Augustus, page 66
oppida, 342–3, 368, 370
road system, 341–2
Transalpine Gaul, 57, 60, 94, 107, 121, 127, 338
Germanicus, 426–9, 439, 458–9, 461–2, 472–5
and Balkan revolt, 440–1
his death, 472, 474
German campaigns, 457–8
marriage with Agrippina, 428
Germany, 448, 451, 471–2
Arminius’ revolt, 446–55, 457
Drusus’ campaign, 366–73
Germanicus’ campaigns, 457–8
Tiberius’ campaigns, 380–1, 384, 430, 433–4, 454–5, 457–8
gladiatorial fights, 218–19, 224, 243, 277, 292, 296, 315, 336, 385, 406, 439
and funeral games, 36–7, 99, 218
Glaphyra, 151–2
Glaukon (sea god), 186
Gospel of Luke, 365, 487–91
Gospel of Matthew, 289, 487–91
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius, 25, 30, 383
Gracchus, Sempronius (poet), 398
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, 25
grain supplies, 96, 144, 206, 224, 253, 264–5, 286
and food shortages, 156–8, 264–5, 276–7, 284, 438–9
shipments to Judaea, 297
Graves, Robert, 3–4
Greece, Augustus visits, 286–7, 290, 299
Greek, 12, 48, 55, 178, 193, 202, 298–9, 331, 422, 464
Gulf of Ambracia, 189
Gyaros, (Greek island renowned for its poverty), 290
Hadrian, Emperor, 2, 11, 259, 284, 297
Hall of Liberty, 178
Hannibal, 2, 32, 133, 197, 241, 453
harpax, 167
Helvetii, 363
Hercules, 91–2, 173, 184
Herod the Great, King of
Judaea, 179, 209, 293–7, 393–4, 436, 448
and birth of Jesus, 489–91
hippodromes, 295–6
Hirtius, Aulus, 109, 111–12, 116–20, 122
historiography, Roman, 203, 411–14
Homer, 88, 146, 311, 312, 313–15, 368
Horace, 195–7, 210, 304, 307–12, 332–3, 341
and Britons, 239–40
Carmen Saeculare, 332
criticism of Antony, 183–4
his death, 382
‘perfect penis’ nickname, 333, 382
sexual interests, 332–3
horoscopes, popularity of, 460
Hortensia, 134
Hortensius, Marcus, 432
House of Livia, 418
human sacrifices, 344
Hyrcanus, King of Judaea, 208–10
Ides of March, 79, 83–4
Idumaeans, 209, 294–5
Iliad, see Homer
Ilithyia (goddess of child-birth), 331
Illyria, 54, 57, 155, 174–7, 182, 211, 251, 255, 335
Illyricum, 174, 341, 347, 363, 379, 381, 463
and Balkan revolt, 435–7, 443, 447, 449, 453, 458
Indian ambassadors, 306, 406
insulae (tenement blocks), 19, 70
Isauria, 435
Isis, cult of, 224, 386
Janus Geminus, 199–200
Jerusalem, 25, 179, 225
under Herod the Great, 294–6
Jesus, 287, 289, 295, 394
birth of, 487–92
Jewish law, 296
John the Baptist, 488
jokes, Augustus’ love of, 5, 14, 364, 421–2, 464
Josephus, 108, 297, 489, 491
Judaea, 135, 154, 179, 209, 294–7, 393–4, 436
and birth of Jesus, 487–992
Varus and, 447–8, 450
Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar), 20, 54, 58
Julia (daughter of Agrippa and Julia), 424, 443–5, 463
Julia (daughter of Augustus), 185, 429, 439, 445, 463
adultery and exile, 397–401, 415–16, 440
advancement of her sons, 387–8, 390, 399
agitation for her recall, 431–2
appearance, 380, 398
betrothal to Antyllus, 166
birth, 162–3
character, 379–80, 396
her death, 472
divorce from Tiberius, 415
marriage with Agrippa, 321–3, 354, 356, 379–80, 384, 396–7
marriage with Marcellus, 256–7, 262, 275, 379
marriage with Tiberius, 361–2, 371, 378–80, 390–1
and Tiberius’ retirement, 396–7
Julia (grandmother of Augustus), her funeral, 65–6
Julia (mother of Antony), 130, 146, 153
Julia (wife of Cornelius Lentulus), 30
Julian, Emperor, 5
Julius Caesar, 4–5, 8–9, 10, 20, 23, 27, 30–1, 35, 37, 39–41, 43–4, 46, 47–8, 51–5, 57, 60, 61–5, 67–8, 69–80, 85, 86, 87–8, 90, 94, 95, 96, 99–100, 103, 104, 136, 142, 165, 169, 171, 174–5, 200, 203, 222, 229–30, 231, 235, 259, 277, 278, 345, 374, 405, 410, 413, 419, 467–8
