrior and the Priest, 144–52 (1985); Edmund Morris, Colonel Roosevelt, 107–13 (2010); Victoria F. Nourse, “A Tale of Two Lochners,” 97 Cal. L. Rev. 751, 778–85 (2009).
33
moment of truth: FFR, 51–52; Buffalo Evening News, 11/2/1910, at 1, 6 (TR’s speeches).
34
“would make”: HLS, “Personal Recollections of the Convention and Campaign of 1910,” at 1.
34
“Darn it”: HLS and MB, On Active Service, 26. Cf. FFR, 50 (similar quotation).
34
Grand Music Hall: NYTrib, 11/1/1910, at 1.
34
“And if Tammany” & “If there”: Id.
34
five more cars: NYSun, 11/1/1910, at 4; NYH, 11/1/1910, at 6; NYW, 11/1/1910, at 4.
34
“the greatest” & “the chance to work” & “the chance for” & “stand”: NYT, 11/1/1910, at 3.
35
“Isn’t”: Id.
35
upstate: NYSun, 11/9/1910, at 5.
35
dinner: NYT, 11/9/1910, at 5 (dinner).
35
watch: HLS to FF, 12/2/1910, at 1–2, FFLC, Box 103; FF to HLS, 12/8/1910, id.
35
he made sure: FF to HLS, 6/7/1911, HLSP, Reel 25.
35
“I feel”: TR to FF, 12/2/1910, FFLC, Box 98.
36
Holmes’s: FF to TR, 1/9/1911, at 1–2, TRP, Reel 96, Series 1, Images 443–44 (Holmes opinion).
36
“the most efficient”: FF to TR, 1/14/1911, at 1–2, id., Images 772–73.
36
six-page outline: FF to TR assistant Frank Harper, 1/21/1911, at 1, id., Reel 97, Series 1, Image 422; Outline, at 1–6, id., Images 424–29.
36
few skeptics: FF to TR, 1/31/1911, id., at 1–3, Reel 96, Series 1, Images 112–13.
36
“I believe”: TR to Israel Fischer, 6/30/1911, TRP, Reel 378, Series 3A, Vol. 22, Image 229 (original includes handwritten corrections by TR) (copy of original on file with author).
36
weekly meeting: TR Secretary to FF, 6/30/1911, id., Image 230; FF to TR, 7/4/1911 tel., id., Reel 109, Series 1, Image 111; FF to TR, 7/7/1911, id., Image 722.
36
steamship: NYT, 1/5/1911, at 1.
36
lumber: NYT, 5/20/1911, at 1.
36
magazine: NYT, 6/28/1911, at 6.
36
steel wire: NYT, 7/1/1911, at 3.
CHAPTER 4: THE HOUSE OF TRUTH
