Oskar Schindler, page 96
123. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435.
124. “Testimony of Georg Konrad Morgen,” August 7–8, 1946, Trial of the Major War Criminals, part 20, 380, 393, 395; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435–436.
125. Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987), 144–145. The first escape, in March, involved two hundred Soviet POWs; the second, in April, involved fewer prisoners but resulted in the death of four guards. Józef Marszałek, Majdanek: The Concentration Camp in Lublin (Warsaw: Interpress, 1986), 39, 170–171.
126. David A. Hackett, ed. and trans., The Buchenwald Report (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 335–341; “Testimony of Georg Konrad Morgen,” August 7, 1946, Trial of the Major War Criminals, part 20, 381; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 436–438; Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 154; Drexel A. Sprechter, Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account, vol. 2 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999), 1188–1190.
127. Hackett, The Buchenwald Report, 126, 341. Another prisoner, Jan Robert, echoed Heymann’s statement about how SS officers feared Morgen.
128. Drexel A. Sprecher, Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor’s Comprehensive Account, vol. 1 (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999), 99–100. Only three of the six accused organizations were declared criminal at the end of the trial: the Nazi Leadership Corps, the SD and the Gestapo, and the SS. The SA, the Reich Cabinet, the General Staff, and the High Command were declared not to be criminal organizations. Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992), 583–587; Christopher Ailsby, SS: Roll of Infamy (London: Motorbooks International, 1997), 121.
129. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 4; Tadeusz Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1995), 278–279; Tadeusz Wrovski, Kro-nika Okupowanego Krakowa (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1974), 220.
130. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 280.
131. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 5.
132. Ibid.
133. SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt, A V/2/5/Ni./Schf. Memo on Amon Göth to SS-Personalhauptamt, II 8, Berlin-Charlottenburg 4, April 14, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Nr 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center), Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1 page; future documents from Göth’s SS “Personal Akte” will be cited as “Personal-Akte,” PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), preceded by the individual document title and page reference.
134. Dr. Adolf Katz to WVHA,” April 26, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Offiziere, BA(B), 1 page.
135. Sydnor, Soldiers of Destruction, 324–326.
136. SS-Personalhauptamt II/8 En./We., June 9, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page; Göth’s Certificate of Discharge from the HSSPF Ost was issued on 23 June 1944. “Dr. Katz Memorandum,” June 23, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page; one document in Göth’s SS file shows that the date of his transfer became effective on April 20, 1944. Personalverfügung Hauptsturmführer Amon Leopold Göth, Der Reichsführer SS-Personalhauptamt, Amt II a 1 a Za/Sch., September 26, 1944, SS-Files of Amon Leopold Göth, 1 page; records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police, RG 242 (National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941-), National Archives of the United States II, College Park, Maryland.
137. “Aktennotiz,” I2a, K/Mü., August 31, 1944, Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.
138. “Hans Stauber to Heinrich Himmler,” August 18, 1944, in Personal-Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1–2.
139. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 70.
140. Howard Koch and Martin A. Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler and Notes re Ahmon Goeth,” in “The Oskar Schindler Story,” 6-B, 3-4 in Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University (hereafter referred to as Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).
141. “HSSPF Koppe to SS-Standartenfuehrer Brandt,” September 6, 1944, Personal- Akte, PA Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.
142. Proces Ludobócja Amona Leopolda Goetha, 69–70; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
143. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 68.
144. Ibid.
145. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 435.
146. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
147. Ibid.; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 149;
148. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? Memoirs by Joseph Bau, trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yurman (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), 118.
149. Müller-Madej, interview, August 9, 2000; Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List, 63, 110. There is no one by the name of Huth on the list of Płaszów officers that
Mietek Pemper prepared for the Polish court in the summer of 1946; there is, however, an SS-Unterscharführer Rolf Lüth on the list. See “Jan Sehn to Mieczysław Pemper, July 8, 1946, ‘List of SS Officers in Kraków-Płaszów,’” Bundesarchiv (Berlin) 2M 1402 A.12, 1.
150. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 102, 104, 111, 116; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
151. Bau, Dear God, 121.
152. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71.
153. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 70.
154. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 141.
155. Höhe, Order of the Death’s Head, 433.
156. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 71.
157. Ibid.
158. Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 6-B, 4–5.