affairs with married women, 37, 54, 397
and Alexander the Great, 207
Anticato, 78
appearance, 68
appointment of praefectus urbis, 261–2
appointment of praetor urbanus, 222–3
assassination of, 78–80
Augustus and succession to, 1–2, 6, 86–90, 98–9, 124–5, 134, 256, 477–8
clemency, 64, 67, 72–4, 78–9, 129, 171, 202, 477
and Cleopatra, 65, 75, 143, 181, 193, 314
Commentaries, 60, 116, 339
compared with Augustus, 10–11, 237–8
conquest of Britain, 60, 239–40, 261, 367
conquest of Gaul, 60, 96, 197, 226, 241, 337–9, 363, 368–70, 372
and corona civica, 232
covers his face at his death, 79, 466
and divinity, 74, 94–5, 99–100, 134, 208, 405, 410, 467
elected pontifex maximus, 20, 28, 30
and elephants, 304
and ‘first triumvirate’, 52–4, 57–8, 126
Forum project, 402–3
Livy and, 413–14
his murder declared a crime, 124–5
named parens patriae, 395
his property after his death, 98–9
Titus Labienus and, 460
Virgil and, 314, 316
his will, 86–8, 125
July (the month), 2, 72
Juno, 313–14, 330–1, 386
Jupiter, 54, 164, 386
Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 50, 351, 454
Kalends of October, 21–2
Kalkriese (near Osnabrück), 451
Knidos, murder trial, 392–3
La Tène culture, 368
La Turbie, 340
Labeo, Marcus Antistius, 319–20
Labienus, Titus, 154, 460
Lake Avernus, 167
Lake Moeris, 287
land confiscations, 144–5, 180, 182, 396
lares and penates, 20
Largus, Valerius, 252–3
Latin, 12, 48, 55, 178, 202, 298, 311, 330–1, 338, 422, 442, 447, 464
legal system, Roman, 43–4, 56, 94
legions,
First, 250, 255–6
Second, 106–7, 117–18, 250, 255
Third, 249
Fourth, 105–6, 108, 116, 118, 121, 124, 140, 171, 249
Fifth, 249
Legio V Alaudae, 107, 118, 249–50, 334, 417
Sixth, 249
Legio VI Victrix, 250
Seventh, 103, 109, 116, 118
Eighth, 103, 109, 116
Ninth Hispana, 250
Tenth, 171, 249–50
Legio X Gemina, 250
Legio XIII Gemina, 250
Legio XIV Gemina, 250
Seventeenth, 449, 455
Eighteenth, 449, 455
Nineteenth, 449, 455
Thirty-fifth, 106–7, 117–18
Legio Martia, 105–6, 108–10, 116–18, 120–1, 124, 141, 171
Lentulus, Publius Cornelius, 30–1, 92
Lepidus, Marcus Aemlius the triumvir, 102, 115, 121, 125–6, 145, 338
appointed pontifex maximus, 94, 172, 319, 349–50
his death, 349–50
and invasion of Sicily, 167, 170–1
negotiates with Sextus
Pompeius, 143
and proscriptions, 4, 9, 13, 129–33, 135
and triumvirate, 126–36, 143–5, 155, 166, 170–2
Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius (father of the triumvir), 27
Lesbos, 272
lex Julia de adulteriis, 325
lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus, 325
lex Papia Poppaea, 459
libations, in Augustus’ name, 199
Libo, Lucius Scribonius, 156
libraries, 178, 225, 260, 275, 418
Licinus, Julius, 345–6, 365
Livia (Drusilla), 357–9, 372, 377–9, 397, 420, 439, 445, 420, 429–30
accompanies Augustus, 238, 299, 335
appearance, 378, 380
and Augustus’ death, 465–6
and Augustus’ funeral, 468
and Augustus’ will, 463, 469
and Cinna conspiracy, 431
and Drusus’ death, 377
granted sacrosanctitas, 183, 268, 356
and historiography, 411
marriage with Augustus, 161–4, 201, 326
and Postumus’ disgrace
and murder, 441, 445, 472
and Tiberius’ reign, 472–3
and Tiberius’ retirement, 415
and Tiberius’ triumph, 384
Livilla, 428, 466
Livy, Titus, 13, 226–8, 365, 412–4
Lollius, Marcus, 334–5, 337, 339, 417, 424, 427
Londinium, 239
