Oskar Schindler, page 92
35. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 100–107; Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, So-bibór, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 72–73, 126–127, 387–389. Arad says that the Germans deported only 5,000 Kraków Jews in June 1942. However, he erroneously lists their deportation dates as June 1–6.
36. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 117–125.
37. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” BA(K), 2; There were two Lesers and five Reichs listed on the fall 1944 and spring 1945 “Schindler’s Lists.” Jakob Leser was a thirty-one-year-old engine fitter and the twenty-eight-year-old Szulim Leser was listed as a mechanic’s apprentice. There were two Kalman Reichs on the lists (ages thirty-three and thirty), one a metal worker, and the other a mechanic. Jerzy Reich was an eighteen-year-old machine mechanic; the fifty-year-old Emil Reich was listed as a metal press operator. The thirty-one- year-old Mendel Reich was listed initially as a mechanic’s apprentice, but this was scratched out and changed to building contractor on the 1944 list. “Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen-Arbeitslager Brünnlitz: Namenliste der männlichen Häftlinge,” October 21, 1944, Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu, KL Gross-Rosen Zugangs a. Häftlingslisten, ss. 80–92, Sygn., D-Gr-3/1, Nr. 150003, 80–92; “KL Groß-Rosen-AL Brünnlitz/Häftl.-Liste (Männer),” April 18, 1945. Bundesarchiv (Koblenz), Nachlaß Oskar Schindler, 1908–1974, Bestand 1493, No. 1, Band 12, 1–14.
38. Leon Leyson, interview by the author, Anaheim, California, March 29, 2000.
39. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 135.
40. Ibid., 199–200.
41. Ibid., 139.
42. Yehuda Bauer and Robert Rozett, “Estimated Jewish Losses in the Holocaust,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Israel Gutman, ed. vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 1799. The authors estimate that there were 3.3 million Jews in Poland on the eve of World War II and 3.02 million in the Soviet Union. They add that there were almost 9.8 million Jews in Europe at the time, with 5,860,000 murdered in the Holocaust; Arad, Belzec, Sobibór, Treblinka, 165; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews vol. 3 (New York: Holmes & Meier), 1985, 1219. Hilberg says that 5.1 million Jews died in the Holocaust, up to 2.7 million killed in the six death camps.
43. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 155–159; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 71–72.
44. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 159–160; Albert Speer, The Slave State: Heinrich Himmler’s Masterplan for SS Supremacy, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), 262–263; Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2, 527–528.
45. “Oskar Schindler Bericht,” BA(K), 1; Julius Madritsch, Menschen in Not! Meine Er-lebnisse in den Jahren 1940 bis 1944 als Unternehmer im damaligen Generalgouvernement (Vienna: V. Roth, 1962), 13.
46. Madritsch, Menschen, 13.
47. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 162.
48. Ibid., 154.
49. Ibid., 164–171.
50. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 173–179; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 73–76; Eugeniusz Duda, The Jews of Cracow, trans. Ewa Basiura (Kraków: Wydawnictwo “Hagada” and Argona-Jarden Jewish Bookshop, 2000), 66–67; Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, 387.
51. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 186, 188, 190–19. Pankiewicz erroe-nously lists Bełec as one of the five remaining ghettos; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 78–79.
52. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 200–206.
53. Arieh L. Bauminger, The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto (Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises, 1986), 37–43, 49–68; Richard C Lukas, Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944 (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1990), 76–77. The Soviet-sponsored Polish Workers Party was formed on January 5, 1942, by Polish communists. Two months later, they formed the People’s Guard (later the Armia Ludowa) as the vanguard of their partisan efforts.
54. Bauminger, Fighters, 72.
55. Ibid., 69–72.
56. Ibid., 69–77; Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa, 240. There is some disagreement on the date of the attack, which some Polish sources put on December 24, 1942.
57. Kiełkowski, ZlikwidowaN na Miejscu, 68.
58. Bauminger, Fighters, 73.
59. A third source claims the attack took place on December 23. Kielkowski, Zlikwid-owaN na Miejscu, 68; Wrovski, Kronika Okupowanego Krakowa, 240; Duda, The Jews of Cracow, 67; Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 183–184.
60. “Situations-Skizze” Emalia, BA(K), 1 page; “Verzeichnis jüdischer Arbeiter welche am 25.5.1943 an N.K.F., Deutsche Emaliwarenfabrik, Kistenfabrik und Chmielewski in Krakau überstellt wurden,” Zydowski Instytut Historyczny, Instytut Naukowo-Badawezy, Warsaw, 7–10.
61. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 2:526.
62. “Interview with Oskar Schindler,” November 18, 1964, Delbert Mann Papers, Vanderbilt University, 7-A, 9.
63. Robin O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler Within the Context of the Holocaust in German Occupied Poland and Czechoslovakia” (Master’s Thesis, University College, London, 1996), 64.
64. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 190.
65. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 139; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 190; Ur-bach, interview, July 15, 2002.
66. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 218.
