Oskar Schindler, page 88
8. Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera,” Ceska televize Ostrava (1999).
9. Gerhard L. Weinberg, The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), 467; Prochazka, “The Second Republic,” 265; Hans Höhne, Canaris, trans. J. Maxwell Brownjohn (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1979), 323–324.
10. Prochazka, “The Second Republic,” 256–258.
11. Ibid., 263, 266; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 468.
12. Jörg K. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic, 1939–1945,” in Mamatey and Luža, History, 271–272; James Ramon Felak, “At the Price of the Republic”: Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, 1929–1938 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994), 202–208.
13. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 272.
14. Ibid., 273–274; Luža, Transfer, 173–174.
15. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 274–275; Luža, Transfer, 174.
16. Luža, Transfer, 176–177; Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 275.
17. Hoensch, “The Slovak Republic,” 274–276, 278, 290.
18.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 419, 479, 498.
19. Dr. MeOislav Borak, interview by the author, Ostrava, Czech Republic, 22 September, 2000; “Zatykac na Oskera Schindlera”; Emilie says that the address was 24 Sadova; Emi-lie Schindler, with Erika Rosenberg, Where Light and Shadow Meet, trans. Dolores M. Koch (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), 31. I have chosen to use Dr. Borak’s address because he lives in Ostrava and has done extensive research on Schindler’s life in the city; there are conflicting accounts about where Emilie lived when war broke out in 1939. According to Robin O’Neil, she said in an interview with him that she returned to Svitavy in the fall of 1939, though in her memoirs Emilie says she remained in the apartment in Mährisch Ostrau until 1941, when she joined Oskar in Kraków. O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (master’s thesis, University College, London, 1996), 27 n. 20; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 43, 46–48.
20. Policejní ředitelství v hor. Ostraoe, O.j. D-100/40, March 29, 1940, 1 page; Policejni ředitelství Praha, 1931–1940, S. 2370/82; Elizabeth Wiskemann, Czechs and Germans: A
Study of the Struggle in the Historic Provinces of Bohemia and Moravia (London: Oxford University Press, 1938), 83, 134, 113–114.
21. “Oskar Schindler to Fritz Lang,” July 20, 1951, OS Bundesarchiv, N 1493, 5, No. 28, 4. “kaiserliche und königliche” is a reference to the dual powers held by the Austrian emperor after the Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867. The Austrian empire now became the Austrian-Hungarian empire. The Habsburg ruler became the emperor of the Austrian lands and king of Hungary. Kaiserliche refers to his imperial powers in the Austrian portions of his kingdom; Königliche to his royal powers in Hungary.
22. Alois Polanski Protokol, 3; Frantisek Moravec, Master of Spies: The Memoirs of General Frantisek Moravec (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1975), 128.
23. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30–31; “Ilona Klimova to David Crowe, 23 September 2000”; Borak, interview, 22 September, 2000; “Bericht Eugen Sliva,” Geheime Staat-spolizei, Staatspolizeistelle Bruenn, Maerisch Ostrau, May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign., 100-162-20, III 85/40g-Eugen Sliwa, 1.
24. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30–31; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 25.
25. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 49.
26. Höhne, Canaris, 334–336; Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.”
27. Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.” In the post-war Czechoslovak investigations, an agent mentioned with some frequency was Waltraud Vorster. It is possible that Forster and Vorster were one and the same; see Polansky Protokol, MV, 4–7; Martin A. Gosch and Howard Koch, “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Paris, France, in Delbert Mann Papers, Special Collections Library, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 6.
28.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 537–538, 553–555, 559–560.
29. “Directive for the Armed Forces 1939/40, April 3, 1939, WFA Nr. 37/39 Top Secret Officer Only L Ia, and “Annex II to OKW No. 37/39, Top Secret L 1, C-120,” Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 4 (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946), 916–925 (hereafter referred to as NCA); these directives are summarized in Telford Taylor, Sword and Swastika: Generals and Nazis in the Third Reich (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1952), 256–260; Höhne, Canaris, 331.
