G-Man, page 122
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Smith, “U.S. and Us,” WTH, December 21, 1945, B93, JEHS; “Beachcombing,” Miami Beach Daily Sun, December 11, 1945, B93, JEHS; “Executive Order,” draft, January 12, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA); Hoover to AG, “Proposed Executive Order,” January 15, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Truman to Secretary of State, January 22, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
West, British Security Coordination, 48; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 25, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750-9 (CIA); Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 13; JEH LOGS, January 24, 1946.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Roach to Ladd, “National Intelligence Organization,” February 1, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA); Ladd to Hoover, “Present Activities,” April 11, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Riebling, Wedge, 73–4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Hoover to Vandenberg, July 15, 1946, CIA CREST; Presley to Carson, “Closing of San Jose,” August 22, 1946, S4, FBI FOIA 62-80750-181 (CIA); Riebling, Wedge, 75; Roethe to File, “Summary of Interviews with Sam J. Papich,” March 5, 1975, MFF.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Vandenberg, “Memorandum for the Members,” ca. August 5, 1946, CIA CREST; Hoover to Attorney General, “Special Intelligence Service,” August 8, 1946, S3, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Ladd to Director, “National Intelligence Authority,” April 24, 1946, S1, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA); Ladd to Director, “Central Intelligence Group,” July 23, 1946, S3, FBI FOIA 62-80750-134 (CIA); Brown, “Intelligence Mission,” ca. February 6, 1947, S6, FBI FOIA 62-80750-297 (CIA); Tamm to Director, August 10, 1946, S3, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Untitled, October 29, 1946, S5, FBI FOIA 62-80750-235 (CIA); Carson to Director, “Interview with William D. Pawley,” August 22, 1946, S4, FBI FOIA 62-80750 (CIA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Riebling, Wedge, 76.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
Chapter 27: Under Color of Law (1941–1948)
Hoover, “Protecting Our Freedom,” F46, B14, HO&C; Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, viii, 361.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
“Ludlow Asks Hoover,” BS, July 18, 1938, B61, JEHS; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 260.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
“Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 439-40; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 108-9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Ward, Hanging Bridge, 103–4; “Elbert Williams-Notice to Close File,” United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/elbert-williams-notice-close-file.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Ward, Hanging Bridge, 104; Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 440.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Ward, Hanging Bridge, 92-115.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Ward, Hanging Bridge, 104, 101, 119; Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 440-1; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 109, 124.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 440-1; “Lynchings in the United States, 1900-1945,” F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
White to Hoover, August 21, 1946, F: “Federal Bureau of Investigation racial issues and violence investigations, 1946–1949,” GO File, NAACP; Exhibit #2, #9, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Dray, At the Hands of Personsl Unknown, 370-4. On Woodard, see Gergel, Unexampled Courage.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Exhibit #2, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 372; Gergel, Unexampled Courage, 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 76-9; 93-5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Pitch, Last Lynching, 50.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Exhibit #1, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 81, 113, 190, 235; Pitch, Last Lynching, 120, 128; Hoover, “Protecting Our Freedom,” F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Dray, At the Hands of Persons Unknown, 383; Pitch, Last Lynching, 64, 70-2, 117-8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Pitch, Last Lynching, 84, 127.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Exhibit #1, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 189–90.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Pitch, Last Lynching, 56, 111; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 153.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Brooks, “FBI Is on a Spot,” Knoxville News-Sentinel, October 4, 1946, B95, JEHS; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 127; “Lynchings Hit,” Milwaukee Journal, September 7, 1946, B95, JEHS; Pitch, Last Lynching, 111.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 154-5. Another case was in Minden, Louisiana. See Exhibit #5, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day, 414; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 151.