G-Man, page 125
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 17, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-3 (McCarthy); [Redacted] to [Redacted], December 27, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 16, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-1 (McCarthy); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 18, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-8 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 17, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-6 (McCarthy); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 23, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-12 (McCarthy); “I, Lieut. [Redacted],” January 16, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy); Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” January 18, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-7 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Belmont to Ladd, “Senator Joseph McCarthy,” November 19, 1952, S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332-35 (McCarthy); Greenspun, “Where I Stand,” S2, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Chapter 35: A Glorious Year (1953)
Powers, Secrecy and Power, 316; Hayden, “FBI Stays Safely,” Detroit News, February 1, 1953, B110, JEHS. For recent interpretations of Eisenhower, see especially Hitchcock, Age of Eisenhower; Galambos, Eisenhower; Johnson, Eisenhower; Smith, Eisenhower; Newton, Eisenhower.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 250-2.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
“Cabinet Trio,” WTH, December 5, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Ike’s Family,” Minneapolis Star, January 20, 1953; Elson, America’s Spiritual Recovery, 53–6, 10.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
“Ike and Wife Join,” ChiT, February 2, 1953.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Kruse, One Nation under God, 73–4, xii-xiii; Elson, America’s Spiritual Recovery, 58–9, 168, 170, 9–11.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
“Application for Appointment,” April 23, 1937, FBI FOIA 67-102459 (Nixon); Hanson to Director, “Report of Interview,” July 17, 1937, FBI FOIA 67-102459 (Nixon); Hoover to Keenan, July 24, 1937, FBI FOIA 67-102459-10 (Nixon); Glavin to Director, “Richard M. Nixon,” March 18, 1954, FBI FOIA 67-102459 (Nixon); Hoover, “Introduction of Vice President,” June 11, 1954, FBI FOIA 67-102459 (Nixon); Adams to Callahan, “[Redacted], Former Special Agent,” June 9, 1969, FBI FOIA 67-102459 (Nixon); Gellman, Contender, 5–8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Hoover, “Introduction of Vice President”; Untitled, CR, February 18, 1947, B96, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Nellor, “Nixon Assails Strategy,” WTH, June 13, 1949, B101, JEHS; “H. Res. 262,” June 22, 1949, S5C, FBI V 67-561 (Hoover); Nixon, “The Hiss Case,” January 26, 1950, in Perlstein, Richard Nixon, 19–59.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Hoover to Nixon, January 31, 1950, F2, B19, PPS 320.103, RN; Hoover, “Introduction of Vice President”; O’Neill to Nixon, June 23, 1949, F1, B19, PPS 320.103, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Hoover to Nixon, November 5, 1952, F3, B19, PPS 320.103, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
“FBI Director Hoover Recalls,” WS, January 26, 1958, B125, JEHS; McHugh, “Hoover Boost All-America,” San Diego Union, March 31, 1963, B135, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Burrough, Big Rich, 219. Where not otherwise cited, background details on Murchison and Richardson can be found in this source.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Burrough, Big Rich, 204, 190–1, 225–8; “Hotel Del Charro” clipping, F30, S-JEHC.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Ribbel, “FBI Chief, Nixon,” San Diego Tribune, August 10, 1955, B118, JEHS; Phleger, “Director of FBI,” San Diego Union, August 11, 1955, B118, JEHS; Photo, PB54, NLEM; Nixon to Hoover, September 1, 1955, F6, B19, PPS 320.103, RN.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Anderson, “Millionaire Picked Up,” WP, December 31, 1970, B150, JEHS; Burrough, Big Rich, 227; “Would Buy Half-Dozen,” Detroit Free Press, July 13, 1954, B115, JEHS; “2 Texans,” NYT, July 13, 1954, B115, JEHS; “Bing’s Baby,” San Diego, August 1967, B142, JEHS; Connally, In History’s Shadow, 137.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Burrough, Big Rich, 242–3.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Pearson, “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Louisville Courier Journal, July 27, 1950, B105, JEHS; Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 26-8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Knebel, “How Hoover Rules,” Look, June 14, 1955, B118, JEHS; Riebling, Wedge, 125–6, 100; Weiner, Enemies, 153.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Waller, Wild Bill Donovan, 361.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 23-38; Riebling, Wedge, 94–5, 119-21; “Director’s Notation,” undated (ca. 1948), S14, FBI FOIA 62-80750-866 (CIA). On Dulles, also see Talbot, Devil’s Chessboard; Waller, Disciples; Kinzer, The Brothers.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ladd to Director, “Allen W. Dulles,” March 5, 1953, S1, FBI IA 62-83338-10 (Dulles); Weiner, Enemies, 188-9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Lucey, “No One Has,” WN, January 7, 1953, B110, JEHS; Cover, Time, February 16, 1953. For Brownell’s recollections, see Brownell, Advising Ike.