Augustus, page 65
Archelaus, King of Judaea, 436, 489
Ares (Mars), 416
Areus (philosopher), 377
Argonauts, 260
Armenia, 173, 177, 183, 302, 386, 415, 424, 429
Arminius, 446–53, 455, 457, 474
Arsinoe, 181, 193
Artaxias II, King of Aremnia, 302
Astura, 67, 464
Asturians, 243, 255, 301
Athena, 160
Athenodorus, 202
Athens, 130, 160, 289–91, 300, 306–7, 416
Antony and Octavia’s holiday, 182, 238, 416
and democracy, 408–9
Erechtheion Caryatids, 403–4
Atia, 19–23, 35, 47–8, 66–8, 84, 88, 90, 99, 124, 134
Atticus, 90, 104, 202–4, 206, 228, 263, 309–10, 356
augurium salutis, 200
August (the month), 2, 382
Augusta Emerita (Mérida), 347
Augustus, Emperor
achieves financial surplus, 209–10
adopts Agrippa’s sons, 322–4
adopts Tiberius, 427–31
and Alexander the Great, 206–7
alliance with Antony, 155–6, 166
angry outbursts, 202, 326, 444
appearance, 68, 207, 256, 262, 300
approachability, 323–4, 335
birth, 19–24
bouts of illness, 70, 87, 136, 141, 143, 152, 204, 219, 225, 254, 256, 258, 262–3, 265–6, 273, 359, 388, 423, 464–6
character, 201–5
childlessness, 201
clemency, 171–2, 202, 477
coming of age, 67
compared with Julius Caesar, 10–11, 237–8
conspiracies against, 280–3, 321, 431
and consulship, 122–4, 127, 134, 178, 199, 212, 219–20, 222, 230, 237, 241, 256, 258, 264, 266–72, 276–7, 279, 282, 285, 301, 317–8, 391, 394–5, 428
contempt for Lepidus, 349–50
crosses Rubicon and reaches Rome, 123–4
and crossroad shrines, 385–6
and cult offerings, 289
despair at Balkan revolt, 436, 443
and divinity, 208, 259, 386, 462, 471
education, 48, 55–6, 66, 68, 83–4
elected pontiff, 68
embarrassment and criticism of, 326–8, 335
extent of his travels, 284
formal naming of, 23
Forum project, 402–6
friendship with Atticus, 202–4, 309
his funeral, 467–8
and German revolt, 454–5, 457
and grandmother’s funeral, 65–6
granted proconsular power, 267–8, 272
granted sacrosanctitas, 182, 268
granted tribunician power, 268, 270–2, 322
heir to Julius Caesar, 1–2, 6, 86–90, 98–9, 124–5, 134, 256, 477–8
and historiography, 8–9
his house on the Palatine, 225, 271, 350, 418–20, 423, 431–2, 443, 446–7, 467
Illyrian campaigns, 174–7, 183, 251
his inherited wealth, 47, 98–9
installed as pontifex maximus, 350
interest in history and traditions, 203–4, 228
and Julia’s adultery, 397–401
and Julius Caesar’s dictatorship, 73, 83–4, 86–7
lack of training in rhetoric, 194
later identification with Julius Caesar, 410–11, 413
letters to family members, 363–4, 417–18, 429, 457–8
marriage with Claudia, 134–5, 152–3
marriage with Livia, 162–4, 201, 326
marriage with Scribonia, 156, 163
his memoirs and military exploits, 168–9, 175–6
moderate lifestyle, 418–24
named pater patriae, 395–6
names and titles, 2, 6–7, 86, 88–90, 235–6, 395–6, 410
and Perusine War, 145–6
and poetry, 151–2, 202, 309–12, 316, 324
political and military ambitions, 98–112, 114, 122–4
and powers of censorship, 277–8, 319
and proscriptions, 4, 9, 13, 129–33, 202
provincial command, 233–4, 239, 252, 272, 322–3, 338, 353, 381, 429, 462
raises his own army, 106–10, 114
refuses dictatorship, 276–7, 285
and ‘restoring the commonwealth’, 229–32, 239
return to Rome after Actium, 205–13
rivalry and war with Antony, 182–94
sayings and use of language, 422–3
self-confidence, 68, 100, 152, 163
and Spanish campaign, 69–70
his statues, 174, 225, 256, 259, 262, 300, 303
and succession, 4, 265–6, 275, 359–62, 374, 388, 390, 426–32, 461–3
