Oskar Schindler, page 89
85. Umbreit, “Stages,” 45–47.
86. Ibid., 50; Christopher Ailsby, SS: Roll of Infamy (Osceola, Wisc.: Motorbooks International, 1997), 47–48, 57, 157–158. Forster had SS number 158, indicating his high rank among the “Old Fighters.” Forster, a protegé of virulent Nazi anti-Semite Julius Streicher, had served as a Nazi Party member in the Reichstag and as Gauleiter (area commander) of the Free City of Danzig. He later become Reich governor (Reichsstatthalter) of the Danzig Gau. A bitter enemy of Forster, Greiser would soon become the Reich governor of a new Wartheland Gau, which would consist of the Posen, )ód , and Hohensalza districts. Greiser’s SS number was 10,795. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 69–72, 74–79, 250–252.
87. Umbreit, “Stages,” 20.
88. Ibid., 52–53; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 246–247.
89. Richard Giziowski, The Enigma of General Blaskowitz (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997), 179–180, 203–207.
90. Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History (New York: Hill and Wang, 2000), 438–440; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 247–248; Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Prid-ham, eds. Nazism, 1919–1945: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, vol. 2, Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination (New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 938–941.
91. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Historical Atlas of the Holocaust (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1996), 34; Umbreit, “Stages,” 53–55; Hilberg, Destruction, 193–196. Lower Silesia was governed by Oberpräsident and Gauleiter Karl Hanke and Upper Silesia by Oberpräsident and Gauleiter Fritz Bracht.
92. Stanisław Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1956), 11–13. An English edition of this work is available but it is not as extensive as the Polish edition. See Stanisław Piotrowski, Hans Frank’s Diary (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1961); Christoph Klessmann, “Hans Frank: Party Jurist and Governor-General in Poland,” in Ronald Smelser and Rainer Zitelmann, The Nazi Elite (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 39–40; Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 333, 337, 338.
93. Smelser and Zitelmann, The Nazi Elite, 40, 47. It is important not to confuse Hans Frank’s wartime diary with his postwar prison memoirs, Im Angesicht des Galgens: Deu-tung Hitlers und seiner Zeit aufgrund eigener Erlebnisse und Erkenntnisse, ed. O. Schloffer (Munich: Neuhaus, 1953).
94. Umbreit, “Stages,” 49, 53, 56, 58, 60; Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 29.
95. Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Generalgouvern-ment, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 51; Joachim C. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership, trans. Michael Bullock (New York: Ace Books, 1970), 315; Niklas Frank, In the Shadow of the Third Reich, trans. Arthur S. Wensinger, with Carole Clew-Hoey (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), 109; Pi-otrowski, Dziennik Hansa Franka, 21–22.
96. Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume II (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing office, 1946), 956–957; on October 18, 1945, the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg indicted Seyß Inquart on all four counts and convicted him of crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Frank was charged with three of four counts and convicted of war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Office of United States Chief of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression: Opinion and Judgement (Washington, D,C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1947), 123–126, 153–156.
97. Piotrowski, Dziennik Hansa Frank, 52, 134, 239; Gross, Polish Society under German Occupation, 51–52.
98. Gross, Polish Society, 51–52; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:197–198; Dr. Max Freiherr du Prel, Das General Gouvernement (Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1942), 375, 380–382.
99. Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.
100. Gross, Polish Society, 51; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:203–204.
101. Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.
102. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 1:199; Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.
103. Omar Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 61–68; Umbreit, “Stages,” 60.
104. Schindler to Lang, 4; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908– 1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1/15, 3, 4 (hereafter referred to as “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955).”)
105. Schindler to Lang, 3; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; Military Intelligence Service, German Army Order of Battle: October 1942 (Mt. Ida, Ark.: Lancer Militaria, n.d), 172; Georg Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüstungswirtschaft (1918–1943/45), ed. Wolfgang Birkenfeld (Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt Verlag, 1966), 293, n. 78. This volume is part of the Bundesarchiv series, Schriften des Bundesarchiv.