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Frank, The Trials of Harry S. Truman, xx, 151, 375-6; Wexler, Fire in a Canebrake, 151–2; Truman, “Executive Order 9808,” December 5, 1946, at https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/executive-orders/9808/executive-order-9808.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Hoover, “Inside Labor,” NYP, July 3, 1947, B98, JEHS; Hoover to White, April 14, 1947, F: “FBI, 1946-1949,” GO File, NAACP.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Exhibit #7, “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Gravely, They Stole Him out of Jail, 17-20, 44-7; Bass and Thompson, Strom, 82–4; Frederickson, Dixiecrat Revolt, 50–65. On Thurmond and lynching, see Crespino, Strom Thurmond’s America, 51–6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Hoover, “General Problem,” F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Hoover, “Protecting Our Freedom,” F46, B14, HO&C; “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” March 22, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; “Civil Rights and Domestic Violence: A Summary,” March 15, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Carr to Hoover, March 21, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C; Hoover to Carr, March 24, 1947, F46, B14, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
To Secure These Rights; Gravely, They Stole Him out of Jail, 115; Frederickson, Dixiecrat Revolt, 61–3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Gravely, They Stole Him out of Jail, 202; To Secure These Rights, 158, 114, 24, 26, 124, 118, 123–4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Tamm to Director, November 10, 1947, FBI 94-45366-28 (Ernst); Truman, “Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights,” February 2, 1948, American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-civil-rights-1. On the 1948 election, see Frederickson, Dixiecrat Revolt, 150–86.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Chapter 28: The One Bulwark (1941–1946)
“Hoover, F.B.I. Chief,” Sewanee Alumni News, August 1941, B81, JEHS; Hoover, “Reconversion,” On Guard, January 1946, B94, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Isserman, Which Side Were You On?, 124–32, 191.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Garlin, “Does G-Man Hoover Know,” DW, July 30, 1943, B87, JEHS; O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 48.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
“Communist Infiltration,” February 18, 1943, S1, FBI IA 100-138754 (COMPIC).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 110; Morgan, “FBI Probes,” Los Angeles Examiner, January 17, 1942, B82, JEHS; JEH APP (1945), 228.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Biddle, “Memorandum for J. Edgar Hoover,” May 29, 1942, F: “AAG/FBI,” B36, JRJ; Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” June 1, 1942, F136, B22, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
JEH APP (FY 1945), December 3, 1943, 229; Isserman, Which Side Were You On?, 216–21, 233–8; Johanningsmeier, Forging American Communism, 304–13; Barrett, William Z. Foster, 222–5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
On Chambers, see especially Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers; Weinstein, Perjury. Where not otherwise cited, background information on Chambers/Hiss may be found in these works. For the meeting with Berle, see Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 159–62.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 169-70; “Comintern Apparatus,” December 15, 1944, FBI IA 100-203581-3702 (COMRAP).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947, 205; Bohlen to President, “Memorandum of Conversation,” April 23, 1945, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, Volume V, Europe (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), 256, Office of the Historian, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v05/d196.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 203; Klehr and Radosh, Amerasia Spy Case; Weinstein, Perjury, 367.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Hoover to Connelly, September 12, 1945, F: “Atomic Bomb,” B145, Subject File, President’s Secretary File, HST; Knight, How the Cold War Began, 1–13; “Soviet Espionage Activities,” October 19, 1945, F: “C,” B145, Subject File, President’s Secretary File, HST.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Budenz, This Is My Story, 349; Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, 571; Isserman, Which Side Were You On?, 239.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
