Augustus, page 64
38 Dio 55. 10a. 5–10, Velleius Paterculus 2. 102. 1–3, Suetonius, Augustus 65. 1–2, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 3.
CHAPTER 21
1 Velleius Paterculus 2. 103. 1–2.
2 Suetonius, Augustus 65. 2.
3 An inscription from Pisa (ILS 140) makes it clear that Caius’ death was known there by 2 April, and the news must have reached Rome before this; for discussion of the decisions of this year see R. Birch, ‘The Settlement of 26 June AD 4 and its Aftermath’, Classical Quarterly 31 (1981), pp. 443–56; on the name of Caesar and the associations of the family and its dwelling, see D. Wardle, ‘Valerius Maximus on the Domus Augusta, Augustus, and Tiberius’, Classical Quarterly 50 (2000), pp. 479–93.
4 Suetonius, Caligula 4. 1; in general see discussion in Levick (1999), pp. 47–52, R. Seager, Tiberius (2005), pp. 29–32; on Aemilius Paullus and his wider family see R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), pp. 104–27.
5 Suetonius, Tiberius 12. 2–3, 15. 1, Velleius Paterculus 2. 102, Tacitus, Ann. 3. 48.
6 Dio 55. 13. 1a–2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 103. 1–104. 1, Suetonius, Tiberius 15. 2, with discussion in Birch (1981), esp. pp. 444–8.
7 Quote from Velleius Paterculus 2. 104. 1; for discussion see Crook in CAH2 X, p. 105, Levick (1999), pp. 49–50, Seager (2005), pp. 29–32; for letters from Augustus to Tiberius see Suetonius, Tiberius 21. 2–6.
8 Livia’s involvement, see Dio 55. 10a. 10, Pliny, NH 7. 149, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 3, Suetonius, Augustus 65. 1, with A. Barrett, Livia. First Lady of Imperial Rome (2002), pp. 52–9, 241–2; for claims of wider rivalry between the families see B. Levick, ‘Julians and Claudians’, Greece and Rome 22 (1975), pp. 29–38.
9 Dio 55. 13. 2. Suetonius, Tiberius 16. 1 claims that the grant was for just three years, but in Res Gestae 6 Augustus makes it far more likely that the grant was for a decade.
10 Suetonius, Tiberius 15. 2 on the seriousness with which Tiberius viewed his adoption.
11 Dio 55. 13. 1, 14. 1–22. 2, Seneca, de clementia 1. 9. 1–10, with Levick (1999), p. 54, Birch (1981), p. 447, Barrett (2002), pp. 131–3, Syme (1986), p. 266.
12 Dio 55. 12. 4–5, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 53.
13 Dio 55. 13. 4–7, and in general see C. Nicolet, ‘Augustus, Government, and the Propertied Classes’, in F. Millar & E. Segal (eds), Caesar Augustus. Seven Aspects (1990), pp. 89–128; Hortensius Hortalus and his four sons in AD 16, see Tacitus, Ann. 1. 37–8, with Nicolet (1990), pp. 95–6; on elections see Levick (1999), pp. 51–4.
14 For a useful introduction see Treggiari in CAH2 X, pp. 893–7.
15 Dio 55. 13. 1a, 29. 5–7, Velleius Paterculus 2. 104. 2–107. 3; for a summary of the finds at Lahnau-Waldgirmes see R. Wolters, Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald (2008), pp. 65–9.
16 Velleius Paterculus 2. 108. 1–109.4; on the Marcomanni and Suebi in general see Tacitus, Germania 38–41, Strabo, Geog. 7. 1. 3.
17 Velleius Paterculus 2. 109. 4–110. 2, Dio 55. 28. 6; in a highly rhetorical speech attributed to Maroboduus, it is claimed that twelve legions were deployed against him, Tacitus, Ann. 2. 46.
18 Dio 56. 16. 3 (Loeb translation).
19 Dio 55. 29. 1–30. 6, Velleius Paterculus 2. 110. 2–6; on the Roman army’s response to rebellion, see A. Goldsworthy, The Roman Army at War 100 BC–AD 200 (1996), pp. 79–95.
