Oskar Schindler, page 94
173. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 398.
174. Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” 163.
175. Breitman, Architect of Genocide, 211.
176. Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 170–171; Piper, “Gas Chambers and Crematoria,” 163; Rhodes, Masters of Death, 258–260.
177. Michael A. Musmanno, Justice: The Eichmann Kommandos (London: Peter Davies, 1961), 145–155; MacLean, The Field Men, 42; Shmuel Spector, “Paul Blobel,” in Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1:220.
178. Shmuel Spector, “Aktion 1005,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1:14; Francisco Wichter, interview by the author, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 17, 2001.
179. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 320–321.
180. Ibid., 410–411.
Chapter 7
1. Claudia Keller and Stefan Braun, “Ohne Führung fressen sich die Menschen gegen-seitig auf; Mietek Pemper im Gespräch mit Claudia Keller und Stefan Braun,” in Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters (Stuttgart: Stuttgarter Zeitung, 1999), 39.
2. Ibid., 39.
3. Ibid., 38–39.
4. Peter Steiner, The Deserts of Bohemia: Czech Fiction and Its Social Context (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000), 27.
5. Steiner, Deserts, 44.
6. Ibid., 44.
7. Ibid., 67–68.
8. Helen Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.
9. Oskar Schindler, interview by Martin Gosch, November 18, 1974, Paris, France, Del-bert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-B, 6.
10. Sternlicht Jonas Rosenzweig, interview, March 20, 2000.
11. Michael Thad Allen, The Business of Genocide: The SS, Slave Labor, and the Concentration Camps (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 95, 140.
12. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 173, 175; after the war, Speer claimed that Schieber was “Himmler’s confidential agent in my ministry.” Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld, 1981), 16. Yet it should be remembered that many educated Germans had honorary SS ranks. Moreover, according to Michael Thad Allen, Schieber was extremely loyal to Speer and there is nothing to indicate that he was an SS spy. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 174.
13. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 176.
14. Ibid., 189.
15. Wolfgang Sofsky, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp, trans. William Templer (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 40–41; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 139, 154–155, 157, 182–183.
16. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 182–188.
17. Ibid., 199.
18. Ibid., 198–199.
19. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 178; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 156–157. Speer considered Kammler “a relentless but capable robot.” Speer, Slave State, 236.
20. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 202–203, 206; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 109; Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume/Penguin Books), 199, 185.
21. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 2 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 528.
22. Speer, Slave State, 257, 261, 265–267, 269, 273, 275–280; “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 56; Mietek Pemper, interview by Dr. Reich, Augsburg, Germany, October 26, 1996 (hereafter referred to as Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996).
23. Sofsky, Order of Terror, 181.
24. Allen, The Business of Genocide, 241–242.
25. “Oskar Schindler Financial Report 1945,” July 1945, Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 3–4.
26. Pemper-Reich interview, October 26, 1996.
27. Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Erlebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 20.
28. Ibid., 20–21.
29. Ibid., 25.
30. Ibid., 22.
31. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 3–4; Madritsch, Menschen, 24.
32. Madritsch, Menschen, 24.
33. From March 1943 until October 1944 Madritsch paid the SS Zł 10 million ($3,187,500) for food and subsistence. Schindler claimed he spent over Zł 4 million ($1.25 million) on similar costs between 1942 and 1944 in Kraków and RM 750,000 ($282,000) in Brünnlitz. Madritsch, Menschen, 24, and “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 4, 9–12.
34. Raimund Titsch, interview by Martin Gosch, November 25, 1964, Vienna, Austria, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 8-A, 6.
35. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 1–2.
36. “Stern Report 1956,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 24 (hereafter referred to as “Stern Report 1956,” YVA); Keller and Braun, Ohne Führung fressen sich die Menschen gegenseitig auf, 39.
37. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, Budapest, November 1943, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 18, 3–4 (hereafter referred to as Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K)).
38. “Situation’s-Skizze mit angrenzenden Industrieen für Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik- Oskar Schindler,” n.d., Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Be-stand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1 page. Another neighboring factory that housed Jews in Schindler’s sub-camp was the Krakauer Drahtgitter Fabrik (Kraków Wire Gauze Factory); “Verzeichnis jüdischer Arbeiter welche am 25.5.1943 an N.K.F., Deutsche Emailwarenfab-rik, Kistenfabrik und Chmielewski in Krakau überstellt wurden,” Zydowski Instytut His-toryczny, Instytut Naukowo-Badawezy, Warsaw, 7–10. The Schindler Jews on this list are Hirsch Danzig, Wigdor Dortheimer, Motie Geller, Bernhard Goldstein, Wolf Horowitz, Jerzy Scheck, and Dawid Urbach.