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Brownell and Flanigan, interview re: Hoover, August 24, 1988, B270, HB.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Theoharis, Boss, 371–5; Stockham, Lack of Oversight, 23–4; “Executive Order 10450,” April 27, 1953, National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/10450.html.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 124–6; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 264; Leviero, “1,456 Ousted,” NYT, October 24, 1953; “Brownell Denounces,” WS, June 12, 1953, B110, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Fleeson, “The Last Chapter,” WS, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Brownell on White Case,” NYHT, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Weinstein, Perjury, 255-8; Ladd to Director, “[Redacted]-Espionage,” October 16, 1950, FBI V (Venona).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Jonas, “Truman Promoted ‘Spy,’ ” WS, November 6, 1953, B111, JEHS; Roper, “Senate Group Probes,” WS, November 7, 1953, B111, JEHS; “Eisenhower’s Remarks,” NYHT, November 12, 1953, B111, JEHS; Reston, “A Prophetic Omission,” NYT, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS; “Text of Truman’s Speech,” NYHT, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS; Walsh, “U.S. Response,” WS, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
“Hoover to be Called,” WS, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS; Lawrence, “Hoover Says,” NYT, Nov. 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; Knowles, “New White Serial,” NYT, November 18, 1953, B111, JEHS; Reston, “Hoover Star,” NYT, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS; Fleeson, “The Last Chapter,” WS, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Nick Kenny Speaking,” NYM, November 19, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
“Hoover’s Statement,”NYHT, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Nick Kenny Speaking”; Reston, “Hoover Star.”.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
“Behind the News,” WFAA, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS; O’Donnell, “Capitol Stuff,” NYM, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Gallup, “Public Gives J. Edgar Hoover,” WP, December 26, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Shumaker, “White House Fetes,” WTH, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; McNair, “Supposed They Talked,” WP, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; Catling, “Hoover Forgets Furor,” BS, November 19, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Chapter 36: No Sense of Decency (1953–1954)
Sampson, “Ike Backs Right,” WP, November 24, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Face-to-Face Justice,” WTH, November 24, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 349; “Behind the News,” WFAA, November 17, 1953, B111, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
“Text of Senator McCarthy’s Speech,” NYT, November 25, 1953.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Sokolsky, “These Days,” WTH, December 3, 1953, B112, JEHS; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 472.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Morgan, Reds, 423; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 237.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
SAC WFO to Director, “U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy,” November 2[8], 1952, S6B, FBI FOIA 94-37708-76X (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Davis, “ ‘Joe Is Doing the Job,’ ” NYP, July 7, 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy); Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 303.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Rushmore, “FBI Battling,” NYJA, October 7, 1951, B107, JEHS; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 250-5, 318-21.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
On Cohn, see especially Hoffman, Citizen Cohn; Elias, Gossip Men; Zion, Autobiography of Roy Cohn. For a recent documentary see Tyrnauer, Where’s My Roy Cohn? For Cohn’s account of his time on the McCarthy committee, see Cohn, McCarthy.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 142-7; Summers, Official and Confidential, 190; Schine, “Definition of Communism,” 1952, FBI FOIA 62-98588 (Schine); Hoover to Schine, December 10, 1952, FBI FOIA 62-98588 (Schine).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Demaris, Director, 155; Olmsted, Red Spy Queen, 174–7; Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 134-8; Cohn, McCarthy, 47–8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 266–9, 282, 326; McCarthy, “Can FBI Do It Alone?” WS, September 25, 1953, B111, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” May 13 [illegible], 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 62-96332 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Charles, Hoover’s War on Gays, 91; Nichols to Tolson, July 23, 1953, Miscellaneous AZ Folders, NO&C; Hoover, “Memorandum for Mr. Tolson,” July 14, 1953, F105, B19, HO&C; Nichols to Tolson, July 23, 1953, S28B, FBI 62-16607-1 (McCarthy); Executives’ Conference to Director, “Dissemination of Information,” October 14, 1953, S17B, FBI 121-23278 (McCarthy); Theoharis, Chasing Spies, 208-9.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Dunne, “FBI Chief,” Evening Tribune, August 22, 1953, B110, JEHS; PB78, NLEM.