20 Dio 55. 27. 6–28. 4, Josephus, BJ 2. 111–118, AJ 17. 314.
21 Pliny, NH 7. 149 for the attempted suicide.
22 Dio 55. 24. 9–25. 6, Res Gestae 17, with L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army (1984), pp. 147–8.
23 See Suetonius, Augustus 25. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 110. 6–111. 2, with Keppie (1984), pp. 168–9, citing V. Ehrenberg & A. Jones, Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus and Tiberius (2nd edn, 1975), p. 368 for conscription of citizens.
24 Suetonius, Augustus 24. 1, and in general see Nicolet (1990), pp. 99–101.
25 The vigiles, see Dio 55. 26. 4–5, with G. Watson, The Roman Soldier (1985), pp. 19–20; on other problems see Dio 55. 26. 1–27. 3.
26 Suetonius, Augustus 19. 1, Dio 55. 27. 1–2, with Birch (1981), pp. 450–52, Levick (1999), pp. 55–9, and T. Wiedermann, ‘The political background to Ovid’s Tristia 2’, Classical Quarterly 25 (1975), pp. 264–71, esp. 265–8.
27 Dio 55. 26. 2–3, 27. 3–5, Suetonius, Claudius 2. 2.
28 Dio 55. 32. 1–2, Suetonius, Augustus 51. 1, 65. 1, Claudius 2. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 112. 7, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 5–6, with Birch (1981), pp. 446–52, and B. Levick, ‘Abdication and Agrippa Postumus’, Historia 21 (1972), pp. 674–97, esp. 690–93.
29 Dio 55. 32. 1, with Levick (1999), pp. 51–2, A. Jones, ‘The Elections under Augustus’, JRS 45 (1955), pp. 9–21, esp. 13–17.
30 Dio 55. 32. 1, with Levick (1972), pp. 690–97, Birch (1981), pp. 448–51, 455–6, and Barrett (2002), pp. 57–65.
31 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 3.
32 Velleius Paterculus 2. 111. 3–4; on the war in general see Dio 55. 29. 1–32. 4, 34. 4–7, 56. 11. 1–17. 1, Velleius Paterculus 2. 110. 1–116. 5.
33 Velleius 2. 113. 1–2, Suetonius, Tiberius 16. 1, with Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 35–7, 116–25.
34 Dio 55. 31. 1 for the claim that Augustus believed Tiberius was not pressing the campaign quickly enough – a marked contrast to his earlier urging of caution on his generals, Suetonius, Augustus 25. 4.
35 Dio 55. 33. 5–34. 3.
36 Suetonius, Augustus 65. 1, 4, 72. 3, 101. 3, Tacitus, Ann. 3. 24, 4. 71, Pliny, NH 7. 75, with Birch (1981), pp. 452–4, R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1960), pp. 432, 468, and (1986), pp. 115–27, 188–99.
37 Ovid, Tristiae 2. 207 speaks of ‘two crimes, a song and an error’; for discussion see R. Syme, History in Ovid (1978), pp. 206–29.
38 Suetonius, Augustus 65. 4, with Levick (1999), pp. 55–62, Crook in CAH2 X, pp. 108–9 both discussing the issue with prudent caution.
CHAPTER 22
1 Velleius Paterculus 2. 127. 3 (Loeb translation).
2 For Arminius and his early life see esp. Velleius Paterculus 2. 118. 1–3, Tacitus, Ann. 2. 9–10, 88, with P. Wells, The Battle that Stopped Rome (2003), pp. 105–10, and A. Murdoch, Rome’s Greatest Defeat. Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest (2006), pp. 75–97, esp. 83–6; Augustus’ reluctance to grant citizenship, see Suetonius, Augustus 40. 3.
3 On Varus see Wells (2003), pp. 80–86, Murdoch (2006), pp. 49–74, and R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1960), pp. 401, 424–5, 434, 437.
4 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 57–59, Velleius Paterculus 2. 118. 4.
5 Velleius Paterculus 2. 117. 2–4 including the quotes, Dio 56. 18. 1–5.
6 In general see S. Dyson, ‘Native Revolt Patterns in the Roman Empire’, Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 2. 3 (1975), pp. 38–175.
