POMPEY the Great (Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 106–48 BC): The most famous Roman general of his day, Pompey rose to prominence under Sulla, and had a spectacular career which broke most of the rules. In the fifties BC he was given command of the Spanish provinces, but stayed just outside Rome and sent subordinate legates to serve in his place. He fought Julius Caesar in the Civil War, was beaten at Pharsalus in 48 BC, and soon afterwards murdered in Egypt.

  Sextus POMPEIUS (Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, c.67–36 BC): Younger son of Pompey the Great, Sextus raised forces against Julius Caesar just before his assassination, but only became a real power in the years that followed. Seizing Sicily as his main base, he built up a formidable fleet, allowing him to blockade Italy and rescue fugitives from the proscriptions. In spite of winning a number of battles at sea, he was eventually defeated by Augustus and his supporters.

  POSTUMUS AGRIPPA (12 BC–AD 14): The youngest child of Agrippa and Julia, Postumus was given this name because he was born after his father had died. He received little public attention until his adoption by Augustus in AD 4. Even then, he received no offices and a few years later was marginalised and sent into exile. He was murdered soon after the death of Augustus, but it is unclear who gave the order.

  SCRIBONIA (d. some time after AD 16): The wife of Augustus and mother of Julia, Scribonia accompanied her daughter into exile.

  Titus STATILIUS TAURUS (dates unknown, but consul in 37 and 26 BC): One of Augustus’ most loyal and reliable subordinates, Statilius Taurus was probably second only to Agrippa. He was made urban prefect in 16 BC, but may have died soon afterwards as he disappears from the record.

  Lucius Cornelius SULLA Felix (138–78 BC): The member of an old, but recently undistinguished, patrician family, in 88 BC Sulla was the first man to turn his legions on Rome and seize power by force. He later fought a civil war against the supporters of Marius and other enemies, making himself dictator and introducing the proscription lists to legitimise the murder of opponents.

  TIBERIUS (42 BC–AD 37): Older son of Livia and her first husband Tiberius Claudius Nero, Tiberius was given a succession of important offices and provincial commands at a very young age. Originally married to Agrippa’s daughter Vipsania, he divorced her to marry Julia, but the match proved an unhappy one for both of them. In 6 BC he went into voluntary retirement on Rhodes and for ten years was excluded from public life. Eventually permitted to return to Italy, it was not until the deaths of Caius and Lucius that he was adopted by Augustus. In the next years he was given powers equal to those of the princeps and smoothly succeeded him in AD 14.

  VIPSANIA (36 BC–AD 20): Daughter of Agrippa and Atticus’ daughter Pomponia, Vipsania was married to Tiberius. He divorced her to marry Julia, but was said to have bitterly regretted it. She married a senator and gave him a number of children.

  VIRGIL (Publius Vergilius Maro, c.70–19 BC): Although he appears to have suffered the loss of some family land during the confiscations organised by the second triumvirate, Virgil later became a friend of Maecenas and Augustus, producing works in tune with the new regime. His Aeneid was unfinished at his death, but in spite of the poet’s wishes Augustus had it tidied up and released to great acclaim.

  FAMILY TREES

  1. The first triumvirate

  2. The second triumvirate and the interconnected relationships of their descendants

  3. The cousins of Augustus

  4. The family of Augustus, Livia and Octavia on the death of Marcus Antonius in 30 BC

  5. The families and the children of Augustus, Livia and Octavia in 19 BC

  6. The grandchildren of Augustus, Livia and Octavia in 10 BC

  7. The descendants of Augustus alive at his death in AD 14

  8. A simplified family tree illustrating the descent of the Julio-Claudian emperors

  9. The family of Agrippa

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