his ‘three boils’, 445
and Tiberius’ retirement, 388, 399, 429
total number of triumphs, 222
and trial of Marcus Primus, 278–80
and triumvirate, 126–36, 143–4, 155, 166, 186, 222, 230, 475
his will, 266, 463, 469, 471
and women, 68–9, 162, 184, 201, 325, 335, 397
Babylonians, 295
Baetica, 346
Baiae, 159
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, 90, 99, 242–3
Balbus, Lucius Cornelius (the younger), 243, 258, 305–6, 350, 384
Balbus, Marcus Atius, 23, 35, 43, 48, 55
Balkan revolt, 434–6, 440–3, 445, 447, 449, 453, 458
Bassus, Publius Ventidius, 121
Bastarnae, 226
Bathyllus (actor), 328
Bay of Naples, 159, 165, 167, 440
beast fights, 36, 99, 218, 296, 331, 351, 371, 406
Belgica, 339
Beneventum, 464–5
Berytus (Beirut), 298, 393
Bessi, 45
Bibulus, Marcus Calpurnius, 52–4, 78
birthdays, in Roman culture, 21
Bithynia, 45, 54, 299
Black Sea, 444
boni (‘good men’), 51, 59, 63, 204
Bononia, 126, 128
Bovillae, 467
breastfeeding, 23–4
Britain, Julius Caesar’s conquest of, 60, 239–41, 261, 367
Brundisium, 63, 85, 88–9, 102–5, 136, 166, 171, 465
executions at, 107, 117
siege and peace agreement, 153–4, 157
Virgil’s death at, 312
Brutus, Decimus Junius, 69, 78–9, 86, 93
and Cisalpine Gaul, 96, 101, 110–11, 114
his death, 126, 145
and war against Antony, 115–17, 119, 121–2, 125–6
Brutus, Marcus Junius, 4, 9–10, 14, 73, 78–9, 123, 208, 223, 280, 352, 476
aftermath of Julius Caesar’s assassination, 85–6, 88, 94, 96–7, 115, 122, 125–7
attitude towards Sextus Pompeius, 157
his death, 142
and execution of Caius Antonius, 145
friendship with Atticus, 203
war against triumvirs, 130, 135–42, 189, 197
bulla (charm), 22, 67
Caepio, Fannius, 280–2
Caesar, Caius, 351, 354, 356, 381, 385, 394, 406, 428, 440, 489
adoption by Augustus, 322–4, 328
appointed princeps iuventutis, 391, 438
and Ara Pacis Augustae, 358–9, 374
coming of age, 391
and consulship, 387, 399, 424, 440
his death, 424–6, 429–30
his mother’s advancement of, 387–8, 390, 399
and his mother’s disgrace, 399, 402
Parthian campaign, 414–17, 424
and succession to Augustus, 360, 374, 401, 417
and Tiberius’ return from Rhodes, 427
Caesar, Lucius, 354, 356, 385, 395, 406, 440
adoption by Augustus, 322–4, 328
appointed princeps iuventutis, 395, 438
and Ara Pacis Augustae, 358–9
his death, 424, 427, 429–30
his mother’s advancement of, 387–8, 390, 399
and his mother’s disgrace, 399, 402
and succession to Augustus, 360, 374, 401, 417
Caesar, Caius Julius, see Julius Caesar
Caesar, Lucius Julius, 114, 129
Caesar, Octavius, see Augustus, Emperor
Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), 347
Caesarea Maritima, 294
Caesarion, 75, 181, 183, 185, 187, 193, 288, 314
Caius Caesar, see Caesar, Caius
calendars
Greek, 422
Roman, 21, 72, 345, 374
Calenus, Quintus Fufius, 153–4
Caligula, Emperor, 162, 419, 474, 476
Campus Martius, 42, 71, 124, 224, 259–60, 330, 355
obelisk and sundial, 374 see also Ara Pacis Augustae; Mausoleum of Augustus; Saepta Julia
Candace, Queen of Ethiopia, 300
Canidius, Publius, 191
Cantabrians, 243–4, 251, 254–6, 301
Cape Mylae, 168
Capito, Caius Ateius, 329
Capreae (Capri), 419, 464, 473, 475
Carinae, 160
Carrhae, Battle of, 58, 210, 303, 453
Carthage, 24, 56, 71, 174, 241, 286, 437
Caryatids, 403–4
Cassius Longinus, Caius, 9–10, 78, 208, 223, 280, 352, 476
aftermath of Julius Caesar’s assassination, 85–6, 88, 94, 96–7, 116, 122, 125–7
attitude towards Sextus Pompeius, 157