7 For his army, see Velleius Paterculus 2. 117. 1; for the rebellion see Dio 56. 18. 5–19. 4.
8 Dio 56. 20. 1–2, and note the freedmen on the cenotaph of the centurion Marcus Caelius, CIL 13 8648 = ILS 2244; for the couch see W. Schlüter, ‘The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: archaeological research at Kalkriese near Osnabrück’, in J. Creighton & R. Wilson, Roman Germany. Studies in Cultural Interaction. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 32 (1999), pp. 125–59, esp. 148–9; on soldiers’ marriage see B. Campbell, ‘The marriage of soldiers under the Empire’, JRS 68 (1978), pp. 153–66.
9 Velleius Paterculus 2. 118. 4, Dio 56. 19. 2–3, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 58.
10 For the excavations and a range of different reconstructions of the battle, see A. Rost, ‘The Battle between Romans and Germans in Kalkriese: Interpreting the Archaeological Remains from an ancient battlefield’ and S. Wilbers-Rost, ‘The site of the Varus Battle at Kalkriese. Recent Results from Archaeological Research’, both in A. Morillo, N. Hanel & E. Martín, Limes XX: Estudios sobre la frontera romana. Roman Frontier Studies. Anejos de Gladius 13 Vol. 3 (2009), pp. 1339–45, 1347–52, Schlüter (1999), pp. 125–59, Wells (2003), Murdoch (2006); M. McNally, Teutoburg Forest AD 9. The Destruction of Varus and his Legions (2011) is well illustrated, as is the readily accessible collection of articles in J. Oorthuys (ed.), The Varian Disaster: The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Ancient Warfare special issue (2009); the main ancient sources are Dio 56. 19. 1–22. 2, Velleius Paterculus 2. 119. 1–5, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 61–2. The account that follows is based on all of these, and more detailed discussion may be found in the works cited.
11 Note the reaction of some of Julius Caesar’s legionaries to the loss of their baggage train, see BG 5. 33, although contrast 5. 44.
12 On proper behaviour of commanders, see Goldsworthy (1996), pp. 163–5.
13 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 57–8, 71, Velleius Paterculus 2. 119. 5.
14 Velleius Paterculus 2. 117. 1.
15 Dio 56. 23. 1–4, Suetonius, Augustus 23. 1–2.
16 Suetonius, Augustus 23. 2; on the legions, see L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army (1984), pp. 163–9.
17 Dio 56. 22. 2a–4, Velleius Paterculus 2. 120. 1–6, with Wells (2003), pp. 200–12, Murdoch (2006), pp. 121–8.
18 On vastatio, see J. Roth, The Logistics of the Roman Army at War, 264 BC–AD 235 (1999), pp. 148–55, 298–305.
19 Dio 56. 25. 2–3.
20 Suetonius, Tiberius 21. 5–6.
21 Dio 56. 17. 1–3, 25. 1, Suetonius, Tiberius 17. 2, Res Gestae 4, with Levick (1999), pp. 61–4, and T. Barnes, ‘The victories of Augustus’, JRS 64 (1974), pp. 21–6.
22 For a good discussion of the impact of these laws see A. Wallace-Hadrill, ‘Family inheritance in the Augustan Marriage Laws’, in J. Edmondson (ed.), Augustus (2009), pp. 250–74 = Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 27 (1981), pp. 58–80.
23 Dio 56. 1. 2–10. 3, Suetonius, Augustus 34. 2, 89. 2.
24 Tacitus, Ann. 3. 25–8 where the harshness even of the revived law is emphasised, with S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage (1991), esp. pp. 60–80; see also the discussion in K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture (1996), pp. 128–40 who places these concerns within wider fears that moral failings may lead to disasters such as the defeat of Varus. It is possible that the law was passed after news of this, but seems likely that its basic form had already been drawn up.
25 Dio 56. 25. 7–8, 27. 4, Suetonius, Augustus 43.3.
26 For Labienus see R. Syme, The Roman Revolution (1960), p. 486, and B. Levick, Augustus. Image and Substance (2010), pp. 190–91.
