Oskar Schindler, page 99
35. Klein, interview, January 11, 1998.
36. Marjory Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” Jerusalem Report (June 2, 1994): 36.
37. Klein, interview, January 11, 1998; Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” 35–36.
38. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6; “Rechen to Klein,” April 21, 1987.
39. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 110–111.
40. “Rechen to Klein;” April 27, 1987; Zerin, “The Jew Who Saved Schindler,” 36; “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.
41. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.
42. Ibid. For more on the changing French occupation zone in Germany at that time see Earl F. Ziemke, The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946 (Washington,
D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1975), 307–308; Dennis L. Bark and David R. Gress, A History of West Germany, vol. 1, From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 60.
43. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6.
44. French Interrogation Report: Leopold Degen,” June 9, 1945, Konstanz, Germany, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 4 pages; “French Interrogation Report: Eduard Heuberger,” June 9, 1945, Konstanz, Germany, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5 pages.
45. “Memorandum of Captaine Robert Monheit, Aumonier Militaire Israélite,” August 27, 1945, Strasbourg, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Be-stand N 1493, No. 1, Band 26, 1 page.
46. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 111–112.
47. Schindler to Lang, BA(K), 6; “Oskar Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1.
48. “Schindler to Lang,” BA(K), 6; Schindler, Light and Shadowe, 111.
49. Radomír Luža, The Transfer of the Sudeten Germans: A Study of Czech-German Relations, 1933–1962 (New York: New York University Press, 1964), 126, 270–271; about 300,000 Czechs had acquired Reich citizenship during the war. Chad Bryant, “Either German or Czech: Fixing Nationality in Bohemia and Moravia, 1939–1946, Slavic Review 61, no. 4 (Winter 2002): 699.
50. Oskar Schindler: Legenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principle, 1997), 159, and Jitka Gruntová, Legenda a fakta o Oskar Schindlerovi (Prague: Naåe vojsko, 2002), 247; “No Place for Schindler on Czech List,” RFE/RL Newsline 6, no. 31, pt. 2 (February 15, 2002): 1 page.
51. Ronald M. Smelser, “The Expulsion of the Sudeten Germans, 1945–1952,” Nationalities Papers 24, no. 1, (1996): 86–89.
52. Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 380.
53. Bark and Gress, A History of West Germany, 1:74–75; Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 381–382.
54. Ziemke, Occupation of Germany, 1944–1946, 384.
55. Bark and Gress, A History of West Germany, 1:75–76; “Oskar Schindler’s Nazi Party Application,” NSDAP-Mitgliedkartei, Berlin Documentation Center, Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1–2.
56. “Brothers! Letter of Schindler Jews,” Brünnlitz, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, May 8, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/1643 (150015), 2 pages; FIR, Leopold Degen, June 9, 1945, YVA, 4 pages; FIR Eduard Heuberger, June 9, 1945, YVA, 5 pages; “Monheit Memorandum, August 24, 12945, BA(K), 1 page; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 15 pages; “Memorandum to UNNRA,” September 3, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page; “Leib Salpeter to Zionist Organizations and Societies,” September 30, 1945, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 1, 1 page; “Schindlerjuden Statement,” October 12, 1945, Lager 67, Hert, Austria, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page.
57. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 7.
58. “Oskar Schindler to M.W. Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Oskar Schindler Collection, Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, (Jerusalem), 3; “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K), 6; Herbert Steinhouse to Thomas Keneally and Steven Spielberg, March 1994, Herbert and Tobe Steinhouse Collection, Montreal, Canada, 2.
59. Steinhouse to Keneally and Spielberg, March 1994, 2; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 112–114.
60. Ibid., 114–115; Christoph Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994), 25.
61. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 114–115; Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” 25.
62. James Rice, “The Breakers: Oskar Schindler and the Holocaust,” unpublished manuscript (April 28, 1994), 2, James Rice Collection, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.; “James Rice to Eli Rock,” AJJDC, Munich, September 25, 1945, James Rice Collection, San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
63. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000; “Salpeter and Markus Memorandum: Oskar Schindler,” October 5, 1946, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 3 pages.
64. “Dr. Rsez~e Kasztner to Oskar Schindler,” January 17, 1947, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1–2.
65. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117.
66. “Dr. Akiba Kohane to Samuel L. Haber,” July 9, 1948, Munich, Germany, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
67. “Dr. I. Schwarzbart to Dir. Oskar Schindler,” August 29, 1947, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 24, 1 page.
