G-Man, page 124
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” April 5, 1950, P27, FBI V 65-58805-9417 (Fuchs); Ladd to Director, “Emil Klaus Fuchs,” April 28, 1950, S32, FBI V 65-58805-1052 (Fuchs).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Ladd to Director, “Emil Klaus Fuchs,” April 28, 1950, S38, FBI 65-58805-1149 (Fuchs); Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 143–60.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
“FBI Trails,” WTH, May 24, 1950, B104, JEHS; “Harry Gold Spy,” WS, May 25, 1950, B104, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Roberts, Brother, 166; Erskine to Chief AS-90, “Study of [Redacted] Messages,” April 27, 1948, NSA Venona; Erskine to Chief AS-90, “Special Study,” August 12, 1948, NSA Venona.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Roberts, Brother, 419–20; Ladd to Director, “[Redacted], Espionage-R,” February 28, 1951, FBI V [unnumbered] (Venona); Schneir, Final Verdict, 37. On Hall, see Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Ladd to Director, “[Redacted], Espionage-R,” February 28, 1951, FBI V [unnumbered] (Venona); Roberts, Brother, 240-68.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Whelan, “Re: Julius Rosenberg,” June 16, 1950, S1, FBI IA 65-15348-13 (Julius Rosenberg).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File, 99; Erskine to Chief AS-90, “Special Study,” August 13, 1948, NSA Venona.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Whelan, “Re: Julius Rosenberg,” July 17, 1950, S3, FBI IA 65-15348-111 (Julius Rosenberg); Ladd to Director, “[Redacted], Espionage-R,” February 28, 1951, FBI V [unnumbered] (Venona); Roberts, Brother, 271.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Schneir, Final Verdict, 162.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
. Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File, 288, 99–100, 137–8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Roberts, Brother, 298–376. For quote, see 368.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Cunningham, “Cause of Treason,” Boston Sunday Herald, B106, JEHS; Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File, 279–81; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 225–6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Roberts, Brother, 381.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File, 326, 351, 336, 376-7, 416; Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 265-6. For the execution controversy, see Clune, Executing the Rosenbergs.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Gordon, “Now It’s ‘Sir J.,’ ” WN, October 18, 1950, B105, JEHS; Brooks, “Assistant Secretary,” WS, October 18, 1950, B105, JEHS; SAC SFO to Director, “Donald Maclean,” July 14, 1951, P1C, S1, FBI V [unnumbered] (Cambridge Five); Macintyre, Spy among Friends, 142-9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Macintyre, Spy among Friends, 149-50; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 52-5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Philby, My Silent War, 162–3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Riebling, Wedge, 87-94, 102-6; Macintyre, Spy among Friends, 158-9; Lamphere and Schactman, FBI-KGB War, 232.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Lamphere and Schachtman, FBI-KGB War, 228–38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Johnson, American Cryptology during the Cold War, 1945-1989, 277-8; Haynes, Klehr, and Vassiliev, Spies, 398-405; Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 48-51.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Macintyre, Spy among Friends, 244-282.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
West, Venona, 138–9; “David Greenglass Case,” undated, P31, S6A, FBI V [unnumbered] (Cambridge Five).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, 44.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Macintyre, Spy among Friends, 276.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Belmont to Boardman, “[Redacted], Espionage-R,” February 1, 1956, FBI V [unnumbered] (Venona).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Philby, My Silent War, 147–8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Chapter 33: Hooverism (1950–1952)
For biographies of McCarthy, see especially Tye, Demagogue, and Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense. Also valuable is the documentary McCarthy, directed by Sharon Grimberg (PBS/American Experience). Where not otherwise noted, background on McCarthy can be found in these works. For useful earlier biographical accounts, see especially Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy; Cook, Nightmare Decade; Reeves, Life and Times of Joe McCarthy.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 56; Cassini, “These Charming People,” WTH, April 3, 1947, B97, JEHS; Dixon, “Washington Scene,” WTH, April 7, 1947, B97, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 52; JEH LOGS, May 5, 1947.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Hoover to McCarthy, February 3, 1948, S6A, FBI 94-37780-2 (McCarthy); McCarthy to Hoover, April 13, 1949, S6A, FBI FOIA 94-37708-7 (McCarthy); Jones to Nichols, April 11, 1948, S6A, FBI FOIA 84-37708-9 (McCarthy); “Transcribed Remarks,” S6A, FBI FOIA 84-37708-9 (McCarthy); “J. Edgar Hoover,” CR, May 10, 1949, B101, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