30. Höhne, Canaris, 335–336.
31. Ibid., 336.
32. Ibid., 336–367, 350; “Bericht Eugen Sliva,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno,” 1.
33. Höhne, Canaris, 337–339.
34. Ibid., 339.
35. “Affidavit of Alfred Helmut Naujocks,” 20 November 1945, Document 2751-PS, NCA, vol. 5, 390–391; Walter Schellenberg, The Labyrinth: Memoirs of Walter Schellen-berg, Hitler’s Chief of Counterintelligence, trans. Louis Hagen (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), 48–50; Donald Cameron Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War: 1938–1939 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 485–486.
36. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 32.
37. Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.” Dr. Jaroslav Valenta of the Czech Academy of Sciences also says that the large body of historical literature on the Gli-wice operation suggests that Schindler had nothing to do with it. Edouard Calic, Reinhard Heydrich (New York: Military Heritage Press, 1982), 194–195; “Ilona Kilmova to David Crowe, September 23, 2000”; Borak, interview, September 22, 2000.
38. Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizei Brünn, Grenzpolizeikommissariat Mähr.-Ostaru, Abt. III, B. Nr. 770/39g, July 23, 1939, Betriff: Polnisches Konsulat Mähr.-Ostrau und Pro-tokoll Eugen Slíva; Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, sign. 100-162-20, III 85/40 g. Eugen Sliwa, 1–5; Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizei Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno. 100-162-20, III 85/40 g.-Eugen Sliwa, 2–3 (hereafter referred to as Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa”).
39. Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, “Eugen Sliwa,” May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 4–5.
40. Geheime Staatspolizei, Brünn, May 8, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 5–6.
41. Geheime Staatspolizei, Mährisch Ostrau, III L-85/40g, June 17, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.
42. Deutsche Kriminalpolizei, Mährisch Ostrau, June 14, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; Das Deutsche Amtsgericht, 3 Gs 119/40, “Strafsache gegen Eugen Sliva wegen schweren Diebstahls,” June 15, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1–3.
43. “Der Oberrechtsanwalt beim Volksgericht, Berlin to Geheime Staatspolizei, Mährisch Ostrau,” 11 J 263/40g, July 23, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.
44. “Kanzlei von dem Oberrechtsanwalt beim Volksgerichtshof,” 11 J 263/40g, August 10, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 3 pages.
45. “Geheime Staatspolizei, Staatspolizeistelle Brünn to Geheime Staatspolizeileitstelle Mährisch Ostrau,” III L-85/40g, 1 page. Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.
46. “Schlussbericht III-85/40g, Mähr. Ostrau, September 27, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Kanzlei an die Staatspolizei, Brünn, III-L-85/40g, September 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 3 pages.
47. “Kreisgericht in Mähr. Ostrau an die Geheime Staatspolizei, III 85/40g, November 2, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Kreisgericht in Mähr. Os-trau, “Eugen Sliva,” November 26, 1941, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page; “Nachrichten-übermittlung, Stapoleit Bruen, an Adst. Maehr. Ostrau,” November 13, 1940, Moravskü zemskü archiv Brno, “Eugen Sliwa,” 1 page.
48. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 32.
49. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” May 12, 1947, Mis.bZ/z-1157/3–47, Appendix 1, Minister-stvu vnitra, odbor VII v Praze, 2 (hereafter referred to as “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” MV Archiv); “Alois Polansky Protokol,” MV Archiv, 1, 3.
50. “Alois Polansky Protokol,” MV Archiv, 3; “Abwehr-zpráva,” April 8, 1947 M. VIII- 4669/taj-47-A-11, Ministeratvu národní obrany-hlavní åtáb 5. oddZlení-V Praze, Archiv Ministerstvo Vnitra (Prague), 2, 8 (hereafter referred to as “Abwehr-zpráva” MV). According to postwar Czechoslovak investigations, Moschkorsch was a Gestapo operative in Mährisch Ostrau who was later killed by Czech partisans on March 20, 1945, for his collaboration. Though the Czechs investigated Fischer’s activities, they were never able to find him and concluded that he had probably disappeared into the Wehrmacht. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva,” MV Archiv, 2.
51. “Alois Polansky Prokotol,” MV Archiv, 3–5, 7, 9. Unger’s wife was also at the meeting. As of 1947, all three had escaped the Czech dragnet and were never brought to justice for their espionage activities.