Luca, 57
Lucan, 61
Lucius Caesar, see Caesar, Lucius
ludi Apollinares, 96
ludi Ceriales, 36
Lugdunum (Lyons), 341, 343, 363, 372, 380
Lupercal shrine, 271
lustratio (purification ceremony), 22
Macedonian legions, Antony’s, 96, 104, 106, 108–9, 117
Macrobius, 14
Maecenas, Caius, 155, 166, 191, 197, 202, 229, 249, 253, 279, 281–2, 301, 321, 328, 332, 335, 382, 401, 422, 427
and poets, 307–10, 312, 412
maiestas law, 278, 460–1, 475
Manius, 151–2, 155
Marcella, 356
Marcellus, 212, 217, 238, 256, 258, 263–6, 356, 360
his death, 273–6, 283, 360, 378
marriage with Julia, 256–7, 262, 379
rivalry with Agrippa, 273
and succession to Augustus, 265–6, 275
and trial of Marcus Primus, 279–80
Virgil and, 275–6, 307
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, 58, 61, 67, 73, 90, 122, 155–6
March (the month), 21
Marcomanni, 433, 453, 474
Mariamme, Queen of Judaea, 209, 393
Marius, Caius, 27, 37, 64, 91, 94, 105
celebrated in Forum Augustum, 405, 409, 412–13
Livy and, 412–13
Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), 2–7, 9, 13, 33, 62, 89–90, 91–3, 98, 100–12, 114, 115–21, 125, 126–36, 136–43, 153–4, 155–6, 160, 166, 182–;94, 203, 207, 222, 238, 413–4, 416
acquires Pompey’s house, 89, 160
and actresses, 69, 93
birthday marked as dies nefas, 233
and Cleopatra, 143, 152, 154, 181–94, 398
his death, 192, 198–9
declared public enemy, 120, 125, 130
and execution of Cicero, 13, 131, 199
his golden chamber pot, 419
and Julius Caesar, 73, 75, 77, 79
and Julius Caesar’s assassination, 79, 85–6, 90–7
lack of military experience, 5, 92, 106, 138, 173
marriage with Octavia, 155–6, 181–2
On his Drunkenness, 184–5
Parthian campaign, 172–5, 177, 183, 210, 303
and Perusine War, 145–7
Plutarch’s Life of, 14
his will, 186–7, 266
Marobduus, King, 433–6, 442, 449, 453, 474
marriage, aristocratic, 47, 256–7, 321
and adultery, 325, 397, 399
and divorce, 163, 201, 361
marriage laws, 325–6, 330, 333, 335, 399, 458–9
Mars, 21, 32, 105, 404, 410
Marsyas, statue of, 398–9
Martial, 151
Masada, 209
Massilia, 400, 424
Matius, Caius, 80, 99, 101
Mausoleum of Augustus, 13, 187, 207, 275, 354, 372, 374, 425, 463, 468
Mausolos, King, 187
Maximus, Paullus Fabius, 463
Menas, 165
Mercury, 386
Messalla Corvinus, Marcus Valerius, 261–2, 337, 395–6
Messana (Messina), sack of, 170
Metulus, siege of, 175–7, 179
milestones, 262
Miletus, 130, 289
Milo, 57–60, 130
Minerva, 364, 386
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, 24–5, 40, 49, 65, 291
Mount Vesuvius, 294
Munda, Battle of, 65, 93, 154, 230
Murena, Lucinius or Varro, 278–82, 284
Murena, Varro, 264
Musa, Antonius, 265–6, 275
Mussolini, Benito, 8, 358
Mutina, 115, 117, 119–20, 126, 134, 171
Mylae, 174
Naples, 89, 464–5
Narbo (Narbonne), 338
Naulochus, Battle of, 168, 259, 305
naumachia Augusti, 408–9
Neptune, 166–7, 259
Nero, Emperor, 2, 4, 297, 419, 474
Nero, Tiberius Claudius, 161, 163–4
Nerva, Lucius Coccius, 155
Nicaea, 208
Nicolaus of Damascus, 13, 68
Nicomedia, 208
Nijmegen, 365–6
Nola, 32, 46, 465, 467
nomenclatores, 39, 421
Noricum, 340
North Sea, 366, 370
Noviodunum (Nyons), 343
Numidia, 405
Octavia, 23, 58, 74, 90, 124, 160, 321, 358
her death, 371–2
granted sacrosanctitas, 183, 268, 356
holiday in Athens, 182, 238, 416
makes clothes for Augustus, 420
and Marcellus’ death, 274, 307, 378
marriage with Antony, 155–6, 181–2
her statues, 183
Octavius, Caius (father of Augustus), 28, 30–1, 35–6, 36–41, 43–4
