G-Man, page 123
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Riebling, Wedge, 76–8; Nichols to Tolson, March 18, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC); Nichols to Director, “Committee Un-American Activities,” March 25, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC). On competing visions for National Security Act, see especially Hogan, Cross of Iron, 23–68.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
“Today in Congress,” WTH, March 26, 1947, B96, JEHS; “Hoover Says Reds,” Dallas Morning News, March 27, 1947, B96, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
“J. Edgar Hoover and Communism,” CR, March 27, 1947, F1, B8, “Internal Security File,” Eleanor Bontecou Papers, HST.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
“J. Edgar Hoover and Communism,” CR, March 27, 1947, F1, B8, “Internal Security File,” Eleanor Bontecou Papers, HST; Nichols to Tolson, May 13, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC). On the Hollywood hearings, see Doherty, Show Trial.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Doherty, Show Trial, 62-63; Tamm, “Memorandum for the Director,” July 11, 1947, Sr250, S4, FBI IA 100-138754 (COMPIC).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
“Filmdom Red Inquiry,” WP, October 19, 1947; Phillips, “Un-American Committee,” NYT, October 26, 1947; Gould, “Committee Probing,” BG, October 23, 1947; Hood to Hoover, October 13, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582-478 (HUAC); Doherty, Show Trial, 101-105.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
“Movie Writer,” AC, October 28, 1947; Norton, “Anti-Communist Films,” BS, October 22, 1947; Edwards, “Probers Expose,” CT, October 30, 1947. On Reagan, see Rosenfeld, Subversives, 112–123.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Fletcher to Ladd, “Communist Infiltration,” July 21, 1949, Serial 1003, P2, S9, FBI IA 100-138754 (COMPIC), VI-107; Doherty, Show Trial, 299-311.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Chapter 30: Three-Ring Circus (1948–1950)
On Venona, see especially Haynes and Klehr, Venona; West, Venona; Schechter and Schecter, Sacred Secrets; Romerstein and Breindel, Venona Secrets; Blum, In the Enemy’s House; Benson, Venona Story; Benson and Warner, eds., Venona. For a critical perspective, see Schrecker and Isserman, “Papers of a Dangerous Tendency: From Major Andre’s Boot to the VENONA Files,” in Schrecker, Cold War Triumphalism. For the FBI, see Lamphere, FBI-KGB War; Fox, “In the Enemy’s House: Venona and the Maturation of American Counterintelligence,” paper presented at the 2050 Symposium on Cryptologic History, October 27, 2005.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Belmont to Boardman, “[Redacted] Espionage-R,” February 1, 1956, FBI FOIA [unnumbered] (Venona).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Bradley, Very Principled Boy, 136–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Eisler Calls Washington,” NYDN, June 13, 1947, B97, JEHS; Steinberg, Great “Red Menace,” 95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Bradley, Very Principled Boy, 137-138.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” April 1, 1948, P137, FBI 56402 (Silvermaster); Steinberg, Great “Red Menace,” 108; Bradley, Very Principled Boy, 149; Morgan, Reds, 313.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Steinberg, Great “Red Menace,” 96–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Fletcher to Ladd, “Gregory Case,” March 19, 1948, P137, FBI 65-56402 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Flynn, “Life of the Party,” DW, June 29, 1948, B101, JEHS; Weiner, Enemies, 158. On Bentley and HUAC, see Olmsted, Red Spy Queen, 114–139; Kessler, Clever Girl, 148–188.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
On Chambers and HUAC, see Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 212-334.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Weinstein, Perjury, 21, 55–62. On the White case, see especially Craig, Treasonable Doubt.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
On the social significance of the Hiss case, see especially Swan, Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers, and the Schism in the American Soul.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
JEH LOGS, July 26-September 3, 1948; Childs, “Calling Washington,” WP, September 3, 1948, B100, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
New York to Director, July 14, 1938, S1, FBI FOIA 62-45146 (Dewey); “Text of Dewey’s,” NYHT, April 2, 1948, B99, JEHS. On tensions from the 1930s, see for instance: Tamm, “Memorandum for the Director,” October 19, 1937, FBI FOIA 62-45146-11 (Dewey).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Mundt to Hoover, August 31, 1948, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421 (Mundt). For Hoover’s quiet cooperation with Dewey, see F57, B14, HO&C; Sullivan, The Bureau, 41–5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
“J. Edgar Hoover Caught,” Las Vegas Evening Review Journal, September 27, 1948, B100, JEHS; Richards, “Dewey Hunts FBI,” New York Star, September 29, 1948, B100, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
“J. Edgar Hoover Confined,” WS, September 17, 1948, B100, JEHS; “J. Edgar Hoover Seriously Ill,” Flint News Advertiser, September 17, 1948; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 283; Hoover to Ernst, October 4, 1948, FBI FOIA 94-4-5366-43 (Ernst).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