68. “Rosalie Westreich to A.J.D.C. Paris,” December 28, 1947, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Dr. George Weis to H. [Herbert] Katzki,” January 9, 1948, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; Ted Feder, interview by the author, New York, New York, April 24, 1997.
69. “Kohane to Haber,” July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 2; “Samuel L. Haber to M. [Moses] Beckelman,” November 4, 1948, Munich, Germany, American Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
70. “Schindler Financial Report,” July 1945, 12; “Kohane to Haber,” July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 3.
71. Kohane to Haber, July 9, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 3; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 3; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, Budapest, November 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 1–6; Dr. Resz~e Kasztner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest: 1942–1945 (Budapest: Private manuscript published by the author, 1946), 14; Alex Weissberg, Desperate Mission: Joel Brand’s Story As Told by Alex Weissberg, trans. Constantine FitzGibbon and Andrew Foster-Melliar (New York: Criterion Books, 1958), 37.
72. Dr. Kurt Wehle to Dr. Joseph J. Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, Paris, France, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1.
73. “Wehle to Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 1–2; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Kastzner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 14.
74. “Wehle to Schwartz,” December 22, 1948, AJJDC Archives (J), 2.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., 3.
77. Ibid., 3–4.
78. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X (Budapest, November 1943), 7 pages, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 18; Kasztner, Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 14; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 36–37.
79. “Bescheinigung.” Jewish Community-Jüdische Gemeinde, Regensburg, Germany, May 5, 1948, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 1 page.
80. Mark Wyman, DPs: Europe’s Displaced Persons, 1945–1951 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 129; Yehuda Bauer, “Joint Distribution Committee,” in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, ed. Israel Gutman, vol. 2 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 755.
81. “Evelyn M. Morrissey to Accounting Department,” February 1, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Joint Cable to Joseph J. Schwartz,” January 17, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page.
82. “M. W. Beckelman to J. B. Lightman, January 29, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.
83. “Lightman to Jacob [Jack] Lightman,” February 22, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1.
84. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117; M. W. Beckelman to Amy Zahl, April 29, 1949, 1, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem).
85. “Beckelman to Zahl,” April 29, 1949, AJJDC Archives (J), 1.
86. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 117; Stopka, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” 24.
87. “Oskar Schindler to Walter Pollack,” December 10, 1964, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 24, 1 page.
88. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 131; Graciela La Rocca, interview by the author, San Vicente, Argentina, May 24, 2001.
89. “J. B. Lightman to M. W. Beckelman,” March 17, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1; “Herbert Steinhouse to Dr. Joseph J. Schwartz,” April 6, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Beckelman to Zahl,” April 29, 1949, AJJDC Archives (J), 1; “M. W. Beckelman to C. Jordan,” July 12, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
90. “Hyman Gottlieb to Evelyn M. Morrissey,” November 30, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 2; “Morrissey to Hyman Gottlieb,” January 20, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” March 13, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1.
91. “Jacob Levy to Oskar Schindler,” February 25, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 1, No. 23, 1 page; “Jacob Levy to J. Schwartz,” January 13, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Jacob Levy to M. W. Beckelmann,” February 3, 1949, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
92. “Oskar Schindler to A.J. Levy,” November 16, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nach-laß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 23, 1.
93. “Schindler to Levy,” November 16, 1948, BA(K), 1–2.
94. Ibid., 1–3.
95. Herbert Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” Saturday Night 109, no. 3 (April 1994): 43–44; Tobe Steinhouse, interview by the author, Montreal, Canada, February 12, 2004.
96. Dr. Bejski became a member of the Righteous Gentile committee in 1966. “Unique Reception in Paris,” Jewish Chronicle (1949), Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164; Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” 49; Steinhouse, interview, February 12, 2004.
97. Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” 49.
Chapter 12
1. Paul Mendes-Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, eds. The Jew in the Modern World: A Documentary History, 2d ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 705, 707, 716; Calvin Sims, “Jewish Graves in Argentina Are Smashed; 3rd Time in ’96,” New York Times (October 22, 1996), A4; Anthony Faiola, “Exiting Argentina by Bloodline,” Washington Post (January 13, 2002), A17, A20; Miriam Jordan, “As Prospects Dim in Argentina, Its Jews Hear the Call of Israel,” Wall Street Journal (January 31, 2002), A1, A8; Larry Rohter, “Iran Blew Up Jewish Center in Argentina, Defector Says,” New York Times (July 22, 2002), A1, A6; Elio Kapszuk and Damián Lejzorowicz, eds., Shalom Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires: Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 2001), 287.
