G-Man, page 126
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Marshall to Clark, December 27, 1946, S4, FBI V 62-86660-1 (Marshall); Hoover, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” January 10, 1947, S4, FBI V 62-86660 (Marshall); “Thurgood Marshall,” October 18, 1947, S4, FBI V 62-86660-3 (Marshall); Cleveland to Evans, “Thurgood Marshall,” September 20, 1961, S9, FBI V [illegible] (Marshall); Marshall, “Memorandum to Mr. White,” January 23, 1947, F: “FBI Racial Issues and Violence Investigations, 1946–1949,” Group 2: SrA, GO File, NAACP.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
JEHS LOGS, October 22, 1947; Cleveland to Evans, “Thurgood Marshall,” September 20, 1961, S9, FBI V [illegible] (Marshall); Hoover to Marshall, October 6, 1947, F: “FBI Racial Issues and Violence Investigations, 1946–1949.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Sullivan, Lift Every Voice, 374; Berg, “Black Civil Rights and Liberal Anticommunism,” 89, 90–4; White to Scheidt, December 15, 1950, F: “Federal Bureau of Investigation Racial Issues and NAACP Investigations, 1950–1953,” Group 2: SrA, GO File, NAACP; FBI, “The Communist Party and the Negro,” February 1953, FBI IA.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Infiltration,” October 21, 1955, S1D, FBI V 61-3176-1077 (NAACP); “Communist Infiltration,” July 19, 1954, S1A, FBI V 61-3176-769 (NAACP); Baumgardner to Belmont, “Communist Infiltration,” February 1956, S4, FBI V 62-86660 (Marshall); Nichols to Tolson, February 8, 1956, S4, FBI V 62-86660 (Marshall); Nichols to Tolson, June 15, 1956, S4, FBI V 62-0-71397 (Marshall); “Subversive Character of NAACP,” CR, February 23, 1956, B120, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
White to Hoover, December 17, 1952, F: “Federal Bureau of Investigation Racial Issues and NAACP Investigations, 1950–1953.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
On Eastland, see especially Asch, Senator and the Sharecropper; Zwiers, Senator James Eastland.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
. Asch, Senator and Sharecropper, 6-47.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
“Mississippi Representative Hopes,” NYT, May 18, 1954; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” March 28, 1955, FBI 94-4-5130, F4, B8, Sr90, KO; Gerard, “A Program of Cooperation,” 354–5. On massive resistance, see especially Bartley, Rise of Massive Resistance; Crespino, In Search of Another Country; Crespino, Strom Thurmond’s America; McRae, Mothers of Massive Resistance; Ward, Defending White Democracy.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
On the Citizens’ Councils within massive resistance, see especially McMillen, Citizens’ Council.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Tompkins to Hoover, “The Citizens’ Councils,” December 10, 1954, S1, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils); Hoover to Tompkins, December 17, 1954, S1, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils); Men, “Association of Citizens’ Councils,” February 16, 1955, S1, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Hoover to Tompkins, “Association of Citizens’ Councils,” December 16, 1955, S4, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils); Director to SAC, “Citizens’ Councils,” March 22, 1955, S1, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils); Belmont to Boardman, “Citizens’ Councils,” May 16, 1955, S2, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Belmont to Boardman, “Citizens’ Councils,” October 13, 1955, S2, FBI IA 105-34237-45 (Citizens’ Councils); Belmont to Boardman, “Citizens’ Councils,” June 16, 1955, S2, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Councils).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Booker, Shocking the Conscience, 3–21, 103; Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “George Lee—Notice to Close File,” July 12, 2011, United States Department of Justice, https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/george-lee.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
On Till, see especially Gorn, Let the People See; Anderson, Emmett Till.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Interview of Lynn Smith, FBI OH; Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “George Lee—Notice to Close File.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Gorn, Let The People See, 228; “Probe of South’s FBI,” BS, September 26, 1955, B119, JEHS. On Howard, see Beito and Beito, Black Maverick; Beito and Beito, T. R. M. Howard.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
“Hoover,” Philadelphia Afro-American, October 15, 1955, B119, JEHS; “FBI Chief Accuses,” Clarion Ledger, January 19, 1956, B120, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Patterson to Hoover, September 15, 1955, S2, FBI IA 105-34237-38 (Citizens’ Councils); “State House Backs,” AC, January 18, 1956, B120, JEHS; “Statesmanlike Veto,” February 23, 1956, CR, B120, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
“Thurmond Hits,” Morning News (Florence, SC), January 6, 1956, B120, JEHS; Nichols to Tolson, “Citizens’ Councils,” January 18, 1956, S4, FBI IA 105-34237-189 (Citizens’ Councils); Belmont to Boardman, “Citizens’ Council,” December 13, 1956, S7, FBI IA 105-34237-315 (Citizens’ Councils).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Belmont to Boardman, “Association of Citizens’ Councils,” January 4, 1956, S4, FBI IA 103-34237 (Citizens’ Councils); Brownell to Nixon, April 9, 1965, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum & Boyhood Home, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/civil-rights-act/1956-04-01-cabinet-paper.pdf; Flanagan, interview with Herbert Brownell, August 24, 1988, B270, HB.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Hoover, “Racial Tension and Civil Rights,” March 1, 1956, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum & Boyhood Home, https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/civil-rights-eisenhower-administration/1956-03-01-hoover-statement.pdf