106. “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955),” 4; Schindler to Lang, 3.
107. “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” 15; “Oskar Schindler Bericht (1955),” 4; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 83–84.
108. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüstungwirtschaft, 1 2; R.J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 178, 203, 242; Rolf-Dieter Müller, “The Mobilization of the German Economy for Hitler’s War Aims,” in Kroener, Müller, and Umbreit, Germany and the Second World War, vol. 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941, 415–421; Höhne, Canaris, 344.
109. Initially, the economics minister held the title as General Plenipotentiary for the War Economy (GBK; Generalbevollmächtiger für die Kriegswirtschaft). He became the GBW in 1938. Müller, “Mobilization,” 410, 413; Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich, 183–187, 203. The influential Thomas had once headed the army’s Defense Economy and Weapons Bureau; Hans-Erich Volkmann, “The War Economy under the Four Year Plan, in Wilhelm Diest, Manfred Messerschmidt, Hans-Erich Volkmann, and Wolfram Wette, eds., Germany and the Second World War, vol. I: The Buildup of German Aggression, trans. P. S. Falla, Dean S. McMurry, and Ewald Osers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 281–285.
110. Müller, “Mobilization,” 420–421.
111. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüstungswirtschaft, 10–11; Norman Rich, Hitler’s War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 69–71; Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 9–11; Müller, “Mobilization,” 777–779.
112. Burleigh, The Third Reich, 679–683; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 52–60; Höhne, Ca-naris, 254–258, 263–264, 270–271, 276; Klemens von Klemperer, German Resistance Against Hitler: The Search for Allies Abroad, 1938–1945 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 86.
113. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüstungswirtschaft, 11–15; Klem-perer, German Resistance, 172–173; Peter Hoffmann, The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945, trans. Richard Barry, 3d ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1996), 158–160.
114. Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüstungswirtschaft, 15–17; Ulrich von Hassell, The Von Hassell Diaries, 1938–1944 (New York: Doubleday, 1947), 116–118, 125–128, 130–132; Hoffmann, History, 161–168; Klemperer, German Resistance, 172–178.
115. Höhne, Canaris, 449–450; Müller, “Mobilization of the German War Economy for Hitler’s War Aims,” 608, 610–615, 629–630, 648–649; Danuta Czech, “Origins of the Camp, Its Construction and Expansion,” in Franciszek Piper and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp (Oświęcim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1996), 26–27, 29–30.
116. Thomas raised these points in a talk before the Military Policy and Military Sciences Association (Gesellschaft für Wehrpolitik und Wehrwissenschaften) on November 29, 1940. Müller, “Mobilization,” 618–619, 652, 659; Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, 344–346; The Memoirs of Field-Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, ed. Walter Gorlitz (New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000), 183.
117. Von Hassell, Diaries, 218; Höhne, Canaris, 463–464; Hoffmann, History, 270.
118. Hoffmann, History, 270; Hamburg Institute, German Army and Genocide, 132.
119. Hoffmann, History, 269–270; Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr- und Rüs-tungswirtschaft, 19; Müller, “Mobilization,” 664, 666.
120. Höhne, Canaris, 507, 515–518; Hoffmann, History, 293–294, 529–530. On the day the military arrested Dohnányi, the Gestapo arrested his wife and her brother, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Dr. Josef Müller; Thomas, Geschichte der deutschen Wehr-und Rüs-tungswirtschaft, 5.
121. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 55–56, 83–84.
Chapter 3
1. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 43; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 41–42; Robin O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy: The Enigma of Oskar Schindler” (unpublished manuscript, 1994), 51; Bericht, Eugen Sliwa, May 11, 1940, Mährisch Ostrau, III- 85/40g, May 11, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, 100-162-20 (hereafter referred to as Eugen Sliwa Bericht, MzaB, 1).
2. O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy,” 51; Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, September 1996), 34.