52. “Abwehrstelle-zpráva.” MV Archiv, 2, 6–7; Dr. MeOislav Borak, “Zatykac na Os-kara Schindlera;” Polansky Protokol, MV, 12; “Abwehr zpráva” MV Archiv, 4, 6–7; Jitka Gruntová, Oskar Schindler: Legenda a Fakta (Brno: Barrister & Principal, 1997), 19.
53. “Josef Aue Protokol,” August 6, 1946, M.j. II/1.-7219/46, Oblastní státní bezpe- Onosti v Mor. OstravZ, Ministerstvu vnitra Archiv (Prague), 1. The 12-page Aue Protokol is actually four investigative reports dated Ausgust 6, 1946, August 9, 1946, October 17, 1946, and October 23, 1946 (hereafter referred to as Josef Aue Protokol MV Archiv with specific date of interrogation); Sepp Aue to Itzhak Stern, December 7, 1948, Yad Vashem Archives, 0/1/64, 1–2 (hereafter referred to as Aue to Stern, YVA); Gruntová, Oskar Schindler, 19.
54. Josef Aue Protokol, MV Archiv, August 6, 1946, 1–2; Josef Aue Protokol, October 17, 1946, MV Archiv, 1–2; Weinberg, Foreign Policy of Nazi Germany, 1937–1939, 479; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 27, n. 20.; Aue to Stern, YVA, 1.
55. Aue Protokol, October 23, 1946, MV Archiv, 1–3; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 25–26; Aue to Stern, YVA, 1.
56. Aue Protokol, August 6, 1946, MV Archiv, 2; “Abwehr-zpráva,” MV Archiv, 6. Gassner escaped the Czech dragnet after the war, at least as of 1947. The secret police suspected he was in the Salzberg area where his wife had undergone a “healing cure.”
57. O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 21; “Abwehr zpráva” MV Archiv, 5.
58. Schindler to Lang, 3; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945,” Yad Vashem Archives, 01/164, 15 (hereafter referred to as “Schindler Financial Report, 1945”).
59. Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, November 7, 1945, Ministerstvo vnitra Archiv (Prague), 2, 5 (hereafter referred to as Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, MV Archiv); Schindler, Light and Shadow, 30; Schindler to Lang, 3; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 38; “Schindler Financial Report, 1945” 15.
60.We have little information on Hauptmann Kristiany. At one point, he was in command of Abwehr operations in Brno. Leutnant Decker was injured in an automobile accident during the war and disappeared. Polanski Protokol, MV Archiv, 4–6; Zprava V Mor. OstravZ, 2.
61. Schindler. A film written, directed, and produced by Jon Blair, Thames Television Production, 1981; Schindler, Light and Shadow, 100.
62. Polanski Protokol, MV Archiv, 8; Schindler to Lang, 2.
63. Dr. MeOislav Borak and Dr. Jaroslav Valenta, “Zatykac na Oskara Schindlera.”
64. Borak, interview, September 22, 2000.
65. David M. Crowe, The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1918–1940 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 68–81.
66. Höhne, Canaris, 346–347; Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 286–291.
67. Höhne, Canaris, 348–350; Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 635–637.
68. Höhne, Canaris, 350–352; Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 304–308.
69.Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 1937–1939, 636–638.
70. Höhne, Canaris, 351–353.
71. Taylor, Sword and Swastika, 315; Höhne, Canaris, 352–353.
72. Weinberg, Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany, 1937–1939, 646–652; Pat McTag-gart, “Poland ’39,” in Hitler’s Army: The Evolution and Structure of German Forces (Con-shohocken, Pa.: Combined Publishing, 1995), 220.
73. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 50; Hitler’s Army, 199, 211–212; Richard M. Watt, Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918–1939 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 422.
74. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 43; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 29–30; Höhne, Canaris, 357–358.
75. Höhne, Canaris, 315–322; John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2d ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), 33–35.
76. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 42–44; Ukrainian scholars are justifiably sensitive about the entire question of collaboration with the Germans before and during World 76. War II. According to Bohdan Krawchenko, this relationship was an opportunistic one for the Ukrainians, caught as they were between two dictatorial powers. Given Stalin’s policies in the Soviet portions of Ukraine, Germany seemed to offer the best hope for Ukranian national aspirations. See his Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), 156; Robert M. Slusser and Jan F. Triska, eds., A Calendar of Soviet Treaties, 1917–1957 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959), 127–128; Albert Seaton, Stalin as Military Commander (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975), 89; Leonid N. Kutakov, Japanese Foreign Policy on the Eve of the Pacific War: A Soviet View, ed. George Alexander Lensen (Tallahassee: Diplomatic Press, 1972), 152–153; David J. Dallin, Soviet Russia’s Foreign Policy, 1939–1942, trans. Leon Dennen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942), 70–71; Jane Degras, ed., Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy, vol. 3, 1933–1941 (New York: Octagon Books, 1978), 374–376; Pavel Zhilin et al., Recalling the Past for the Sake of the Future: The Causes, Results and Lessons of World War Two (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency, 1985), 23.
77. The Ukrainians in Poland in 1931 made up almost 14 percent of the population. Paul Robert Magocsi, Historical Atlas of East Central Europe (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998), 131; Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 2d ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994), 457; Höhne, Canaris, 357–359.
78. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 234–235, 244; Louis L. Snyder, ed., Hitler’s Third Reich: A Documentary History (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981), 329; Hans Umbreit, “Stages in the Territorial ‘New Order’ in Europe,” in Bernhard R. Kroener, Rolf-Dieter Müller, and Hans Umbreit, eds., Germany and the Second World War, vol. 5, Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power, part 1, Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941, trans. John Brownjohn, Patricia Crampton, Ewald Osers, and Louise Willmot (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 41.
79. Umbreit, “Stages,” 44; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 235–236, 244; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, vol. 1 (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 188–189; Richard C. Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 3–5.
80. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 240–241.
81. According to The Black Book of Polish Jewry, the population swelled to 72,000 because of an influx of Jewish refugees from Germany, the former Czechoslovakia, and the war. Jacob Apenszlak, Jacob Kenner, Dr. Isaac Lewin, and Dr. Moses Polakiewicz, The Black Book of Polish Jewry: An Account of the Martyrdom of Polish Jews Under the Nazi Occupation (New York: The American Federation for Polish Jews, 1943), 77; Umbreit, “Stages in the Territorial ‘New Order’ in Europe,” 42 n. 68, 43–44; Omar Bartov, “Preface,” Hamburg Institute for Social Research, ed., The German Army and Genocide: Crimes Against War Prisoners, Jews, and Other Civilians, 1939–1945 (New York: The New Press, 1999), 12–13. This volume was prepared to accompany the controversial exhibit by the same title. Because of errors found in some of the photographs in the German exhibit, it has yet to appear in the United States. It should also be noted that the English language exhibit book is very different from that of the German edition, Hamburger Institut für Sozial-forschung (Hg.), ed., Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 1996). The German edition does not cover the years from 1939–1940 and does not contain the lengthy opening comments by Michael Geyer and Omar Bartov; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 236; Kershaw’s figures differ considerably from those of Richard Lukas, who stated that the Poles lost 200,000 men and had 420,000 captured. The Germans, he claimed, lost 45,000 men. See his Forgotten Holocaust, 2.
82. Höhne, Canaris, 364–365; Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 243; Woyrsch’s group was composed of regular policemen. Umbreit, “Stages,” 44.
83. Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945, 245–246.
84. Ibid., 238; see, for example, Britain’s warning and ultimatum messages to the Germans in the early days of the war, “Viscount Halifax to Sir. N. [eville] Henderson (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 1, 1939, No. 109, “Viscount Halifax to Sir N. Hendersonb (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 1, 1939, No. 110, “Viscount Halifax to Sir. N. Hen-derson (Berlin),” Foreign Office, September 3, 1939, No. 118, “Memorandum Handed to Sir N. Henderson at 11:20 a.m. on September 3, 1939, by Herr von Ribbentrop,” No. 119, in Documents Concerning German-Polish Relations and the Outbreak of Hostilities between Great Britain and Germany on September 3, 1939 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1939), 168, 175–178; Donald Cameron Watt provides an excellent, detailed overview of these developments in the early days of the war in chapters 28, 30, and 31 in his How War Came, 530–550, 568–604; Geoffrey Roberts, The Unholy Alliance: Stalin’s Pact with Hitler (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 156–159.