159. Ibid., 4–6.
160. Ibid., 6–7.
161. Ibid., 7–9.
162. Ibid.
163. Ibid., 9–10.
164. Ibid., 10–11.
165. Ibid., 7-A, 1–2.
166. Ibid., 2–3.
167. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 4; Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999; Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 37–38; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 30–31; Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; “Kriminalpolizei Bericht-Oskar Schindler Ge. 28.4. 1908 in Zwittau/Sudetenland, Frankfurt/M, Am Haupt-bahnhof 4/63,” March 18, 1963, Frankfurt/Main, West Germany, Zentrale Stelle der Lan-desjustizverwaltung (ZSL), Ludwigsburg, Germany, 1–3.
168. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 4.
169. Ibid.; Bejski, “Notes on the Oskar Schindler Banquet,” May 2, 1962, 37.
170. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 436–438.
171. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
172. Koch and Gosch, “Summary of Interview with Oskar Schindler,” Papers of Delbert Mann, Vanderbilt University, 6-B, 1.
173. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 286–287.
Chapter 9
1. Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 292.
2. Ibid., 290.
3. Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Penguin Books, 1994), 430.
4. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 291–292.
5. Dr. Moshe Bejski, interview by the author, Tel Aviv, Israel, May 17, 1999.
6. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, May 26, 1999.
7. Dr. Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Lit-erackie, 1985), 145.
8. Rena Ferber Finder, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 19, 2000. The first transport from Kraków to Auschwitz in 1943 was on January 19. Auschwitz
records indicate that all the Jews on that transport were murdered soon after their arrival. It is possible that Moses Ferber was on that transport. Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945 (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 308.
9. Finder, interview, March 19, 2000.
10. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Delray Beach, Florida, April 13, 1999.
11. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 166.
12. Ibid., 133, 282.
13. Ibid., 166, 306, 340.
14. Ibid., 166.
15. Ibid., 423.
16. “Hans Stauber to Heinrich Himmler,” August 18, 1944, in Personal-Akte, Nr 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, SS-Nr 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center) Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 2.
17. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999.
18. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 8.
19. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri,” September 9, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 5; Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri, October 21, 1956, Yad Vashem Archives, Department of the Righteous, 1.
20. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1; Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, interview with Raimund Titsch, November 25, 1964, Vienna, Austria, 8-A, 9, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University (hereafter referred to as “Interview with Riamund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).
21. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1–2.
22. “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 3.
23. “Schindler to Dr. Ball-Kaduri,” October 21, 1956, YVA (DR), 1-2; “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 9–10.
24. “Raimund Titsch to Marcel Goldberg: Madritsch List,” October 1944, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Miscellaneous Files, 1 page (hereafter referred to as “Madritsch List,” BA(K); “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 1).
25. Tadeusz Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Liter-ackie, 1974), 356–363; Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 680, 684; Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Gen-eralgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 39.
26.Wrovski, Kronika, 372; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 145. Bieberstein says there were 550 men and 156 women remaining in the camp after the major October transports.
27. Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000.
28. Madritsch, Menschen, 26.
29. Ibid., 25.
30. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000.
31. Madritsch, Menschen, 22, 25–27.
32. Ibid., 28.
33. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 111–114, 264.
34. Pemper, interview, May 26, 1999; Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.
35. The closest Oskar Schindler ever came to publishing an account of his wartime experiences was the testimony he provided Kurt R. Grossmann in Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Frankfurt/Berlin/Wien: Verlag Ullstein GmbH,
1957), 147–161. This essentially the same account found in his 1945 “Financial Report” and in his 1956 story for Yad Vashem.
36. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 133.
37. “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” November 25, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 1–2.
38. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001.
39. Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 167, 170, 213, 255; Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Tem-pler (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 183, 323–324 n. 10; Shmuel Spector, “Budzyv,” in Israel Gutman, ed., Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 259–260; Jósef Abzug, “Budzyv: Sadyzm. Tortury skazavców. ‘Czarni,” in Michał M. Borwicz, Nella Rost, and Józef Wulf, eds., Dokumenty Zbrodni i Męczevstwa (Kraków: Wojewódzkiej ¢ydowskiej Komisji Historycznej w Krakowie, 1945), 72–75.
40. Francisco Wichter, Undécimo Mandamiento: Testimonio del sobreviviente argentino de la lista de Schindler (Buenos Aires: Grupo Editorial Agora, 1998), 88–90; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.
41. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 232–233; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 235–237.