3. O’Neil, “The Man from Svitavy,” 51; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 29–30, 34; “Leasehold Agreement between Dr. Romuald Goryyczko and Oskar Schindler,” January 15, 1940, Akta Rejestru Handlowego przy Sądzie Okręgowym w Krakowie (akta dotyczHce firmy: Pierwzsa Małopolska Fabryka Naczyv Emailowanych i Wyrobów Blaszanych “Rekord”, Spółka z o ow. Krakowie), Archiwum Państwowe w Krakowkie Oddział III, 2022, III U 5/39, 288. This set of court records, 2022, and 2023 will hereafter be referred to as SOKC 2022 or 2023, III U 5/39. Though this document is dated January 15, 1940, it deals with Schindler’s leasing of the factory in the fall of 1939; Verhandelt, Oskar Schindler, August 22, 1940, Krakau, III C 1, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign. 100-162-20, 1 page (hereafter referred to as Verhandelt, Oskar Schindler, MzaB); the Germans renamed most of the major streets in Kraków, which they spelled Krakau. Strszewskiego became simply the Westring and Fenna Serena Gasse was changed to Schillinggasse. Krasivskiego became the Außenring. Dr. Max Freiherr du Prel, ed., Das General Gouvernement (Würzburg: Konrad Triltsch Verlag, 1942), 264–266; Karl Baedeker, Das Generalgouvernement: Reisehandbuch von Karl Baedeker (Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1943), 33, map 2.
4. Leopold Page Testimony, March 11, 1992, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, RG-50.042ł0022, 1 (hereafter referred to as Leopold Page Archives, USHMM); Douglas Martin, “Leopold Page, Who Promoted Story of Schindler, Dies at 87,” New York Times, March 15, 2001, A21; “Leopold Page: Businessman, Community Leader & the Singular Catalyst for the Schindler’s List Story,” in Nick del Calzo, with Renee Rockford, Drew Myron, and Linda J. Raper, The Triumphant Spirit: Portraits & Stories of Holocaust Survivors—Their Messages of Hope & Compassion (Denver: Triumphant Spirit Publishing, 1997), 119; Celia S. Heller, On the Edge of Destruction: Jews of Poland between the Two World Wars (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 119–124; Ezra Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe Between the World Wars (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983), 83; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 49.
5. Leopold Page, interviews by the author, Beverly Hills, California, April 3, 2000, and September 13, 2000; Martin, “Leopold Page,” A21; del Calzo, “Leopold Page,” 119; Ke-neally, Schindler’s List, 49; Pat McTaggart, “Poland ’39,” in Editors of Command Magazine, Hitler’s Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces (Conshohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 2000), 215–216.
6. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 49–50.
7. Bob Keeler, “Schindler’s Survivors: Five People Whose Experiences Contributed to ‘Schindler’s List’ Came Together to Talk About Their Lives and the Movie and About Horror and Survival,” New York Newsday, March 23, 1994, B49; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 50–51.
8. Isaiah Trunk, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation (New York: Stein & Day, 1977), 196–197; Lucjan Dobroszycki, Reptile Journalism: The Official Polish-Language Press Under the Nazis, 1939–1945 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 108–109; Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 10.
9. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 51–52; Jacques Delarue, The Gestapo: A History of Horror (New York: Paragon House, 1987), 187–189; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 28–29.
10. Leopold Page Testimony, USHMM Archives, 1; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 51–52.
11. Leopold Page Testimony, USHMM Archives, 1; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 53–54.
12. R. J. Overy, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 281–286; Trunk, Judenrat, 99.
13. Jan Tomasz Gross, Polish Society Under German Occupation: The Generalgou-vernement, 1939–1944 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 99–102; Trunk, Ju-denrat, 99–100; Eugeniusz Duranczyvski, Wojna i Okupacja: Wrzesiev 1939–Kwieciev 1943 (Warsaw: wieza Powszechna, 1974), 69; Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust, 30; Jacob Apsenszlak, Jacob Kenner, Isaac Lewin, and Moses Polakiewicz, eds., The Black Book of Polish Jewry: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jewry Under the Nazi Occupation (New York: The American Federation for Polish Jews, 1943), 37; according to Clive Cook-son, “modern nutritionists regard 3,000–3,500 calories as a healthy minimum consumption.” “Hunger, Horror and Heroism,” Financial Times, July 28/29, 2001, Weekend II. These figures were probably a bit less more than a half century ago.