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
“Declaration of Constitutional Principles,” (1956); Crespino, Strom Thurmond’s America, 105–7.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Caro, Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate, 830-1003. For quote, see 997.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
“FBI Head Defense,” Arkansas Democrat, October 26, 1947, B124, JEHS; Lewis, “F.B.I. Head Says,” NYT, September 28, 1957, B124, JEHS; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” October 7, 1957, S8, FBI IA 105-34237 (Citizens’ Council).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Nease to Tolson, January 22, 1958, F85, B16, HO&C.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Chapter 38: Master of Deceit (1956–1959)
Director to SAC New York, May 7, 1957, S5B, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy); Montgomery, “Capital McCarthy Rites,” Daily Defender, May 7, 1957.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Bell, “The Indestructible J. Edgar Hoover,” Family Weekly, February 9, 1958, B125, JEHS; Whitehead, FBI Story, preface, foreword; “FBI Story Has Defects,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 17, 1957, B124, JEHS. For bestseller lists, see http://www.hawes.com/1957/1957.htm.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Whitehead, FBI Story, 326; Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” March 7, 1958, S13, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Lichtman, The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression, 92-109. For a full account of the “Red Monday” decisions, see Sabin, In Calmer Times.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Shannon, “The FBI and Congress,” NYP, August 18, 1957, B124, JEHS; “File Protection Voted,” WP, August 28, 1957, B124, JEHS; Warner, “F.B.I. Files Bill,” NYHT, August 31, 1957, B124, JEHS; “Bill Designed,” WS, September 3, 1957, B124, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Hoover to Eisenhower, November 8, 1957, F: “OF 5-F-1 FBI, National Academy,” B107, WHCF, DDE; “Graduation Exercises,” November 8, 1957, F: “OF 5-F-1 FBI, National Academy,” B107, WHCF, DDE; “First Annual President’s Awards for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service,” June 1958, F6, B1, NLEF; “Handcuffs on the FBI?” Newsweek, September 2, 1957, B124, JEHS; Wechsler, “The One-Interest Press,” Progressive, May 1957, B123, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Memorandum, “Subject: Discussion at the 279th Meeting of the National Security Council,” March 9, 1956, B7, NSC Series, DDE; Davis, Assault on the Left, 5; Weiner, Enemies, 191.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Belmont to Boardman, “CP, USA-Counterintelligence Program,” August 28, 1956, FBI JFK 62-116395-430-440.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
For a brief biography, see Theoharis et al., FBI: A Comprehensive Reference Guide, 354-5. For Sullivan’s personal narrative, see Sullivan, The Bureau. For quote, see DeLoach, Hoover’s FBI, 270.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Sullivan to Belmont, “Current Weaknesses,” August 22, 1956, S1, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Sullivan to Belmont, “Current Weaknesses,” October 9, 1956, S2, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); “Current Weaknesses,” October 1956, S2, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party-USA,” September 6, 1956, FBI JFK 62-116395-430-440; Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” September 7, 1956, FBI FOIA 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
SAC Philadelphia to Director, “Communist Party, USA,” October 21, 1957, S9, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
. Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” November 9, 1956, S3, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Hoover to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” October 11, 1956, S1, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Hoover to Commissioner, IRS, “Communist Party, USA,” October 23, 1956, S2, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” February 13, 1957, S4, FBI FOIA 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” April 19, 1957, S5, FBI FOIA 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Director to SAC Cleveland, “Communist Party, USA,” June 7, 1957, S7, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” June 20, 1957, S7, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” July 18, 1957, S7, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); SAC San Francisco to Director, “Communist Party, USA,” July 5, 1957, S7, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” November 13, 1957, S9, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” April 16, 1957, S6, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Hoover to SAC New York, “CPUSA-Counterintelligence Program,” December 14, 1956, S6, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” September 3, 1957, S8, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” March 7, 1958, S13, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC Los Angeles, “Communist Party, USA,” May 7, 1957, S6, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); SAC New York to Director, “Communist Party, USA,” September 30, 1958, S18, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” October 10, 1958, S18, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Belmont to Boardman, “Communist Party, USA,” April 25, 1958, S18, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); “Discontinuance of the ‘Daily Worker,’ ” January 8, 1958, S11, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); SAC Chicago to Director, “Communist Party, USA,” March 20, 1958, S13, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA); Director to SAC New Haven, “Communist Party, USA,” October 13, 1958, S18, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