42. Pemper, interview, January 17, 2000; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 579; Małgorzata Międzobrodzka, “Jews in Wieliczka during the Nazi Occupation,” Muzeum Up Krakowskich Wieliczka (Cracow Salt-Works Museum), http://www.muzeum.wieliczka. pl/en/Zydzi.html, 2 pages; David Donald, ed., Warplanes of the Luftwaffe: Combat Aircraft of Hitler’s Luftwaffe, 1939–1945 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000), 128–134; Rondall R. Rice, “Bombing Auschwitz: U.S. Fifteenth Air Force and the Military Aspects of a Possible Attack,” in Michael J. Neufeld and Michael Berenbaum, eds., The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? (New York: St. Martin’s Press in Association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000), 167–168; Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.
43.Wichter, interview, May 17, 2001.
44. Spector, “Budzyv,” 260.
45. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 422.
46. “Madritsch List,” BA(K), 1 page; “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” Konzen-trationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, October 21, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 13 pages (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz, October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau, (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “KL Groß Rosen-AL Brünnlitz (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, 4 pages (hereafter referred to as “KL Groß Rosen-AL Brünnlist (Frauenlager)-Namenliste,” November 12, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Interview with Raimund Titsch,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 5–6.
47. Bejski, interview, May 17, 1999.
48. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 40.
49. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 145, 150.
50. Joseph Bau, Dear God, Have You Ever Gone Hungry? trans. Shlomo “Sam” Yur-man (New York: Arcade Publishing, 1998), 158.
51. Hadasah Bau, interview by the author, Winnipeg, Canada, November 15, 2000; Bau, Dear God, 223.
52. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 149.
53. Ibid.
54. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 351, 437.
55. Ibid., 412–413.
56. Magdalena Kunicka-Wrzykowska, Indeks imienny Więniów obozu w Płaszowie, Ministerstwo SprawieNliowosci, Archiwum Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hiterlows-kich w Polsce, Okręgowa Komisja Badania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu- Instytut Pamięci Narodowej w Krakowie, Kraków, Poland.
57. “Namenliste der weiblichen Häftlinge,” October 22, 1944, Muzeum Auschwitz- Birkenau; “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges vom AL Golleschau (KL Auschwitz am 29. Januar 1945,” Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges vom AL Golleschau,” January 29, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste der am 2.2.1945 vom Amtsgerichtsgefängnis Landskron zum Arbeitslager Brünnlitz überstellten Häftlinge,” February 2, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste Landskron-Brünnlitz,” February 2, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau); “Namenliste des Häftlingszuganges am 11.4.45 vom AL Geppersdorf (KL Gr. Ro.),” Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau (hereafter referred to as “Namenliste Gep-persdorf- Brünnlitz,” April 11, 1945, Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau; Aleksandra Kobielec, Filia Obozu Koncentracyjnego Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991), 14–44. There is also a German translation of this work, Alek-sandra Kobielec, Außenlager des Konzentrationslagers Groß-Rosen Arbeitslager Brünnlitz (Wałbrzych: Państwowe Muzeum Groß-Rosen, 1991); “Schindler’s List: Name Index with Line and List Number,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, RG- 20.003ł01, USHMM Registry GR0306, 8 pages (hereafter referred to as “Schindler’s List: Name Index,” USHMM Archives, RG-20.003ł01/GR0306); “Notes of Dr. Moshe Bejski on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler, May 2, 1962,” 21; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives 01/164, 35.
58. “Schindler’s List: Name Index,” USHMM Archives, RG-20.003ł01/GR0306, 8 pages.
59. Paul B. Jaskot, The Architecture of Oppression: The SS, Forced Labor and the Nazi Monumental Building Economy (London: Routledge, 2000), 70, 74–75.
60. Aahron Weiss, “Categories of Camps: Their Character and Role in the Execution of the ‘Final Solution of the Jewish Question,’” in Yisrael Gutman and Avital Saf, eds., The Nazi Concentration Camps (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984), 132; Shmuel Krakowski, “Death Marches in the Period of the Evacuation of the Camps,” in Gutman and Saf, Nazi Concentration Camps, 479, 482; Alfred Konieczny, “Groß-Rosen,” in Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 2, 623–626; Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Siemens, 1918–1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 168, 364.
61. French L. Maclean, The Camp Men: The SS Officers Who Ran the Nazi Concentration Camp System (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 1999), 100; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 10; Karin Orth, “Ich habe mich nie getarnt: Brücke und Kontinuitäten in der Lebensgeschichte des KZ-Kommandanten Johannes Hassebroek,” Sozialwis-senschaftliche Informationen 24, no. 2 (April-June 1995), 145–150.