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 365-78.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Nichols, Ike and McCarthy, 172, 221–2; “Flander’s Address,” WP, March 10, 1954; “Text of President Eisenhower’s Address,” WP, April 6, 1954, B114, JEHS; Holland, “Brownell Outlines,” WS, April 10, 1954, B114, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Hoover to Eisenhower, April 9, 1954, F: “Hoover Letter to President Eisenhower,” B20, NLEM.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Army-McCarthy, 33–83; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 418–23.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Rosen to Ladd, “G. David Schine,” March 30, 1953, FBI 62-98588-4 (Schine); Belmont to Ladd, “General Walter Bedell Smith,” August 5, 1953, FBI 62-98588 (Schine); Keay to Belmont, “Gerald David Schine,” February 19, 1954, FBI 62-98588-16 (Schine); Jones to Nichols, “Gerard David Schine,” February 25, 1954, FBI 62-98588 (Schine).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Nichols to Tolson, August 23, 1948, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421-19 (Mundt); Hoover to Mundt, August 24, 1948, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421 (Mundt); Mundt to Hoover, November 13, 1948, S1, FBI FOIA 62-75421-22 (Mundt); Nichols to Tolson, April 14, 1954, S2, FBI FOIA 62-75421-68 (Mundt).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Army-McCarthy, 1664-1665, 703-713, 721-725, 734, 758-774; “McCarthy Is Disputed,” WS, May 5, 1954, B114, JEHS; “Brownell Fights Release,” WS, May 6, 1954, B114, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 434, 457–71; Army-McCarthy, 2366–81, 2429, 2986.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Army-McCarthy, 2438–441; “McCarthy Takes Stand,” WP, June 10, 1954, B115, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 471; “J. Edgar Hoover,” CR, May 5, 1954, B114, JEHS; Jones to Nichols, “Senator Karl E. Mundt,” June 30, 1954, S2, FBI FOIA 62-75428-71 (Mundt); Hoover to Mundt, July 1, 1954, S2, FBI FOIA 62-75428 (Mundt).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Lewis and McNeil, “Ike Comes to Bat,” WN, June 2, 1954, B115, JEHS; Kempton, “Lost,” NYP, July 1, 1954, B110, JEHS; Marder, “McCarthy Is Blasted,” WP, June 17, 1954, B115, JEHS; McGrory, “Hearings,” WS, June 17, 1954, B115, JEHS; “Don Iddon’s Diary,” Daily Mail, May 26, 1954, B114, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Johnson, “Better Check,” Collier’s, June 25, 1954, B115, JEHS; McAuliffe, “Liberals and the Communist Control Act of 1954”; Trussell, “Senate,” NYT, August 13, 1954, B115, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
“Brownell, Hoover,” NYDN, September 13, 1954, B116, JEHS; “Red Fight,” WP, September 3, 1954, B116, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
“C.I.A. Is a Good Issue,” Louisville Courier Journal, June 25, 1954, B115, JEHS; “Re: Senator Joseph McCarthy,” ca. August 23, 1954, S7, FBI FOIA 94-37708 (McCarthy); “Red Fight,” WP, September 3, 1954, B116, JEHS; “FBI Head Lauds,” Great Falls Tribune, August 25, 1953, S3, FBI FOIA 94-37708 (McCarthy).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Tye, Demagogue, 448-56; Oshinsky, A Conspiracy So Immense, 474-91.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Photo, May 27, 1955, F1242, B20, NARA-P; Eisenhower, remarks, F: “FBI Corres., May 1955-Jan. 1957,” B47, WR; Hoover to Rogers, May 27, 1955, F: “FBI Corres., May 1955-Jan. 1957,” B47, WR; Baldwin, “Nation DOES need,” National Guardian, December 14, 1953, B112, JEHS.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Chapter 37: Massive Resistance (1954–1957)
Clegg OH; JEH LOGS, October 22, 1947; “FBI Promises,” SFC, October 29, 1947, B98, JEHS; Nichols to Tolson, “Governors Conference,” February 10, 1951, S1, FBI 62-93875-68 (Responsibilities Program), Sr42, B1, AT; Executives’ Conference to Director, “Dissemination of Information,” October 15, 1953, S17B, FBI FOIA 121-23278 (McCarthy); Shumaker, “White House Fetes,” WTH, November 18, 1953, B112, JEHS; “Chief Justice Assails,” WS, November 20, 1953, B112, JEHS. On Warren and Hoover, also see Newton, Justice for All, 63, 197.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Asch and Musgrove, Chocolate City, 273-5, 297-9; Mayer, “Eisenhower Administration,” 25, 29. Also see Quigley, Just Another Southern Town.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Carper, “Board Transfers,” WP, March 9, 1950; Carper, “Capital Closes,” WP, June 18, 1950.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Asch and Musgrove, Chocolate City, 312–14; Dent, “Plans for Desegregation,” Atlanta Daily World, July 8, 1954.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Novak, “Desegregation of George Washington University,” 23, 38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
“Alpha Nu,” KAJ (January 1948), 46; “Alpha Nu,” KAJ (November 1949), 54; “Alpha Nu,” KAJ (May 1950), 54; photo, KAJ (November 1949); photo, KAJ (March 1950), 29; “Confederate Flag,” KAJ (January 1952), 8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Hoover, untitled letter, December 14, 1954, KAJ (January 1955), 39.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights, 100, 109.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
On Marshall’s early years, see esp. Tushnet, Making Civil Rights Law; Sullivan, Lift Every Voice; Rawn, Root and Branch.