JEH LOGS, November 2-16, 1948.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Gellman, Contender, 225–233.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Fletcher to Ladd, “Sam David Whittaker Chambers,” December 20, 1948, R10, FBI SR 100-409206 (Hiss).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
“I.D. Special Analysis Report #1,” August 30, 1947, NSA Venona; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 85, 97. For Lamphere’s early experiences with Venona, see Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 78-98.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Director to SAC WFO, “Judith Coplon,” December 31, 1948, S1, FBI V 65-58365 (Coplon); Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 100, 104. On the Coplon case, see especially Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 99-125; Mitchell and Mitchell, Spy Who Seduced America.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Ladd to Director, “Judith Coplon,” January 17, 1949, P1, FBI V 65-58365-26 (Coplon).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Delavigne to Hottel, “Judith Coplon,” March 4, 1949, P10, FBI V 65-5128-110 (Coplon); Ladd to Director, “Judith Coplon,” March 7, 1949, S1, P2, FBI V 65-58365-186 (Coplon).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
“The Watchful Eye,” August 8, 1949, B102, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
On the Smith Act trial, see especially Martelle, Fear Within; Belknap, Cold War Political Justice, 77–121; Morgan, Reds, 312–20. For quotes, see I Led Three Lives, 284–289. For the account of another FBI informant, see Calomiris, Red Masquerade.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
For analysis of the Hiss trial evidence, see especially Weinstein, Perjury, 399–526, 623–48; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 339–442. For a defense of Hiss, see Hartshorn, Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers and the Case that Ignited McCarthyism; also see algerhiss.com. For historical controversies, see Jacoby, Alger Hiss and the Battle for History.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Mitchell and Mitchell, Spy Who Seduced America, 40.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Hoover, “Judith Coplon Case,” June 28, 1949, P7, FBI V 65-14932-496 (Coplon); Michell and Mitchell, Spy Who Seduced America, 57-282.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Gallup, “Only 3%,” WP, August 21, 1949, B102, JEHS; Gallup, “J. Edgar Hoover Gets,” Public Opinion News Service, February 24, 1950, B103, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Hoover to Dewey, March 2, 1950, S3, FBI FOIA 62-56146 (Dewey). On June mail, see Theoharis and Cox, Boss, 256–61. Whether or not Truman knew about Venona has been a subject of scholarly debate. For the negative view, see especially Moynihan, Secrecy, and Haynes and Klehr, Venona. For claims that Truman did know, see Schechter and Schecter, Sacred Secrets.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Chapter 31: J. Edgar Hoover, Churchman (1948–1950)
Stone, “Dr. Condon’s Challenge,” Daily Compass, June 13, 1949, B101, JEHS; “Spy Trials Cripple,” USNWR, July 9, 1949, B102, JEHS; Baldwin, “Statement,” October 11, 1949, F2, B613, ACLU.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Hoover to Baldwin, October 10, 1949, F1, B862, ACLU; ACLU, “News Release,” January 9, 1950, F15, B996, ACLU; “Speech by Joseph Rauh,” February 24, 1950, F15D, B285, General File, WHCF, DDE; Schlesinger, “Week in History,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 5, 1950, B103, JEHS; DeVoto, “Due Notice,” Harper’s, September 1949, B102, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
“FBI Chief Charges,” WP, December 1, 1949, B102, JEHS; Ernst to Hoover, February 13, 1948, FBI 94-5366-32 (Ernst); Lowenthal, Federal Bureau of Investigation; Morgan, Reds, 322–4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Elson, “J. Edgar Hoover—Churchman,” Presbyterian Life, November 27, 1948, B100, JEHS; “In Bridal Procession,” WP, February 29, 1948; “Mary Lonergan,” NYT, May 20, 1951; “Second Cousin,” Toronto Globe and Mail, February 6, 1950; “Presbyterian Dedication,” WP, October 18, 1947.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Summers, Official and Confidential, 158; Meik, “Red Fascism,” Deseret News, February 5, 1948, B99, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Hoover, “Why I Believe in God,” School Bank News, June 1948, B99, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
“That Man Hoover,” Church Street Methodist Church, December 5, 1947, B98, JEHS. On Hoover and religion, see especially Johnson and Weitzman, eds., The FBI and Religion and Martin, Gospel of J. Edgar Hoover.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
. Oursler, Greatest Story Ever Told; “Laymen Endorse,” El Paso Times, February 26, 1949, B101, JEHS; Hoover, “To Be an American,” Baptist Training Union Magazine, July 1945, B115, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Hoover, “Wild Children,” American Magazine, April 1943, B86, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
