G-Man, page 127
Eisenhower to Hoover, May 6, 1959, F1172: “Hoover, J. Edgar,” B970, PPF, WHCF, DDE; Hoover to Eisenhower, May 8, 1959, F1172: “Hoover, J. Edgar,” B970, PPF, WHCF, DDE; Hoover to Eisenhower, June 17, 1959, F1172: “Hoover, J. Edgar,” B970, PPF, WHCF, DDE; Furman, “Peace Is Theme,” NYT, September 16, 1959; “President Is Host,” NYHT, September 16, 1959.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
“A Matter of Pride,” NYM, September 24, 1959, B128, JEHS; Demaris, Director, 68; Nichols to Hoover, October 1, 1959, S7, FBI FOIA 65-39021-701 (Nichols).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Chapter 39: New Frontiers (1960–1961)
Hoover to Nixon, August 4, 1959, F11, B19, PPS320, RN; “Graduation Exercises,” June 11, 1954, FBI FOIA 67-102458-22 (Nixon); Weiner, Enemies, 179.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Hughes to Hoover, May 3, 1960, F12, B19, PPS320, RN; Hoover to Nixon, November 27, 1957, F8, B19, PPS320, RN; Hoover to Nixon, January 2, 1958, F9, B19, PPS320, RN; UPI, May 8, 1959, S6A, FBI V 67-561 (Hoover); NT 719-12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Hoover to Nixon, September 7, 1955, F6, B19, PPS320, RN; Hoover to Nixon, October 28, 1958, F9, B19, PPS320, RN; Nixon to Hoover, September 17, 1959, F11, B19, PPS320, RN; Hoover to Pat Nixon, June 28, 1960, F13, B19, PPS320, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Hoover to Nixon, May 19, 1957, F8, B19, PPS320, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Address of Senator John F. Kennedy Accepting the Democratic Party Nomination,” July 15, 1960, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/democratic-party-nomination-19600715.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” April 27, 1948, F57, B14, HO&C; Woods to Nixon, “Memorandum,” July 21, 1960, F13, B19, PPS320, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
“Celebrities for Nixon,” LAT, August 17, 1960, B129, JEHS; Hoover to Pat Nixon, September 8, 1960, F13, B19, PPS320, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Hoover to Woods, October 5, 6, 11, 14, 1960, F13, B19, Pre-Presidential Papers, Special Files, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
JEH LOGS, November 8, 1960; JEH APPT, November 8, 1960; Pietrusza, 1960, 405.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Hoover to Nixon, November 9, 1960, F13, B19, Pre-Presidential Papers, Special Files, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Nasaw, Patriarch, 444–7, 523-69; Theoharis, From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, 15-34; Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 60-5; Hoover to Kennedy, May 5, 1953, F14, B9, FBI 94-37808-8 (Joseph Kennedy), HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Jones to DeLoach, “Senator John F. Kennedy,” July 13, 1960, B17, F96, HO&C; SAC Los Angeles to Director, “Crimdel-CRS,” April 1, 1960, B17, F96, HO&C; DeLoach to Tolson, June 10, 1959, “Senator John F. Kennedy,” F13, B8, HO&C; Kater to McGill, April 29, 1959, F13, B8, HO&C; Hersh, Dark Side of Camelot, 107–10. On Kennedy’s early life, see especially Logevall, JFK.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
JEH LOGS, November 10, 1960; UPI, November 10, 1960, B130, JEHS; Knebel, “Potomac Fever,” WS, November 12, 1960, B130, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
“Capital Hill Aware,” Austin American-Statesman, November 4, 1943; LBJ-HM10; “Texas Journalist,” WP, March 11, 1943; Caro, Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
LBJ-HM13; LBJ-HM12; DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, 379.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Interview of Cartha DeLoach, FBI OH; UPI, August 31, 1960, B129, JEHS; UPI, September 9, 1960, B130, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
SAC New York to Director, “SOLO,” March 13, 1960, P18, FBI V 100-428091-646 (SOLO); “J. Edgar Hoover in Austin (1959),” November 9, 1959, Texas Archive of the Moving Image, https://texasarchive.org/2013_02715; LBJ-HM28.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Dallek, Camelot’s Court, 85–91, 59; “Ministry of Talent,” NYT, November 23, 1960; interview of Roy Cohn by James A. Oesterle, March 24, 1971, at jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/RFKOH/Cohn ,%20Roy%20M/RFKOH-RMC-01/RFKOH-RMC-01-TR.pdf; Pietrusza, 1960, 63; Jones to DeLoach, “Robert Francis Kennedy,” September 19, 1959, S1B, FBI V 77-31587-35 (RFK); Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 111–2, 231; Jones to Nichols, “Robert Francis Kennedy,” July 20, 1955, S1A, FBI V 71-31587-27 (RFK); JEH LOGS, December 14, 1960.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
“Dillon Appointed Secretary,” NYT, December 16, 1960; Novak, “Brother Bobby,” WSJ, December 19, 1960; DeLoach to Mohr, January 13, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-51387 (RFK); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 23, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-51387 (RFK); RFK to Hoover, July 29, 1958, S3, FBI V 67-163462 (Evans).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Shannon, “Kennedy, Wife, Greet 300,” LAT, January 30, 1961; “White House ‘Comes Alive,’ ” Illinois State Register (UPI), January 30, 1961, B131, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Chapter 40: Top Hoodlums (1957–1961)
Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 254, 257, 256; Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 218.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Reinneberger to Callahan, “Attorney General Robert Kennedy,” February 1, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-51387 (RFK); Rosen to Parsons, “Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy,” February 1, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-51387-67 (RFK); Edwards to Mohr, “Attorney General’s Efforts,” February 1, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-51387-72 (RFK).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
JEH LOGS, February 17, 1961; Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 219, 238–9; Liddy, Will, 95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and his Times, 256–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 238–9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Lewis, “Swifter Pace Set,” NYT, February 5, 1961, B131, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Branch, Parting the Waters, 403; [Redacted] to Hoover, March 13, 1961, S2, FBI V 77-51387 (RFK); Auerbach to Hoover, “Edwin O. Guthman,” February 20, 1961, S1B, FBI V 77-85663 (RFK).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Beecher, “Crime Crackdown,” WSJ, January 23, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
For a critical view of Hoover, see Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 261–85. For the FBI’s early organized-crime efforts, see DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, 302-5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, 302; Roemer, Roemer, 23, 25, 29, 78, 87, 122–4, 200; Summers, Official and Confidential, 258; “Chicago 92-349,” September 12, 1960, S2, FBI V NA (Giancana); Gale to DeLoach, “Telephone and Microphone Surveillance,” December 13, 1966, F36, B14, HO&C. For Top Hoodlum’s date of origin, see “Turning Point: Using Intel to Stop the Mob, Part 2,” https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/stories/2007/august/mobintel2_080907.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Hersh, Bobby and J. Edgar, 285, 287; Kennedy, Enemy Within, 177.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Roemer, Roemer, 167, 80; Director to SAC Chicago, “Murray Humphreys,” February 10, 1961, S8, FBI V 92-3088-59 (Humphreys); Director to SAC Chicago, “Murray Llewelyn Humphreys,” February 7, 1961, S8, FBI V 92-3088-58 (Humphreys).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
“Hoover Opposes,” State Times, January 22, 1961, B131, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
JEH APPT, February 23, 1961; Baggs, “A View of the News,” Miami News, February 27, 1961, B131, JEHS; Harvey, “Hoover Isn’t on the Carpet,” Port Huron Times Herald, March 8, 1961, B131, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Roevekamp, “Kennedys Swing into Line,” CSM, March 1, 1961; Lewis, “Robert Kennedy Mocks,” NYT, April 7, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
“Attorney General Seeks,” CSM, April 7, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Clayton, “Bobby Kennedy Meets Press,” WP, April 7, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Kennedy, “Address before the American Society of Newspaper Editors,” April 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/american-society-of-newspaper-editors-19610420. On Bay of Pigs, see especially Naftali and Fursenko, One Hell of a Gamble, 77-100; Rasenberger, Brilliant Disaster.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Strober and Strober, “Let Us Begin Anew,” 331; Weiner, Enemies, 226–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Keeney to O’Connor, “Summaries of File #84-46-5,” July 1, 1975, S4, FBI V 62-116395-354 (Castro). For a full account, see Maier, Mafia Spies. For Maheu’s story, see Maheu and Hack, Next to Hughes, 108-34.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Rosen to Belmont, “Arthur James Balletti,” February 2, 1962, S1B, FBI V 139-1201-8 (Castro); Riebling, Wedge, 164.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Hill, untitled, July 18, 1961, S11, FBI V 92-3088 (Humphreys); Roemer, Roemer, 145–52.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Director to Attorney General, “Central Intelligence Agency’s Intentions,” March 6, 1967, S1B, FBI V 62-80570 (Castro); “The Role of the FBI,” p. 52, April 29, 1966, FBI JFK 62-116395-546.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
DeLoach to Tolson, “Knowledge of Usage,” June 2, 1966, S4, FBI V 67-163462 (Evans); Evans to Belmont, “Organized Crime,” July 7, 1961, S4, FBI V 66-04-3467 (Evans); DeLoach to Tolson, “Knowledge of Usage,” December 24, 1965, S4, FBI V 66-5815-1255 (Evans); “Potent Rackets Bills,” WP, September 14, 1961, B132, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, 313; Roemer, Roemer, 180–1. For an inside account of the Justice Department’s anti-Hoffa campaign, see Sheridan, Fall and Rise of Jimmy Hoffa.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Chapter 41: The Federal Bureau of Integration (1957–1961)