27 Dio 56. 25. 4, 27. 1, Tacitus, Ann. 1. 72, with Syme (1960), pp. 486–7.
28 Dio 56. 26. 1–3, 28. 2–3.
29 Dio 56. 28. 4–6; on the position of Tiberius in these years see Levick (1999), pp. 61–7.
30 Dio 56. 29. 1–6, Suetonius, Augustus 97. 1–3, Res Gestae 8.
31 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 5, Dio 56. 30. 1 on the journey; Suetonius, Augustus 101. 1–3 on the will, where he stipulates that the two Julias were not to be placed in the Mausoleum, but a similar ban on Postumus seems likely; Syme (1960), p. 433 is dismissive of the incident, whereas Levick (1999), pp. 64–5 makes a good case for the journey happening.
32 Dio 56. 29. 2. By far the most detailed account of Augustus’ final days is provided by Suetonius, Augustus 97. 3–100. 1, supplying most of the details given below. There is a good discussion in D. Wardle, ‘A perfect send-off: Suetonius and the dying art of Augustus (Suetonius Aug. 99)’, Mnemosyne 60 (2007), pp. 443–63.
33 Suetonius, Augustus 98. 2 for the quote.
34 For the ‘jaws’ quote, Suetonius, Tiberius 21. 2; Dio 56. 31. 1 states that most of his sources claimed that Tiberius did not arrive until after Augustus was dead.
35 Dio 56. 30. 1–4, with A. Barrett, Livia. First Lady of Imperial Rome (2002), pp. 242–7.
36 Suetonius, Augustus 99 (Loeb translation).
37 Dio 56. 30. 4.
38 Quote from Suetonius, Augustus 99. 1; Dio 31. 1 for the claim that Livia concealed his death for some days.
39 Suetonius, Augustus 100. 2, Dio 56. 31. 2.
40 The main accounts of the funeral come from Suetonius, Augustus 100. 2–4, Dio 56. 34. 1–42. 4; unlike Suetonius, Dio has Drusus speak from the Rostra by the Temple of the Divine Julius and Tiberius deliver his eulogy from the old Rostra.
41 Suetonius, Augustus 100. 4, Dio 56. 42. 3.
CONCLUSION
1 Dio 44. 2. 1–3 (Loeb translation).
2 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 2.
3 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 8.
4 On the name, see Levick, Tiberius the Politician (1999), p. 247, n. 11 for references and discussion.
5 For the accession of Tiberius and the early months of his principate, see Levick (1999), pp. 68–81, and R. Seager, Tiberius (2005), pp. 40–59.
6 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 15.
7 Tacitus, Ann. 1. 11 for Augustus’ advice.
8 For Tiberius’ principate in more detail see Levick (1999) and Seager (2005).
9 Eutropius, Breviarium 8. 5; for an argument that Augustus’ legacy was a system almost bound to fail see J. Drinkwater, ‘The Principate – lifebelt, or millstone around the neck of Empire?’, in O. Hekster, G. Kleijn & D. Slootjes (eds), Crises and the Roman Empire (2007), pp. 67–74; for the aftermath of Caligula’s murder, see A. Barrett, Caligula. The Corruption of Power (1989), pp. 172–6.
APPENDIX TWO
1 Mentions of the execution of Jesus from early sources, see Tacitus, Ann. 15. 44, Josephus, AJ 18. 63–4. 20. 200, with discussion in E. Schürer, G. Vermes & F. Millar, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ Vol. 1 (1973), pp. 430–41 as an introduction to the copious literature on the testimonium Flavianum, since some, but probably not all, of these passages are later interpolations; for the birth of Julius Caesar, see A. Goldsworthy, Caesar: The Life of a Colossus (2006), p. 30.
2 Josephus, BJ 2. 117–18, AJ 17. 355, 18. 1, 26, ILS 2683; for discussion see Schürer (1973), pp. 258–9, noting ILS 918 recording an unnamed senator who served twice as an imperial legate, at least once in Syria. This may or may not refer to Quirinius. Further complication is added by the late-second to early-third-century-AD Christian Apologist Tertullian, who dated the birth of Jesus to the time of a census held by the Syrian legate Coponius, see Tertullian, Against Marcion 4. 19; Strabo, Geog. 12. 5. 6, Tacitus, Ann. 3. 48 record a victory won by Quirinius on the borders of Cilicia, which probably occurred some time around 4–3 BC, perhaps during a spell as legate of Galatia and Pamphylia.