For background on Bentley, see Olmsted, Red Spy Queen; Kessler, Clever Girl. For quote, see Conroy to Director and SAC, November 8, 1945, S1, FBI IA 65-56402-4 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Hoover to Vaughan, November 8, 1945, S16, FBI IA 65-56402-403 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Mumford to Ladd, “Elizabeth Terrill Bentley,” November 9, 1945, S1, FBI IA 65-56402-10 (Silvermaster); Ladd to Director, “Elizabeth Terrell Bentley,” November [illegible], 1945, S1, FBI IA 65-56402-21 (Silvermaster); Kessler, Clever Girl, 138; Olmsted, Red Spy Queen, 103.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Spencer, “Elizabeth Terrill Bentley,” November 16, 1945, S1, FBI IA 65-56402-25 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Ladd to Director, “Nathan Gregory Silvermaster,” December 12, 1945, S8, FBI IA 65-56402-235 (Silvermaster); Hendon to Tolson, “Bentley Case,” November 19, 1945, S1, FBI IA 65-56402-38 (Silvermaster); Ladd to Hoover, “Elizabeth Bentley,” November 10, 1945, S16, FBI IA 65-56402 (Silvermaster); Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” November 19, 1945, S24, FBI IA 65-56402-581x2 (Silvermaster); Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” November 17, 1945, S24, FBI IA 65-56402-581X (Silvermaster); Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” November 28 [illegible], 1945, FBI IA 65-56402-581x (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Spencer, “Elizabeth Terrill Bentley,” November 16, 1945; Olmsted, Red Spy Queen, 73-6; Kessler, 138-9; Ladd to Director, “Nathan Gregory Silvermaster,” December 12, 1945.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Stewart to Hottel, “Special Squad Conference,” November 30, 1945, S16, FBI 65-56402-409 (Silvermaster); Ladd to Director, “Nathan Gregory Silvermaster,” December 6, 1945, S13, FBI IA 65-56402-28 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ladd to Hoover, “U.S. Delegates,” January 30, 1946, S25, FBI IA 65-56402-621 (Silvermaster); Hoover to Vaughan, February 1, 1946, S21, FBI IA 65-56402-473 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” February 25, 1946, S22, FBI IA 65-56402-505 (Silvermaster); Ladd to Director, “Harry Dexter White,” February 20, 1946, S23, FBI IA 65-56402-571 (Silvermaster); Ladd to Hoover, “Gregory,” May 8, 1946, S46, FBI IA 65-56402-103 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Ladd to Hoover, “Gregory,” April 17, 1946, S38, FBI IA 65-56402 (Silvermaster).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Chapter 29: Un-American Activities (1946–1947)
Flaherty, “Dempsey Here,” Los Angeles Examiner, August 1, 1946, B95, JEHS; JEH LOGS, July 26–August 29, 1946; “Gangsterism, Communism,” Oakland Tribune, September 29, 1946, B95, JEHS; “Legion to Honor,” San Francisco Examiner, September 13, 1946, B95, JEHS; Powers, Secrecy and Power, 284.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
“FBI Head Terms,” Cincinnati Enquirer, October 1, 1946, B95, JEHS; Address by J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Herbert-Spencer, 1946), B95, JEHS; “FBI Chief Warns,” BS, October 1, 1946, B95, JEHS; Sullivan, “Decline,” paper unknown, ca. October 1946, B95, JEHS; Tucker, “Ray Tucker’s Letter,” Brooklyn Eagle, October 22, 1946, B95, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
SAC Salt Lake City to Director, “Communist Matters,” June 23, 1947, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421 (Mundt).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
American Political Science Association, Reorganization of Congress; Davidson, “Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946”; Postell, “The Decision of 1946.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Connelly to George, December 5, 1945, F: “OF10B FBI,” B102, WHCF, HST; Connelly to Russell, December 5, 1945, F: “OF10B FBI,” B102, WHCF, HST; “Rankin Wants,” San Antonio Light, January 30, 1946, B94, JEHS; “Bill Would Raise,” WS, March 27, 1946, B94, JEHS; “House Group Favors,” WTH, April 13, 1946, B94, JEHS; “Pay Rise,” NYT, May 3, 1946, B94, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Childs, “Communism in Politics,” WP, December 2, 1946, B95, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 4, 1943, FBI 62-40772-62x1 (House Appropriations); Laughlin, “Memorandum for the Director,” January 20, 1943, 62-40772-81 (House Appropriations).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 7, 1943, FBI 62-40772-62x2 (House Appropriations); Clegg, “Memorandum for the Director,” February 24, 1943, FBI 62-40772-63 (House Appropriations).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Cannon to Hoover, July 25, 1943, FBI 62-40772-68 (House Appropriations); Lee, In the Public Interest, 97.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Lee to Hoover, July 14, 1948, FBI 62-40772-117 (House Appropriations); Callahan to Tolson, “Assignment of Agents,” July 13, 1948, FBI 62-40772-118 (House Appropriations); Jarrell, “FBI Head Envy,” Morning World-Herald (Omaha), May 19, 1947, B97, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Hoover to Jackson, October 21, 1940, F10, B89, RJ. On FBI and HUAC, see O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” March 18, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC); Nichols to Tolson, “Committee on Un-American Activities,” March 25, 1947, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC); “Un-American Acts,” ca. April 1945, R3, FBI SR 61-7582 (HUAC); O’Reilly, Hoover and the Un-Americans, 41–44.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
“Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine,” March 12, 1947, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/56/special-message-congress-greece-and-turkey-truman-doctrine; Morgan, Reds, 304–5; “The National Security Act of 1947—July 26 1947,” Oxford University Press, https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780195385168/resources/chapter10/nsa/nsa.pdf. On the politics of the loyalty investigations, see Storrs, Second Red Scare.