For an example of contemporary use of “Hooverism,” see “J. Edgar Hooverism,” DW, October 3, 1946, B95, JEHS. For historical analysis, see Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes, 203.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 108–14.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” March 23, 1950, S12B, FBI FOIA 121-23278-61 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” March 10, 1950, S11B, FBI FOIA 121-23278-28 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 136; “4 Spy Suspects,” WS, March 22, 1950, B103, JEHS; Ladd to Director, March 22, 1950, S12A, FBI FOIA 121-23278 (McCarthy); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” March 23, 1950, S12B, FBI FOIA 121-23278-61 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Ladd to Director, March 24, 1950, S12B, FBI FOIA 121-23278-63 (McCarthy); “George Warns,” Atlanta Journal, March 25, 1950, B103, JEHS; Holland, “Showdown Near,” WS, March 25, 1950, B103, JEHS. For an assessment of the evidence on Lattimore, see especially Haynes and Klehr, Amerasia Case, 28-55.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” March 24, 1950, S12A, FBI FOIA 121-23278 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
“F.B.I. Put Files,” NYHT, March 28, 1950, B103, JEHS; Untitled, NR, April 10, 1950, B104, JEHS; Hoover, “The FBI Loyalty Files,” HC, March 30, 1950, B104, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Ickes, “Hysteria in the Justice Department,” NR, July 4, 1949, B102, JEHS; Untitled, NR, April 10, 1950, B104, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
“Confidence,” Philadelphia Daily News, March 29, 1950, B103, JEHS; Roosevelt, “Conservative Has,” WDN, March 30, 1950, B103, JEHS; “Senate-Truman Clash,” WS, March 29, 1950, B103, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Stone, “J. Edgar Hoover as Defender,” New York Compass, March 26, 1950, B103, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 168–72; Tye, Demagogue, 185–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
On McCarran and the FBI, see especially Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy; Gerard, “ ‘A Program of Cooperation.’ ”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Belmont to Ladd, “Senate Subcommittee,” April 28, 1951, FBI 62-88217-63 (SISS), F: 60-90, B1, Sr20, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Anderson, “Estes’ Claim Hoover,” Chattanooga News-Free Press, October 9, 1950; Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, 509–34; “Text of Truman’s Message,” BS, September 23, 1950.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Stockham, “Lack of Oversight,” 207; Nichols to Tolson, “McCarran Committee,” March 22, 1950, FBI 62-88217-29, F: X-59x1, B1, Sr20, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, 538, 547–8; Nichols to Tolson, “McCarran Committee,” March 30, 1951, FBI 62-88217-29, F: X-59x1, B1, Sr20, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Marder, “Lattimore Lashes Out,” WP, February 27, 1952; Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy, 397, 569–605.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Gerard, “A Program of Cooperation,” 126–278; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” November 25, 1952, FBI 62-88217, F691-926, B3, Sr20, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Nichols to Tolson, February 2, 1951, and Hoover to Attorney General, “Release of Subversive Information,” February 3, 1951, FBI 62-93875-1, F1, B1, Sr42, AT; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” February 6, 1951, FBI 62-93875-6, F1, B1, Sr42, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Hoover to SACs, “Re: Responsibilities of the FBI,” February 17, 1951, FBI 62-93875, F1, B1, Sr42, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Thom and Jung, “Responsibilities Program,” 357, 358, 361; Rosenfeld, Subversives, 32, 35. Thom and Jung put the number slightly lower (369).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
SAC Salt Lake City to Director, “Communist Matters,” June 23, 1947, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421 (Mundt).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
“Biographical Sketch,” F17, B160, HAP; Pennington to Ladd, “National Convention,” October 25, 1948, S14, FBI IA 94-17998-816 (AL-National Americanism Commission); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” October 27, 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 67-11938-388 (Pennington); Hoover to Pennington, November 5, 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 67-11938-388 (Pennington); Hoover to Connell, November 16, 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 67-11938-388 (Pennington); Powers, Secrecy and Power, 398.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
. Little “United Front,” S18, FBI IA 94-1-17998 (AL-National Americanism Commission); “Trends and Developments,” February 1950, S18, FBI IA 94-1-17998 (AL-National Americanism Commission); Pennington to Ladd, “American Legion Contacts,” July 26, 1950, S18, FBI IA 94-1-17998-922 (AL-National Americanism Commission); Baumgardner to Fletcher, “The Inside Story,” October 21, 1948, S14, FBI IA 94-1-17998-818 (AL-National Americanism Commission).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Hoover to SACs, “Re: Responsibilities of the FBI,” February 17, 1951, FBI 62-93875, F1, B1, Sr42, AT.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