his death, 140
war against triumvirs, 135, 137–43, 189, 197
Catiline, Lucius Sergius, 22, 27–31, 34, 40, 45, 52, 62, 91, 103, 111, 217, 249
Virgil and, 317
Catina (Catania), 286
Cato the Elder, 24, 316
Cato the Younger, 31, 39–40, 44, 62, 65, 112, 409–10
commits suicide, 65, 71, 142
opposition to Julius Caesar, 52–3
opposition to Pompey, 51, 54, 59
Virgil and, 316, 409
Catullus, Caius Valerius, 45, 69
Catulus, Quintus Lutatius (cos. 78 BC), 418
Catuvellauni, 240
Celtiberians, 243–4
censors, role of, 70, 277–8, 325
censuses, 212, 220–1, 364–5, 381, 432, 436, 462–3
and birth of Jesus, 488–91
centurions, 123, 177, 251, 367
Ceres, 98
Chatti, 367, 369–70
Chauci, 369
Cherusci, 367, 369, 446–8, 451, 457
childbirth, dangers of, 19–20
children, exposure of, 444
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 44, 61, 97, 181, 132, 157, 279, 364, 397, 414, 419
absence from Rome, 102, 105
and Antony, 91, 95–7, 102, 107, 110–12
and Augustus’ birth, 21
and Augustus’ increasing importance, 89–90, 97–8, 101–5, 110–12
and Augustus’ political ambitions, 122–4, 152
and Catiline’s rebellion, 29–31, 39, 44, 57, 125, 129, 282, 383
and consulship, 22, 29–30, 35, 109–10, 203, 221
and education, 48
and ‘first triumvirate’, 52, 57
friendship with Atticus, 90, 104, 309
friendship with Gallus, 206
and Julius Caesar, 60, 73, 75–80, 86
and Julius Caesar’s assassination, 79–80, 85, 95, 97
military service, 36, 40
named parens patriae, 31, 395
Philippics, 102, 110, 131
Plutarch’s Life of, 14
proscription and death, 13, 128, 130–1, 199, 414
and war against Antony, 112, 116, 120–3
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (the younger), 198–9
Cicero, Quintus Tullius, 38, 41, 44, 110, 130
Cinna, Cnaeus Cornelius, 431
Circus Flaminius, 373, 406
Circus Maximus, 406
Claudia, 134–5
Claudia Pulchra, 447
Claudius, Emperor, 14, 329, 372, 472–3
and historiography, 411, 413
physical and mental weakness, 439–40
Cleopatra, 2–4, 188–96, 205–6, 207
Antony and, 143, 152, 154, 180–93, 398
her bodyguard, 209, 295
her death, 192, 195–6, 199, 288
her effigy carried in Augustus’ triumph, 212
Julius Caesar and, 65, 75, 143, 181, 193, 314
Virgil and, 314–15
Cleopatra Selene, 181, 212
Cloaca Maxima, 180
Clodius Pulcher, Publius, 56–9, 69, 86, 95, 130
coins, 14, 158, 223, 232, 237, 256, 287–9, 295, 304, 332, 343, 454
and Antony’s image, 91, 156
and Julius Caesar’s image, 332
and Octavia’s image, 156
and Sextus Pompeius’ image, 158
and Tiberius’ image, 462
collegia (trade guilds), 57
Cologne, 448
comets, 99–100, 329
Concordia, shrines to, 384
concrete, Roman, 291, 294
consilium principis, 320, 461
contubernales (‘tent-companions’), 36, 83
Corinth, 71, 290
corn dole, 432, 439
Cornelia (wife of Pompey), 59
Cornelia (mother of the Gracchi), 66
corona civica, 232, 259
corona navalis, 168
Corsica, 156, 159, 165, 441
Corvinus, Marcus Valerius Messalla, 238
Cossus, Cornelius, 227, 413
Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 33–4, 40, 51, 83, 137, 161, 172, 174, 303, 415
his death at Carrhae, 58
and ‘first triumvirate’, 52–4, 56–8, 126
Crassus, Marcus Licinius (the younger), 199, 226–9, 233, 238, 252, 278, 373
Crispinus, Titus Quinctius, 398
crocodiles, 406
culpeus virtutis (‘shield of virtues’), 237
Cumae, 167
Curia Julia (Senate House), 218, 237, 357, 468
Cytheris (actress), 69
Cyzicus, 300
Dacia, 175, 219
Dalmatians, see Balkan revolt
Danube, River, 175, 362, 371–2, 381, 414, 433–4