On the Freedom Rides, see especially Arsenault, Freedom Riders; May, Informant, 22–78. Where not otherwise cited, background information on the Freedom Rides can be found in these sources.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” September 30, 1963, S2B, FBI V 157-1025 (Bapbomb).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 95; Borne, Troutmouth, 144–224; Clegg, “Testimonial to J. Edgar Hoover,” Mississippi Law Enforcement Officers Association Journal, November–December 1965, B139, JEHS; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” May 26, 1961, S5, FBI FOIA 67-6524 (Clegg); Smead, Blood Justice, 147, 68–9; Katagiri, Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, 34, 45–52, 8–9, 88.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Branch, Parting the Waters, 257–8; Smead, Blood Justice, 161, 151–2, 147–8, 181; JEH APP (1961), 359; DeLoach to Tolson, “Mack Charles Parker,” May 19, 1959, S5, FBI FOIA 67-6524 (Clegg). For a full account of the Parker lynching and the FBI investigation, see Smead, Blood Justice.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at National Conference on Constitutional Rights and American Freedom,” October 12, 1960, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jfklibrary.org/archives/other-resources/john-f-kennedy-speeches/constitutional-rights-conference-nyc-19601012.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 110–1; O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 83; Branch, Parting the Waters, 413.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
For the informant claim, see Strober and Strober, “Let Us Begin Anew,” 296.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
“Text of Attorney General,” NYT, May 7, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Salisbury, “Fear and Hatred,” NYT, April 12, 1960.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Nunnelley, Bull Connor, 24–7, 46, 82, 48, 63–5; Rogers to Tamm, “Jamie Moore,” November 16, 1956, FBI FOIA 1-7828-8 (Moore); Hoover to Moore, September 15, 1960, S1, FBI FOIA 1-7828 (Moore).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
On Rowe, see especially May, Informant; McWhorter, Carry Me Home. For Rowe’s own account, see Rowe, My Undercover Years with the Ku Klux Klan.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Hoover to Allen, September 3, 1946, F: “K,” B146, Subject File, President’s Secretary File, HST. For informant work in the 1950s, see interview of Fletcher D. Thompson, FBI OH.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
May, Informant, 2–14, 19, 21, 22–5, 29–31; McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 167; Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 136; Nunnelley, Bull Connor, 98; O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 88.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 165; May, Informant, 43.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 212; May, Informant, 46.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
McGowan to Rosen, “Freebus,” May 24, 1961, S1, FBI FOIA 157-373 (Freebus); Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 295.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 172–6; JEH LOGS, May 15, 1961; O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 89.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 176; McGowan to Rosen, “Freedom Ride,” May 20, 1961, V1, FBI FOIA 157-373 (Freebus).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 220; JEH LOGS, May 20, 1961; Parsons to Tolson, “National Non-Violent Freedom Committee,” May 20, 1961, V2, FBI FOIA 157-373-173 (Freebus); Branch, Parting the Waters, 468.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 93.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Parsons to Tolson, “National Non Violent Freedom Committee,” May 20, 1961, S2, FBI FOIA 157-73-173 (Freebus); Rosen to Parsons, “Freedom Ride,” May 21, 1961, S1, FBI FOIA 157-373-98 (Freebus); Arsenault, Freedom Riders, 247, 425; May, Informant, 53; O’Reilly, “Racial Matters,” 86; Hoover to Dirksen, September 24, 1963, S2A, FBI V 157-1025-235 (Bapbomb); McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 247.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Lowry, photo, Anniston Star, September 5, 1961, F1705, B31, NARA-P; “Five Hanged,” WS, September 6, 1961, B123, JEHS; “FBI on Frameup Rampage,” Thunderbolt, May 1959, B127, JEHS; Winchell, “Debunking the Bunk,” NYJA, December 3, 1964, B137, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Chapter 42: Patron Saint of the Far Right (1961–1962)
“A Wave of Conservatism,” “The Americanists,” Time, March 10, 1961.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Dudman, Men of the Far Right, 163.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
On the conservative movement in the late 1950s and early 1960s, see especially Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement; McGirr, Suburban Warriors; Perlstein, Before the Storm; Phillips-Fein, Invisible Hands; Nickerson, Mothers of Conservatism; Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing; Huntington, Far-Right Vanguard; Critchlow, Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism; Webb, Rabble Rousers.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Judis, William F. Buckley, Jr., 138. For Buckley, also see Bogus, Buckley; Bridges, Strictly Right; Nash, Conservative Intellectual Movement; Felzenberg, A Man and His Presidents.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Nichols to Tolson, October 20, 1950, FBI FOIA 94-42995 (Buckley); “Hats Off,” Yale News, October 25, 1949, B102, JEHS; “William Frank Buckley,” October 26, 1950, FBI FOIA 94-42995-3 (Buckley).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Nichols to Tolson, April 24, 1953, FBI FOIA 94-42995-6 (Buckley); Meyer, “The FBI Story,” NatR, February 2, 1957.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
McGirr, Suburban Warriors, 5.