“City-Wide Rally,” WP, January 19, 1946, B94, JEHS; Dutton, “F.B.I. Head Says,” LAT, August 19, 1951, B107, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Hoover to Hoover, October 4, 1943, B90, Post-Presidential Papers, HHoo; “J. Edgar Hoover Joins,” Boys Club Bulletin, November 1943, B88, JEHS; Fine, “Tips on Tables,” WN, July 29, 1949, B102, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
“We Must Prevent,” Illinois Policeman and Police Journal, March–April 1951, B106, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
George, God’s Salesman; Flaherty, “Hoover Hits Crime,” Los Angeles Examiner, October 23, 1956, B122, JEHS; Knebel, “J. Edgar Hoover,” Look, May 31, 1955, B118, JEHS. On Peale, see especially Lane, Surge of Piety, 81–101. On Hoover’s relationships with ministers, see especially Martin, “Bureau Clergyman,” 3–5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Hoover, “Neglect by Parents,” Daily Times, April 6, 1950, B104, JEHS; “Norman Vincent Peale Answers,” Look, June 14, 1954, B115, JEHS; “FBI National Academy,” CR, April 3, 1950, B104, JEHS; “Reverse Side of Letter,” American Bible Society, 1958, B125, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
“Golden Texts,” Youth for Christ Magazine, February 1953, B110, JEHS; Hoover, “To Be an American”; “Men Imbued with Spiritual Values,” Houston Press, September 29, 1951, B107, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Barton, “FBI Men Go,” Central Christian Advocate, November 22, 1951, B107, JEHS; “J. Edgar Hoover Says,” Vineland Times Journal, October 15, 1955, B119, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Jones, “Nation’s Watchdog,” Northern Light, F7, B1, NLEM; Clausen, “What Is the Scottish Rite?” (Washington: Supreme Council, 1973), F7, S-JEHC; “Noble J. Edgar Hoover,” Meccan, April–June 1950, B104, JEHS; “Red Menace,” NYJA, May 3, 1950, B104, JEHS; “FBI Head,” Hickory Daily Record, October 18, 1955, B119, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Elson, “J. Edgar Hoover You Ought,” Chaplain, September–October 1950, B105, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Rosswurm, FBI and the Catholic Church, 56, 1, 80–6; Hoover, “Our Future,” May 10, 1942, F: “Justice Dept., FBI 1941–2,” B11, OF10B, FDR; “MU to Honor Chief,” Milwaukee Journal, May 17, 1950, B104, JEHS; “FBI Head,” Sunday Call, May 28, 1944, B90, JEHS; Clendenin, “J. Edgar Hoover Awarded,” Alumnus, Fall 1954, B116, JEHS; “Ninety-Sixth Commencement,” June 1944, Holy Cross Alumnus, B90, JEHS; Reeves, America’s Bishop; Sherwood, Rhetorical Leadership, 9–42; Olmsted, Red Spy Queen, 80, 115.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
“J. Edgar Hoover Talks,” Lincoln Journal, March 22, 1942, B82, JEHS; “Hoover Warns,” NYJA, January 9, 1946, B94, JEHS; “FBI Graduates,” WTH, June 27, 1946, B94, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Rosswurm, FBI and the Catholic Church, 9–52, 105. On homosexuality, see, for instance, Signorile, “Cardinal Spellman’s Dark Legacy,” New York Press, May 7, 2002; Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 347.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
“FBI Director Lauds,” Pilot, July 17, 1949, B102, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
DeLoach to Hoover, March 20, 1956, S4, FBI V 67-338728-230 (DeLoach); “Sixty-Nine F.B.I. Men,” Manresan, May 1943, B86, JEHS; Rosswurm, FBI and the Catholic Church, 10, 50–2; “Hoover on Retreats,” Catholic Mirror, November 1951, B107, JEHS; Brieg, “Mr. F.B.I.,” Information, November 1953, B111, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Elson, America’s Spiritual Recovery, 33.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Chapter 32: Atomic Drama (1949–1951)
Philby, My Silent War, 137.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Truman, “Statement by President Truman in Response to First Soviet Nuclear Test,” September 23, 1949, Wilson Center, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/134436.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense, 102.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Philby, My Silent War, 135, 78, 150; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 130.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
“Comintern Apparatus,” December 15, 1944, S63, FBI IA 100-203581 (COMRAP); Erskine to Chief AS-90, “Study of [Redacted] Messages,” April 16, 1948, NSA Venona; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 133.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
On Philby, see especially Macintyre, Spy among Friends; Hamrick, Deceiving the Deceivers; Newton, Cambridge Spies; Knightley, Master Spy.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 133, 137. For the Fuchs case, see especially Williams, Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy; Moss, Klaus Fuchs.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Hoover, “Memorandum to Mr. Tolson,” February 2, 1950, P12, FBI V 65-58805-587 (Fuchs); Ladd to Director, “Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs,” February 5, 1950, P33, FBI V 65-58805-1089 (Fuchs); Ladd to Director, “Foocase,” March 13, 1950, P17, FBI V 65-58805-713 (Fuchs); Philby, My Silent War, 151.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
“Briton Admits,” WTH, February 4, 1950, B103, JEHS; “FBI Atom,” Chicago Daily News, February 6, 1950, B103, JEHS; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 137–8; Levin, “Briton Held,” Chicago Sun Times, February 7, 1950, B103, JEHS; “Wire Tapping Trapped,” WDN, February 8, 1950, B103, JEHS.