39. Sol Urbach, interview by the author, Flemington, New Jersey, February 15, 2000.
40. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2.
41. “Aufstellung Krakau und Brünnlitz,” May 6, 1944, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nach-laß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 14, 3–4; “Müller (Siemens) to Oskar Schindler,” October 10, 1957, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 3, 1 page; Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003.
42. Karl Friedrich von Siemens, the head of Siemens at this time, joined with thirty-seven other German industrial leaders to voice support for the Nazis after their setback in the November 1932 Reichstag elections. Joseph Borkin, The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben (New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 70–71; Siemens, for example, had representatives on Heinrich Himmler’s special business support group, “Friends of the Reichs-führer SS.” Membership in this group, which involved significant contributions to the SS, insured one, hopefully, of protection “from SS encroachment” and special considerations when it came to SS contracts. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 158–159; Allen, The Business of Genocide, 72; “Dr. Frank Wittendorfer, Head of the Siemens Archives, Munich, Germany, to David Crowe,” March 21, 2003; in a letter to me on March 31, 2003, Alexander Görbing of Walter Bau-AG, informed me that they were unable to find any documents on Oskar Schindler’s dealings with Siemens-AG in the files of Dyckerhoff & Widman; Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., 2002), 28, 117, 119, 125; Alek-sander Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie (Kraków: Wydawnicto Literackie, 1985), 111.
43. Ferencz, Less than Slaves, 127; Stuart Eizenstat, Imperfect Justice: Looted Assets, Slave Labor, and the Unfinished Business of World War II (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), 209–210; John Authers and Richard Wolfee, The Victim’s Fortune: Inside the Epic Battle over the Debts of the Holocaust (New York: HarperCollins, 2002), 189–191, 194–195, 218; “Germany Unveils Holocaust Fund,” BBC News Online, February 16, 1999, 1; Tony Cuczka, “German Firms Announce Fund for Holocaust Claims,” Associated Press, February 16, 1999, 1–2, LexisNexis; “German Firms Agree to Fund Holocaust-era Victims,” February 16, 1999, Jewish Telegraph Agency, Jewish Bulletin of Northern California Online, 1–2, LexisNexis; Roger Boyes, “Bonn Tackled on Hitler Slaves Cash,” Times (London), March 10, 1999; 1 page, LexisNexis; “Australians File US Suit on Naziera Forced Labor,” Agence France Presse, April 14, 1999, 1 page, LexisNexis; David E. Sanger, “German Companies Offer $3.3 Billion in Slave-Labor Suit,” New York Times, October 8, 1999, 1 page, LexisNexis; despite its role in supporting the Nazi dictatorship, Siemens has suffered little in postwar Germany and plays the same dominant role in the German electrical engineering field as it did before World War II. Neil Gregor, Daimler- Benz in the Third Reich (New Haven: Yale Univesity Press, 1998), 3; the use of slave labor by Siemens during the war, particularly the question of reparations, is glossed over in its “official” company history, Wilfried Feldenkirchen, Siemens, 1918–1945 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 237–240.
44. “Julius Lomnitz to the United Restitution Office, London,” October 29, 1953, Archives of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, New York, Oskar Schindler Collection, 1 page; Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003; Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, YVA, 4.
45. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2.
46. Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 104–105; Robert-Jan Van Pelt, “A Site in Search of a Mission,” in Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1994), 119, 126–127.
47. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, przed Najwyszym Trybunałem Naro-dowym (Kraków: Centralna ¢ydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1947), 63–64.
48. Urbach, interview, March 21, 2003.
49. Madritsch, Menschen, 23; “Testimony of Rabbi Menashe Levertov,” in Martin Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 1-A, 12.
50. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 2–3.
51. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 273–274; Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 351.
52. Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goetha, 278–279.
53. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 305; “Stern Report 1956,” YVA, 24.
54. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 387.
55. Ibid., 261, 429.
56. Urbach, interview, February 15, 2000.
57. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 350–351.
58. Ibid., 429; “Testimony of Edith Wertheim,” in Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Oskar Schindler Story,” Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 2-A, 2.
59. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” October 30, 1955, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, No. 1, Band 15, 2; Thomas Keneally, Schindler’s List (New York: Touchstone Books, 1992), 213–214.
60. “Oskar Schindler Bericht 1955,” BA(K), 2.
61. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 225.
62. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 2–3.
63. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy, 102.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., 294–295.
68. Ibid., 294–295, 297–299.
69. Ibid., 305.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid., 200.
72. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 59–60.
73. Franciszek Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List: Behind the Scenes of an Epic Film, trans. Anna and Robert G. Ware (Secaucus, N.J.: Birch Lane Press Books, 1998), 40.
74. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand N 1493, Band 23, 2; “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, and October 17, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpeOnosti v Mor. Os-travZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 2, 6–7.
75. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 2.
76. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1978), 240, 242.
77. Ibid., 100; Donald M. McKale, The Swastika Outside Germany (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1977), 45–46, 116, 177–180.
78. Franz von Papen, Memoirs, trans. Brian Connell (New York: E. Dutton & Company, 1953), 489; McKale, Swastika Outside Germany, 108, 115–116, 172; Heinz Höhne, Canaris, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 489.
79. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, 60–61.
80.Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellenberg: Hitler’s Chief of Counterintelligence, trans. Louis Hagen (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 140–143.
81. Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 591.
82. Von Papen, Memoirs, 481.
83. McKale, Swastika Outside Germany, 172–173.
84. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 3.
85. Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, 243, 248.
86. “Schindler to Lang,” July 20, 1951, BA(K) 3.
87. Ibid., 3–4.
88. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30, 55–56, 83–84.
89. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 6.
90. Alex Weissberg, Desperate Mission: Joel Brand’s Story as Told by Alex Weissberg, trans. Constantine FitzGibbon and Andrew Foster-Melliar (New York: Criterion Books, 1958), 36.
91. “Oskar Schindler Bericht, 1955,” BA(K), 3; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 16–18, 20.
92. Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 30, 33–34; Andrew J. Janos, The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 302–307; Randolph L. Braham, “The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis,” in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds., The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined (Bloomington: Indiana University Press in association with the Untied States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 1998), 432.
93. Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1981), 385–386.
94.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 33.
95. Stanford J. Shaw, Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945 (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 256.
96. Ibid., 257, 270, 271, 275.
97. Ibid., 272–273.
98. Ibid., 273–276.
99. Ibid., 275–276.
100. “Interview with Hansi Brand,” Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “The Story of Oskar Schindler,” 12-A, 12, 12-B, 1, Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University.
101. Resz~e Kasztner, Der Bericht des Jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest (Self-published by the author, 1946), 14.
102. “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7; Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 16, 149; Dr. Kasztner says in his Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest: 1942–1945 (Budapest: Private manuscript published by the author, 1946), 14, that Sedlacek made only three trips to Kraków.
103. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 153.
104.Weissberg, Desperate Mission, 37; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 6.
105. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 1, 7.
106. Ibid., 1; “Schindler Financial Report 1945,” YVA, 7.
107. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X BA(K), 1.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Christopher R. Browning, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 86–87.
115. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 2.
116. Ibid.; Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, Nazism: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts, 1919–1945, vol. 2 (New York: Schocken Books, 1988), 1087 n. 1; Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 84–88. Though the Commissar Order (Kommissarbefehl) did not contain specific instructions to murder Jews, each unit commander was allowed freely to interpret whom his troops could murder under this order, resulting in the deaths of many Jewish POWs and others.
117. Hamburg Institute for Social Research, The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians, 1939–1944 (New York: The New Press, 1999), 7. This is the English edition guidebook for the Hamburg Institute’s controversial exhibit that was supposed to appear in the United States. However, the controversy over it in Germany, combined with the discovery that some of the photos were inaccurately described, resulted in the cancellation of the exhibit in New York and, ultimately, the United States. The German edition of the guidebook, Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrma-cht 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996), is less descriptive than the English edition and covers only the period from 1941 to 1944.
118. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 3.
119. Ibid.
120. Ibid., 3–4.
121. Ibid., 4.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid.
127. Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust, 85–86, 90–92, 318–322; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 31, 96, 129, 132, 135, 159–163.
128. Die Bekenntnisse des Herrn X, BA(K), 4.
129. Ibid., 4–5.
130. Ibid., 5.
131. Ibid.
132. Ibid.
133. Ibid.
