Oskar Schindler, page 97
62. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 8–10, 125–126, 185; Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 68, 142, 149. The name T4 came from the address in Berlin where the “euthanasia” program was headquartered, Tiergarten Straße 4; The State Museum of Groß Rosen, 1–7.
63. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 149–150; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncen-tracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.
64. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 210–211, 237.
65. Leon Leyson, interview by the author, Anaheim, California, March 29, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 90, 401; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.
66. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 149–150; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.
67. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 423; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
68. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 237, 413; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 3.
69. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133–134; Konieczny, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 623. Sadistic German criminal prisoners ran Block 4 of the camp and were now prominent in the new “Auschwitz” camp; The State Museum of Groß-Rosen (Rogoznica: The Groß-Rosen Muzeum in Rogoznica, n.d.), 8; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Ar-beitslager Brünnlitz, 4.
70.Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150.
71. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentra-cyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 4.
72. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 301; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 150.
73. “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz- Birkenau, 2–13.
74. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 322–323; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
75. “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz- Birkenau, 3, 6, 7, 9.
76. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 134, 238; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.
77. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 238.
78. Ibid., 170, 250; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.
79. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Schindler’s List (1993)); Keneally, Schindler’s List, 301–302.
80. “Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf,” 26 October 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 2; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 9; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5.
81. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 144; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 737; Irena Strzelecka, “Women,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 399; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
82. Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.
83. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, trans. William R. Brand (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 163, 165.
84. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 737, 816, 818; Irena Strzelecka and Piotr Setkiewicz, “The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and Its Branches,” in Alek-sander Lasik, Franciszek Piper, Piotr Setkiewicz, and Irena Strzelecka, eds., Auschwitz, 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 1, The Establishment and Organization of the Camp, trans. William Brand (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 88; Aleksander Lasik, “The Auschwitz SS Garrison,” in Lasik et al., Auschwitz, 1940–1945, 1:284–285; Irena Strzelecka, “Women in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work, trans. William Brand (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 175–176; Aleksander Lasik, “Structure and Character of the Camp SS Administration,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa S wiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum, 1996), 49; The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS: Rudolf, Pery Broad, Jo-hann Paul Kremer, trans. Constantine Fitzgibbon, Krystyna Michalik, and Zbigniew Bezwivski (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1997), 244.
85. Strzelecka, “Women,” 399–400; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 167.
86. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 167–168.
87. Ibid., 168.
88. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000; Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000; Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Strzelecka, “Women,” 400; “Testimony of Halina Silber,” June 26, 1994, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, HVT 2747.
89. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 747.
90. “KL Groß Rosen-AL (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau.
91. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Kobi-elec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5; “Testimony of Tushia Zilbering,” n.d., Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, T-3175.
92. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 171–172; Manci Rosner, interview by the author, Hallandale, Florida, March 21, 2000; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 14–15; “Testimony of Genia Weinstein,” January 20, 1994, Fortunoff Archives, Yale University, T-2259.
93. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 738.
94. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 115, 132; Irena Strzelecka, “Experiments,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 94–95.
95. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 115, 134.
96. Ibid., 359.
97. Ibid., 361–362.
98. Ibid., 362, 364.
99. Ibid., 362.
100. Ibid.
101. Ibid., 13–14, 14–15; Rosner, interview, March 21, 2000.
102. Schindler’s List (1993).
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. Ibid.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler and Notes re Ahmon [Amon] Goeth,” 7-A, 2–3, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.
113. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 9.
114. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K)).
115. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 318.
116. Ibid., 318.
117. Aleksander Lasik, “Rudolf Höss: Manager of Crime,” in Gutman and Berenbaum, Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, 294–295.
118. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 318.
119. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.
120. Dr. Moshe Bejske, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet, May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel,” 37–38.
121. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 30–31.
122. Ibid., 31.
123. Ibid.
124. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri, September 9, 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5.
125. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 152.
126. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Doris M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 65.
127. Ibid., 65–66.
128. Ibid., 66.
129. Ibid.
130. Ibid., 66, 68–69.
131. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
132. “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler ge. 28.4.1908 in Zwittau/Sudetenland, Frankfurt/M., Am Hauptbahnhof 4/63,” March 18, 1963, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, Zentrale Stelle der Landesjustizverwaltung (ZSL), Ludwigsburg, Germany, 2–3; for more on these investigations into war crimes charges after World War II, see Orth, “Ich habe mich nie getarnt,” 145–150, and Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw-Hill), 1987, 181–182.
133. “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler,” March 18, 1963, ZSL, Ludwigsburg, 1; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4.
134. Aleksander Lasik, “Structure and Character of the Camp SS Administration,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 46, 109; KL Auschwitz Seen by the SS, 250–251; Aleksander Lasik, “The Apprehension and Punishment of the Auschwitz Camp Staff,” in Danuta Czech, Stanisław Kłodziłski, Aleksander Lasik, and Andrzej Strz-elecki, eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 5, Epilogue (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 115; Rudolph Höss, Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz, ed. Steven Paskuly, trans. Andrew Pollinger (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 320.
135. Höss, Death Dealer, 318–319.
136. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 743–744; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 90–91, 438–439.
137. Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 744.
138. Ibid.
139. Andrzej Strzelecki, “Evacuation, Liquidation and Liberation of the Camp,” in Piper and Swiebocka, Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp, 269–270.