14. Trunk, Judenrat, 99–103.
15. In 1939, the official exchange rate was 5.30 złotys to the U.S. dollar and RM 2.49 to the U.S. dollar. The Germans would later inflate the value of the Reichsmark to the złoty by about 33 percent so that $1 was now equal to about 3.2 złotys. R. L. Bidwell, Currency Conversion Tables: A Hundred Years of Change (London: Rex Collins, 1970), 23, 37; Gross, Polish Society, 97; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 54–55.
16. Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo ‘Hagada’ and Argona-Jarden Jewish Bookshop, 2000), 60.
17. Duda, Jews of Cracow, 60–61.
18. Ibid., 61–62; “Dr. Roland Groyczko to Handlowego przy SHdzie Okręgowym w Krakowie,” September 11, 1941, SOKC 2023: III U 5/39, 2.
19. Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 516; Gross, Polish Society, 93–94; Trunk, Ju-denrat, 63–64.
20. Trunk, Judenrat, 62.
21. Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol. 1, 516–519; Trunk, Ju-denrat, 63–64; Gross, Polish Society, 94–96.
22. Trunk, Judenrat, 65.
23. Ibid., 64–65; Gross, Polish Society, 94, 100–101; Czesław Madajczyk, Polityka III Rzeszy w Okupowanej Polsce, vol.2 (Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1970), 66–67.
24. Trunk, Judenrat, 65–66; Stella Müller-Madej, interview by the author, Kraków, Poland, August 9, 2000; Stella Müller-Madej, A Girl from Schindler’s List (London: Polish Cultural Foundation, 1997), 7, 10–11.
25. Schindler’s List, Steven Spielberg, Director, Universal/MCA and Amblin Entertainment (1993) (hereafter referred to as Spielberg, Schindler’s List).
26. “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpe- Onosti v Mor. OstravZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 3–5 (hereafter referred to as Josef Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MVA (Prague)); Hans Höhne, Canaris (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 365–366; 508–511; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 35–36.
27. Josef Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MVA (Prague), 4.
28. Ibid.; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 35–36; Gruntová, Oskar Schindler, 19–20.
29. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 41–48.
30. “The Trial of Adolf Eichmann,” Session 37, Part 2 of 5, The Nizkor Project, 5; an example of Dr. Ball-Kaduri’s scholarly interests can be seen in his “Illegale Judenauswan-derung aus Deutschland nach Palästina, 1939–1940: Planung, Durchführung und interna-tionale Zusammenhänge,” in Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Geschichte 4 (1975).
31. “Martin Gosch Interview with Itzhak Stern,” November 24, 1964, Tel Aviv, Israel, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 3–4 (hereafter referred to as “Gosch-Stern Interview,” Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University).
32. Ibid., 6–7.
33. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164; Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler, May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel,” 31–32. Dr. Bej-ski’s transcript of the banquet testimonies is also available in Hebrew at Yad Vashem’s Archives, M 21/20.
34. Douglas Brode, The Films of Steven Spielberg, (New York: Citadel Press, 2000), 233; John Baxter, Steven Spielberg: The Unauthorized Biography (London: HarperCollins, 1996), 382; Mietek Pemper, interview by the author, Augsburg, Germany, January 17, 2000; Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press, 1998), 133.
35. “Oskar Schindler to Dr. K. J. Ball-Kaduri,” September 9, 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164.
36. “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 8–9, 24; Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 103.
37. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 43; “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 1, 23.
38. Palowski, Making of Schindler’s List, 38–39; Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, April 13, 1999.