2. “Languages of Argentina” (September 16, 2003), Ethnologue.com, 1.
3. Roberto Aleman, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 21, 2001; Uki Goñi, The Real Odessa: How Péron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina (London: Granata Books, 2002), 63; James Woodall, “J’accuse: The Other Dirty War,” Financial Times (January 26/January 27, 2002), Weekend, 4; Nathaniel C. Nash, “Argentina Files Show Huge Effort to Harbor Nazis,” New York Times (December 14, 1993), A4.
4. Christoph Stoph, “Ich bin Frau Schindler,” Bunte (1994): 24.
5. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 23, Band 1, 7.
6. “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” January 12, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Account Oskar Schindler,” June 19, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1–2; “Summary File on Oskar Schindler,” October 1, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page.
7. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 127.
8. “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” September 28, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Hyman Gottlieb to JDC New York,” December 27, 1950, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page; Juan Alonso, “Una lista de reclamos,” Noticias (June 12, 1999), 101.
9. “Document of Incorporation: Oscar Schindler y Compania, Sociedad de Responsabil-idad Limitada,” March 16, 1953. Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, N 1493, No.1, Band 1, 5.
10. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 127.
11. Paul Armony, “Entrevista con la Sra. Emilie Schindler,” Toldot, No. 12 (Aogost 2000), 15.
12. The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, Claims Conference: 1998 Annual Report with 1999 Highlights (New York: The Conference on Jewish Material Claims against Germany, 1998), 1, 7.
13. “B. F. Pollack to Moses W. Beckelman,” July 27, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.
14. “Oskar Schindler to M. W. Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 3.
15. “Beglaubigte Abschrift von Oskar Schindler,” October 3, 1949, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1–2; “Staatskommissariat to Oskar Schindler,” February 2, 1948, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page; “Karl Gnath to Oskar Schindler,” September 9, 1949, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1 page.
16. “Schindler to Beckelman,” July 21, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 2.
17. “Benjamin B. Ferencz to M. Beckelman,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less Than Slaves; Jewish Forced Labor and the Question for Compensation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2002), 37; for more on U.S.Military Government laws in occupied Germany, see Earl F. Ziemke, The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 1975).
18. “Ferencz to Beckelman,” August 4, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 1 page.
19. “Beckelman Cable to Joint Fund (Argentine),” July 31, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “M. W. Beckelman to B. F. Pollack,” August 4, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (Jerusalem), 1.
20. “Beckelman to Pollack,” August 4, 1953, AJJDC Archives (J), 1–2.
21. Ibid., August 8, 1.
22. Ibid., August 18, 1953, 1–2.
23. Ibid., September 4, 1953, 1.
24. Ferencz, Less than Slaves, 46–47; “Bericht of Dr. Katzenstein from F. A. Stadler,” August 12, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1–2.
25. “Benjamin B. Ferencz to Moses W. Beckelman,” August 25, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
26. Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 180, 202; “Charles H. Jordan to Samuel L. Haber,” September 9, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Samuel L. Haber to C. Jordan,” September 14, 1953,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Charles H. Jordan to B. F. Pollack,” October 14, 1953, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
27. “Antoni Korzeniowski to American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Paris,” October 30, 1951, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page.
28. “Oskar Schindler to Moses A. Leavitt,” September 21, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Moses A. Leavitt to Morris Laub,” September 23, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Morris Laub File Memorandum: Oskar Schindler, October 14, 1954, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page; “Felix Tronik, Accounting Letter No. 267/54: Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler,” American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (Jerusalem), 1 page; “Felix Tronik, Accounting Letter No. 332/55: Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler,” March 14, 1955, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives (New York), 1 page. This letter also contains the formal six page mortgage agreement signed and notarized on November 24, 1954; “Felix Tronik Accounting Letter No. 722; Loan to Mr. Oskar Schindler, Buenos Aires,” October 11, 1956, American Jewish Joint Distribution Archives (New York), 1 page.
29. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Schindlers Koffer (3): Als Unternehmer nach dem Krieg gescheitert,” Stuttgarter Zeitung (October 22, 1999), 6.
30. Keller and Braun, “Schindlers Koffer (3),” 6.
31. “Oskar Schindler to Itzhak Stern,” April 16, 1956, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nach-laß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, N 1493, No.1, Band 25, 3.