3 See Goudineau in CAH2 X, p. 490 for the censuses in Gaul.
4 For a very useful discussion see Schürer (1973), pp. 399–427, and more briefly P. Richardson, Herod. King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans (1996), pp. 295–8.
5 For Egypt see A. Bowman in CAH2 X, pp. 679–86, 689–93.
6 On the massacre see Richardson (1996), pp. 297–8 for scepticism, which can be presented as a fact even in such apparently unrelated books as A. Murdoch, Rome’s Greatest Defeat. Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest (2006), p. 59.
INDEX
Achilles, 88, 146, 313
Actian Arch, 305–6
Actian Games, 224–5
Actium, Battle of, 4–5, 9–10, 189–91, 195–9, 225, 259, 316 and naumachia Augusti, 408–9
adoption, Roman practice of, 87, 332, 427–8, 430–1
Aedui, 342
Aeneas, 311–17, 359, 404, 410, 413, 418
Aeneid, see Virgil
aerarium militare, 436–7, 441, 462
Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 84, 169, 179, 203–4, 222, 225, 229, 252, 260, 265, 272–3, 285, 293, 295, 301, 318, 321, 335, 337, 346, 353–6, 361–2, 374, 381, 385, 387–8, 430, 467
and Ara Pacis Augustae, 357–9
his art collection, 179, 223, 259, 419
and Battle of Actium, 189, 191–2
building projects, 179, 223–4, 259–60, 351, 385, 403
and conquest of Spain, 255–6, 301, 322, 346–7
and consulship, 212, 219–20, 230
granted maius imperium proconsulare, 353, 356, 386
granted tribunician power, 321–2, 329–30, 353, 356, 386
marriage with Julia, 321–3, 354, 356, 379–80, 396–7
and Marcellus, 273
road building, 262, 341
and Secular Games, 329–32
and siege of Metulus, 176
and succession to Augustus, 263, 265, 360
and war against Sextus Pompeius, 166–9
Agrippina, 428, 472
Ahenobarbus, Cnaeus Domitius, 153, 155, 186, 189
Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius (cos. 16 BC), 336, 358, 391, 417
Alba Longa
kings of, 74, 203, 404
site of, 467
Alesia, siege of, 92
Alexander the Great, 2, 21, 88, 172, 240, 306, 309, 409
his tomb, 206–7
Alexander Helios, 181, 212
Alexandria, 75, 154, 183, 187, 193, 398, 491
tomb of Alexander the Great, 206–7
Alexandrian sailors, 464, 481
Aliso (Haltern), 455
Allobroges, 30
Alpine campaigns, 340–1
Amatius (false Marius), 94–5
Amphipolis, 136–7
amphitheatres, 179, 219, 292, 295–6
animal sacrifices, 331, 404
Antonia (the younger), 321, 358, 372, 377, 411
Antonia (the elder), 391
Antoninus, Iullus, 351, 358, 398–400
Antonius, Caius (brother of Mark Antony), 96, 115, 145
Antonius, Caius (cos. 63 BC), 22, 29
Antonius, Lucius, 98, 145–6, 151, 153, 155, 158, 161
Antonius Creticus, Marcus, 92
Antonius, Marcus, see Mark Antony
Antyllus, Marcus Antonius, 166, 193
Aphrodisias, 298–9
Apollo, 96, 164, 225, 331, 386
Apollonia, 83–4, 106, 136, 167
Appian, 12–14, 85, 88
Appian Way, 318, 465
aqueducts, 180, 260, 355, 408
Aqua Alsietina, 408
Aqua Julia, 180
Aqua Virgo, 260
Aquileia, 363, 379
Aquitania, 167, 240, 254, 339, 341
Ara Pacis Augustae, 357–9, 362, 374
Arabia Felix, invasion of, 261–2