“Action Taken,” August 7, 1950, F: “I,” B146, Subject File: FBI, President’s Secretary File, HST; Woltman, “Ex-FBI Agents,” NYWT, ca. June 12, 1947, FBI IA NY 62-9189 (American Business Consultants). For examples of Counterattack’s defense of the FBI, see Counterattack, June 16, 1950, December 1, 1950. For early Berlin consultation, see JEH LOGS, May 23, 1950, June 9, 1950. For Reid, see Nichols to Reid, December 10, 1953, F: “Hoover, J. Edgar,” B7, Sr1, G755, ORR. For Disney, see SAC Los Angeles to Director, “Walt Disney,” December 16, 1954, S1, FBI V 94-4-4667 (Disney); Mason to Tolson, “Walt Disney,” March 7, 1956, S1, FBI V 94-4-4667 (Disney).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
“Hoover Answers Ten Questions on the F.B.I.,” NYT Magazine, April 16, 1950, F16, B996, ACLU; McCarthy to Hoover, July 30, 1952, S6B, FBI FOIA 94-37708-71 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Chapter 34: Inner Conflicts (1947–1952)
Johnson, Lavender Scare, 15–6; Keay to Belmont, March 10, 1950, S11B, FBI FOIA 121-23278 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Hoey; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 157.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
For “thousands,” see Johnson, Lavender Scare, 166.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
On the FBI and the Lavender Scare, see especially Johnson, Lavender Scare; Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays. Also see Canaday, Straight State; Lvovsky, Vice Patrol; The Lavender Scare, directed by Josh Howard (PBS/American Experience).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Ladd to Director, “Review of State Department,” July 20, 1950, S16C, FBI FOIA 121-23278-22 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Hoey Hearings, 2728; Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 71.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 343-5; Weinstein, Perjury, 407-8; Canaday, Straight State, 3–4, 10–3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Hoey Hearings, 2268; Johnson, Lavender Scare, 53–5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Jones, Alfred C. Kinsey, 632; Nichols to Tolson, January 5, 1950, S3, FBI V 62-87653 (Kinsey); Nichols to Tolson, “Professor Kinsey,” January 11, 1950, S3, FBI V 62-87563 (Kinsey).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Johnson, Lavender Scare, 9, 95; Canaday, Straight State, 214-21; Hoey Hearings, 2258–72.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Beck, “Farmers Market,” LAT, August 6, 1947, B98, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Horney, Our Inner Conflicts, 14–7, 96-114.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Horney, Self-Analysis, 7–36.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Summers, Official and Confidential, 94–5; F414A: “Ruffin de, Marshall,” Summers-JEHC.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
F99, B2, NARA-P; PB85, NLEF.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
“Eisler Calls Washington,” NYDN, June 13, 1947, B97, JEHS; Lait and Mortimer, Washington Confidential, ix, 90.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 131; Wherry, 5, 2.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Johnson, Lavender Scare, 101–5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Hoey Hearings, 2099–102, 2131–2.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Hoey Hearings, 2268, 2278.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Hoey, 2, 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Hoey, 12-3; Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 88-95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Hoey Hearings, 2143-4; Hoover to Souers, April 10, 1950, F: “FBI: S,” B147, PSF: Subject File, HST.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 95–6; Hoover, “Re: Sex Deviates,” June 20, 1951, S26, FBI FOIA 66-02-1112X (Sex Deviates Program).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
“Hoover Doubts Lie Detector,” WP, April 10, 1950, B110, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Miller, Plain Speaking, 393; Demaris, Director, 106.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Ladd to Director, March 24, 1952, S5B, FBI V 67-561-279 (Hoover); Ladd to Director, March 26, 1952, S5B, FBI V 67-561 (Hoover); Ladd to Director, April 1, 1952, S5B, FBI V 67-561-280 (Hoover).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Malone to Tolson, November 4, 1953, S5B, FBI V 67-561-295 (Hoover); [Illegible] to Director, November 8, 1953, S5A, FBI V 67-561-298 (Hoover); SAC New York to Director, “Robert A. Collins,” June 11, 1954, S5A, FBI V 67-561 (Hoover).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Johnson, Lavender Scare, 117.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
“Letters to the Day,” New London Day, April 29, 1950, B104, JEHS; Johnson, Lavender Scare, 140-1; McDaniel, Dying for Joe McCarthy’s Sins.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 112-9, 148-51, 131-41.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