140. Emilie Schindler, Light and Shadow, 92.
Chapter 10
1. Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 170.
2. Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, trans. William R. Brand (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 185, 194–199.
3. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 204.
4. Ibid., 204–205.
5. Ibid., 205–206.
6. Ibid., 206–207.
7. Ibid., 208.
8. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 69.
9. Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 208–209.
10. Ibid., 209–210.
11. Ibid., 213.
12. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 2, 10 (hereafter referred as “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA).
13. Ibid., 10.
14. “Oskar Schindler Lebenslauf,” October 26, 1966, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 1, 1; Aleksandra Kobielec said that Brünnlitz’s SS contingent consisted of “40 SS guards and 4 female attendants.” See her Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991), 6, 8.
15. Scholars differ on the amounts German businesses had to pay the SS for slave laborers. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 528; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 175; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 36 and 36 n. 50; Eugen Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them, trans. Heinz Norden (New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation, 1975), 93; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2, 11–12; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bunde-sarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, BA(K)).
16. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1, 4, 12.
17. “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz verbliebenen Maschinen und Einrichtungen einschl. der Forderungen an das Reich,” Räumung auf Grund des Befehls der Rüstungs-Inspektion, Troppau (Zwittau) vom 6. Mai 1945, Lastenausgleicharchiv (Bayreuth), 1/306 2230a (Oskar Schindler), 1–8 (hereafter referred to as “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz,” LAG (B), 1/306 2230a (OS)). Though this document was dated May 6, 1945, it was actually prepared later by Schindler while he lived in Regensburg, Germany.
18. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 13.
19. Ibid., 11.
20. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 28, 5 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K)); “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 11.
21. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 10.
22. Ibid., 10–11.
23. Ibid., 11; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, 5; Jitka Gruntová, Legendy a fakta o oskaru Schindlerovi (Praha: Vydalo nakladatelstvín Naåe vojsko, 2002), 133, 136–137.
24. Vitka BrnZnec, brochure prepared by Vitka BrnZnec, 4 pages.
25. “SS-Bekleidungslager Brünnlitz: Krakau im September 1944,” in Records of Nazi Concentration Camps, 1939–1945, RG-04.006M, Reel 8: Dachau-Flossenbürg-Groß- Rosen, No. 12, “Request for information by Judge Stanislaw Zmuda about Jewish labor in camps and transport of Jewish prisoners to Czechoslovakia and response with plan of Brunnlitz camp November 1947.” Judge Zmuda’s request was part of the Polish government’s ongoing war crimes investigation and prosecution efforts after World War II.
26. Petr Henzl, interview by the author, BrZnenec, Czech Republic, June 29, 1998; Petr Henzl gave me a copy of this unpublished plan during our visit on June 29, 1998; “Textilní Továrna Arona-Jakuba Löw Beera”; Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000.
27. “Aufstellung der in Brünnlitz von 6 Mai 1945,” LAG (B), 1/306 2230a (OS), 4, 8; Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, April 13, 1999.
28. Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 5–6, 8; Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985), 151.
29. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 206.
30. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 32 (hereafter referred to as “Stern Report 1956,” YVA).
31. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 208–210.
32. Ibid., 206; Paul Berben, Dachau, 1933–1945: The Official History (London: Comité International de Dachau, 1975), 107–108.
33. Jacob Sternberg said that the prisoners were “tormented by lice” when they got to Brünnlitz. “Notes of Dr. Moshe Bejski on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 4, 7–8; Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Ar-beitslager Brünnlitz, 6; Sofsky, Order of Terror, 211.
34. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 152; Itzhak Stern said that Brünnlitz had “six doctors for 1000 Jews in the camp, some young physicians, and 6–8 nurses,” “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 32.
35. Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, 10; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 152.
36. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 211, 267–268.
37. Gisella Perl, “A Doctor in Auschwitz,” in Carol Rittner and John K. Roth, eds., Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (New York; Paragon House, 1993), 104, 114.
38. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 5.
39. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 32.
40. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 353–354.
41. Shmuel Krakowski, “The Satellite Camps,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Beren-baum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 42–43, 53.
42. Irena Strzelecka and Piotr Setkiewicz, “The Construction, Expansion and Development of the Camp and Its Branches,” in Aleksander Lasik et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 1, The Establishment and Organization of the Camp (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 118; Fran-ciszek Piper, “The Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 102; Fran-ciszek Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1996), 116; Krakowski, “The Satellite Camps,” 53.
43. Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” 102; Irena Strzelecka, “Hospitals at Auschwitz Concentration Camp,” in Tadeusz Iwaszko et al., eds., Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 2, The Prisoners: Their Life and Work (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 325.
44. Danuta Czech, ed., Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 796.
45. “Golleschauer Frachtbrief,” January 22, 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 2 pages; Andrzy Strzelecki, “The Liquidation of the Camp,” in Danuta Czech, et al,Auschwitz 1940–1945: Central Issues in the History of the Camp, vol. 5 (Oświęcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000), 31; Piper, “Exploitation of Prisoner Labor,” 117, 120. The three hundred women in the Freudenthal sub-camp worked at the Emmerich Machold plant making “vitaminized juices.”
46. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 35.
47. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, “ October 30, 1955, BA(K), 4.
48. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 34; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 89–90.
49. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 34–35.
50. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 89–90.