and Augustus’ birth, 19–22
his death, 46
family and wealth, 32–5
governorship of Macedonia, 44–6
Odrysae, 278–80
Odyssey, see Homer
Olympic Games, 295
Oppius, 99, 185
Orosius, 13
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso), 11, 359, 396–7, 410
Ars Amatoria, 397, 415, 444
and Julia’s disgrace, 444–5
and Parthians, 415–16
Oxyrhyncus, 288
Panathenaic Games, 354
Pandateria (island), 400
Pannonians, see Balkan revolt
Panormus (Palermo), 286
Pansa, Cauis Vibius, 109, 111–12, 116–20, 122–4
Pantheon, 259, 403
Paros, 388
Parthia, 70, 74, 77, 83–4, 87, 89, 91, 96, 99, 106, 108, 208, 210, 233, 272–3, 386, 415
Antony’s campaign, 161, 166, 172–5, 177, 181, 210, 303
and biblical wise men, 491
Caius Caesar’s campaign, 414–17, 424
Crassus’ invasion, 58, 175
and return of standards, 302–5, 335, 406, 410
pater patriae, naming of, 395–6, 471
paterfamilias, 20, 395
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 424, 427, 444
Pedius, Quintus, 73, 124, 128
Pergamum, 208
Persians, 172–3
Perusine War, 145–7, 153, 155, 161, 192, 198, 202, 316
Petronius, Publius, 261, 297, 300
Pharsalus, Battle of, 64, 68, 70, 73, 85, 92, 99, 137, 157, 198
Philip II, King of Macedon, 102, 136
Philippi, Battle of, 136–43, 152, 185, 403
executions of prisoners, 198, 201–2, 316
Philippus, Lucius Marcius, 48, 58, 65–8, 70, 88, 90, 99, 111, 122
Phoebe (freedwoman), 400
Phraates IV, King of Parthia, 210, 302–3
pietas (piety), 157–8, 224, 316, 331
Pinarius, Lucius, 73
pirates, 37, 49, 92, 174
Piso, Lucius Calpurnius, 54, 101–2, 264–5, 267, 269
Planasia, 441
Plancus, Lucius Munatius, 115, 121, 126, 134, 186, 236, 277
Plebeian Games, 36
Pliny the Elder, 339, 374, 399, 404, 436
Plutarch, 14, 130, 142, 172
Pollio, Caius Asinius, 115, 120–1, 155–6, 178, 188, 408, 412
Pollio, Vedius, 327, 384
Pompeius, Cnaeus, 65, 69, 79, 157
Pompeius, Sextus, 4, 122, 125, 127, 136, 143–4, 147, 153–4, 165–9, 172, 174, 182, 185, 191, 198, 251
his death, 172, 186
‘Magnus Pius’ nickname, 158
and proscriptions, 158–60
reconciliation with triumvirs, 156–61
Pompey the Great, 24–5, 33–5, 40, 47, 49–51, 52–4, 56–9, 59–60, 61–5, 74, 79, 89, 90, 92, 96, 101, 111, 126, 127, 158, 160, 188, 203, 222, 236, 242, 250, 276, 304, 405, 409–10, 413, 460, 467
and Alexander the Great, 207
celebrates triumph, 49–50
Virgil and, 317
Pomponia, 356
pontifex maximus, 20, 28, 30, 94, 172, 319, 349–50
Porta Capena, 318
Porticus of Livia, 384
Porticus of Octavia, 178, 383
Postumus, Agrippa, 354, 406, 426–8, 432, 445, 463
adoption by Augustus, 427, 430, 441
disgrace and murder, 440–1, 443, 472
praefectus urbis, 261–2, 337
praetors
age requirement for, 35, 336
appointment of praetor urbanus, 222–3, 367
election of, 41–3
numbers of, 27, 71, 220, 270
Primus, Marcus, 278–80, 282, 284
princeps iuventutis, appointment of, 391, 395, 428, 438
Proculeius, Caius, 279
Propertius, 275, 309–11
proscriptions, 4, 129–33, 180, 202, 396, 413
Sextus Pompeius and, 158–60
Sulla and, 129, 133
Ptolemy XIII, King of Egypt, 64, 181
Ptolemy XIV, King of Egypt, 181
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 182
publicani, 34, 41, 51, 53, 291, 438
Puteoli, 67, 90, 464
Pylades (actor), 328
Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius (Cyrenius), 417, 435–6, 488–90
Res Gestae, 13, 237, 285, 391, 396
Rhaeti, 341
Rhea Silvia, 404
Rhegium, 400, 431
rhetoric, teachers of, 83
Rhodes, 135, 388, 396, 415–16, 429, 489
Rhône, River, 341