“Discontinuance of the ‘Daily Worker’ ”; “Financial Manipulations,” June 19, 1958, S15, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
“Director’s Material: FY 1959,” FBI JFK 62-116395-340-347; Director to Attorney General, “Communist Party, USA,” May 8, 1958, FBI JFK 62-116395-340-347; Hoover to Cutler, May 8, 1958, FBI JFK 62-116395-340-347; Gray, “Minutes of Cabinet Meeting,” November 6, 1958, F: “Cabinet Meeting of November 6, 1958,” B12, Cabinet Series, DDE; “Excerpt from Former FBI Director Hoover’s Briefing,” November 6, 1958, FBI JFK 62-116395-340-347.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Gray, “Minutes of Cabinet Meeting,” November 6, 1958, and FBI, “Travel by CPUSA Representative” in “Charts Re: Current Communist Subversion,” F: “Cabinet Meeting of November 6, 1958,” B12, Cabinet Series, DDE.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Director to SAC Albany, “Communist Party, USA,” November 2, 1956, S1, FBI V 100-428091 (SOLO); Director to SAC New York, “Communist Party, USA,” January 23, 1957, S3, FBI G 100-3-104 (COINTELPRO CPUSA).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Barron, Operation SOLO, 17–41, 44; SAC New York to Director, “Communist Party, USA, TOPLEV,” May 9, 1952, S1, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs); “Urgent,” ca. April 15, 1952, S1, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs); SAC Chicago to Director, “Communist Party-USA,” May 1, 1952, S1, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs); “Urgent,” ca. May 2, 1952, S1, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs); SAC Chicago to FBI Minneapolis, July 9, 1952, S1, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs). David Garrow was the first historian to identify and describe the SOLO operation. See Garrow, FBI and Martin Luther King; Powers, “Double Agent,” New York Times Book Review, April 21, 1996; Draper, “Our Man in Moscow,” New York Review of Books, May 9, 1996.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Untitled, ca. December 1, 1952, S2, FBI IA 134-46 (Morris Childs); SAC Chicago to Director, “CG-5824-S,” April 16, 1953, S3, FBI IA 134-46-87 (Morris Childs).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
SAC Chicago to Director, March 3, 1958, P1, FBI V 1100-428091 (SOLO); Belmont to Boardman, “SOLO,” March 10, 1958, P1, FBI V 100-428091-3 (SOLO); Belmont to Boardman, “SOLO,” April 7, 1958, P1, FBI V 100-428091-85 (SOLO); Belmont to Boardman, “SOLO,” April 24, 1958, P1, FBI V 100-428091 (SOLO); Director to SAC Chicago, “SOLO,” March 12, 1958, P1, FBI V 100-428091-4 (SOLO).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
SAC Chicago to Director, “SOLO,” August 21, 1958, P3, FBI V 100-428901-51 (SOLO); SAC Chicago to Director, July 29, 1958, P2, FBI V 100-428901-41 (SOLO); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” July 25, 1958, P2, FBI V 100-428091 (SOLO); FBI, “Soviet Financial Aid” in “Charts Re: Current Communist Subversion,” F: “Cabinet Meeting of November 6, 1958,” B12, Cabinet Series, DDE; SAC Chicago to Director, “SOLO,” September 30, 1958, P5, FBI V 100-428091-88 (SOLO).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Barron, Operation Solo, 4; SAC New York to Director, “SOLO,” June 12, 1964, P63, FBI V 100-428091-3911 (SOLO); SAC New York to Director, “SOLO,” December 20, 1961, P39, FBI V 100-428091 (SOLO); SAC New York to Director, July 15, 1961, FBI V 100-428091-1373 (SOLO); Director to SAC Chicago, “SOLO,” September 3, 1958, P3, FBI V 100-428091-61 (SOLO).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Sullivan, The Bureau, 89; Hoover, Masters of Deceit, 331–3, 78.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Powers, Secrecy and Power, 344; Hoover to Dulles, February 27, 1958, S2, FBI IA 62-83338 (Dulles); Rogers to Hoover, February 11, 1958, F: “FBI Corres.” April 1957–August 1958, B47, WR; Philbrick, I Led Three Lives; Grams, I Led 3 Lives; Philbrick, “New Books,” NYDN, January 25, 1958, S3, FBI FOIA 100-365248 (Philbrick); SAC Boston to Director, “Herbert A. Philbrick,” April 1, 1958, S1, FBI FOIA 100-365248-222 (Philbrick); Rosswurm, FBI and the Catholic Church, 68; Ernst, “Battle Against,” Saturday Review, March 8, 1958, B125, JEHS; “Hoover Book Reveals,” KAJ, January 1959; Starr, “J. Edgar Hoover Sees,” Trumpet, 1960, B217, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Sullivan, The Bureau, 88–91.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
King Features Syndicate, 1958, B239, JEHS; Shannon, “The Celebrity,” NYP, May 26, 1958, B125, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Cook, “The Virus,” Nation, May 24, 1958; Cook, “The FBI,” Nation, October 18, 1958.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Schoenwald, Time for Choosing, 45–6; Demaris, Director, 88; Sullivan, The Bureau, 90–1; Ungar, FBI, 273.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