December (the month), 345
decimation, 177
Deiotarus, King of Galatia, 95
deliciae, 164, 378
Deldo, King of the Bastarnae, 226
Demosthenes, 102
Diana, 330–1, 386
dice games, Augustus’ love of, 166, 420
Dido, Queen of Carthage, 314–16
dinosaur fossils, 419, 464
Dio, Cassius, 12–3, 249, 269, 277, 348, 354, 356, 365, 408, 461
and Augustus’ angry outbursts, 202
and Augustus’ death, 465–6
and conspiracies against Augustus, 321, 431
and control of state treasury, 223
and decisions made in private, 281
and German revolt, 454
and gossip about Terentia, 335
and Indian embassy, 306
and interest rates, 209
and Julia’s adultery, 399
and Maecenas, 229, 249
and Marcus Licinius Crassus episode, 226, 228
and marriage laws, 325, 335
and omens, 462
and pay rise for praetorian cohorts, 235
and period of Tiberius’ retirement, 391
and powers granted to Augustus, 318–19
and public discontent, 439
and ‘restoring the commonwealth’, 229, 231–2
and succession to Augustus, 360
and trial of Marcus Primus, 279
and Valerius Largus, 252–3
Dionysius, 160, 173
Dioscuri, cult of, 383–4
Diribitorium, 385
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, 91, 93–7, 102, 115–16, 125
Domitian, Emperor, 281
‘Donations of Alexandria’, 183
druidic cult, 344
Drusus, 164, 321, 351, 356, 358, 362, 364
his death, 373–4, 377, 380–1, 387–8, 425, 467
campaigns, 336–7, 340–1, 362–73
honoured by Tiberius, 383–4, 439, 458
memorial games, 439
and prophesy of death, 373
and succession to Augustus, 360–1
Drusus (the younger), 427–9, 458, 462, 468, 472–3, 475
Drusus, Marcus Livius, 161
dwarfs, 378
Dyrrachium, 64
earthquakes, Asian, 392
Ebro, River, 347
education, Roman, 48, 55–6
Egypt
conquest of, 205–6, 212, 223, 233, 252–3, 406, 491
cow transaction papyrus, 288–9
dating system, 288
Ethiopian raids, 300
elections, 37–9, 41–3, 51, 58–9
and bribery and intimidation, 320–1, 383
disrupted by riots, 443
under Tiberius, 473
elephants, 116, 250, 304
Ennius, 236
ephebes, 464
Ephesus, 208, 289, 298
Epirus, 189
equestrian order, honorary head appointed, 391
Ethiopians, 261, 300
Euphrates, River, 185, 424
fasces, 8, 43, 53, 220, 277, 350
Fates, the, 330
‘feast of the twelve gods’, 164
Festival of Augustalia, 318
Festival of the Lupercalia, 75, 98, 237, 277
fetiales, 188, 200, 204
Flaccus, Caius Norbanus, 258
Flaccus, Marcus Valerius, 418
flamines, 357
Flavus, 446, 449
Florus, 13, 367
Forum Augustum 305, 402–6, 409–10, 412–13, 468
Forum Boarium, 225
Forum Gallorum, Battle of, 117–20
Forum Julium, 71, 218, 402–4
Frisii, 367
Fulvia, 95, 106–7, 132, 134, 145–6, 151, 155, 166, 203
her landica, 146
funerals, aristocratic, 65–6
Gades (Cadiz), 90, 242–3
Galatia, 95, 212, 489
Galilee, 294, 490
Gallus, Marcus Aelius, 260–1, 293
Gallus, Caius Asinius (cos. 8 BC), 392
Gallus, Caius Cornelius, 205–6, 252–3, 260
games and festivals, 36–7, 77, 99–100, 180, 218–19, 385
for restoration of res publica, 454
under Caius and Lucius, 406, 408
under Marcellus, 264, 277
and see beast fights; gladiatorial fights; naumachia Augusti
see also Actian Games; Secular Games; Trojan Games
Gaul, 335–46, 362–5
census, 364–5
Cisalpine Gaul, 54, 57, 96, 101, 107, 110–11, 114, 123, 125, 153, 338
coinage, 343
cults and traditions, 344–5
Gallia Comata (‘Long-Haired Gaul’), 96, 337–9
Gallia Narbonensis, 338–9, 343–4, 346, 424
German raiders into, 334–5, 339
Julius Caesar’s conquest of, 60, 96, 197, 226, 241, 337–9, 363, 368–70, 372