67. Ibid., 219–223; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 82–83.
68. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 223–224; Proces Ludobójcy Amona Leopolda Goeth przed Najwyszym Trybunałem Narodowym, No. 35 (Kraków: Centralna ¢ydowska Komisja Historyczna przy Centralnym Komitecie ¢ydów w Polsce, 1947), 25. This is the official transcript of the trial of Amon Göth in Kraków.
69. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 224–230.
70. Ibid., 235–241; Elinor Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume, 1994), 306.
71. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 242–243.
72. Ibid., 244–245; O’Neil, “An Analysis of the Actions of Oskar Schindler,” 97–98; Murray Pantirer, interview by the author, Union, New Jersey, August 3, 1999; Urbach, interview, April 13, 1999.
73. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 246–248; Urbach, interview, April 13, 1999; Pantirer, interview, August 3, 1999.
74. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 123–125; Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books), 1971, 302–303.
75. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 125–126; The SS (New York: Time-Life Books, 1989), 95; Bieberstein, Zagłada ¢ydów w Krakowie, 173–174; Madritsch, Men-schen, 5. Madritsch said that Bousko was a sergeant major, not a lieutenant. Letter from Bozenna Rotman to David Crowe, August 18, 2002, 1 page; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 97, 117, 138–139; Mordecai Paldiel, The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust (Hoboken, N.J.: KTAV Publishing House, and The Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers/ADL, 1993), 5.
76. Madritsch, Menschen, 3, 13, 16–18. Madritsch’s memoir was used by Yad Vashem to investigate Bousko’s efforts saving Jews during the Holocaust.
77. Pankiewicz, Apteka w Getcie Krakowskim, 126–127.
78. Danuta Czech, Auschwitz Chronicle, 1939–1945: From the Archives of the Auschwitz Memorial and the German Federal Archives (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1990), 352, 354; Duda, The Jews of Cracow, 68.
79. French L. MacLean, The Field Men: The SS Officers Who Led the Einsatzkomman-dos—the Nazi Mobile Killings Squads (Atglen, Pa.: Schiffer Military History, 1999), 20, 42; Richard Rhodes, Masters of Death: The Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 258–262; Concentration Camp in Plaszow, 2. This publication was printed in Kraków though it has no listed author, date of publication, or publisher; Shmuel Spector, “Aktion 1005,” in Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990), 11–14; Hilberg, Destruction, 976–979; Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 449–450.
80. Douglas Brode, The Films of Steven Spielberg (New York: Kensington Publishing, 2000), 230–231.
81. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 50–51; Erika Rosenberg, ed., Ich, Emilie Schindler: Errinerungen einer Unbeugsamen (München: F.A. Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2001), 56; Keneally, Schindler’s List, 62–63; Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List, 37–42, 101.
82. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 126–130.
83. Ibid., 107–108; Palowski, The Making of Schindler’s List, 101.
84. Roma Logocka, The Girl in the Red Coat, trans. Margot Bettauer Dembo (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002), 1–292.
85. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 130–133; “Schindler’s Survivors,” New York Newsday, March 24, 1994, B49.
86. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 126–130.
87. Ibid., 130.
88. Dr. Moshe Bejski, “Notes on the Banquet in Honor of Oskar Schindler,” May 2, 1962, Tel Aviv, Israel, 27.
89. Kurt Grossmann, Die unbesungenen Helden: Menschen in Deutschlands dunklen Tagen (Frankfurt: Verlag Ullstein GmbH, 1961), 160.
90. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 15–16.
91. Keneally, Schindler’s List, 33.
92. “Georg Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” July 5, 1990, Yad Vashem Archives, M31/20, 152 (hereafter referred to as “Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” YVA M31/20); Keneally, Schindler’s List, 33.
93. Schindler, Light and Shadow, 15–16; Herbert Steinhouse, “The Real Oskar Schindler,” Saturday Night, April 1994, 43–44; Thomas Fensch, Oskar Schindler and His List: The Man, the Book, the Film, the Holocaust and Its Survivors (Forest Dale, Vt.: Paul S. Eriksson, Publisher, 1995), 13; “Pták to Radio Jerusalem,” YVA M31/20; “Svitavy,” in Shmuel Spector and Geoffrey Wigoder, eds., The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust, vol. 3 (New York: New York University Press, 2001), 1270.
94. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 562.
Chapter 6
1. “Monika Knauss geb. Göth to Der Spiegel,” Der Spiegel, no. 11 (March 14, 1983):12; Matthias Kessler, Ich muß doch meinen Vater lieben, oder? Die Lebensgeschichte von Monika Göth, Tochter des KZ-Kommandanten aus “Schindlers Liste” (Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn AG, 2002), 251–252.
2. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 5, 2002, 35.
3. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35–39; Kathryn Knight, “My Father Was the Nazi Officer Who Shot Jews for Fun,” London Daily Mail on Sunday, April 21, 2002, 30.
4. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35, 41–42; Louise Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” Jerusalem Report, September 9, 2002, 44.
5. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 103; Knight, “My Father,” 30.
6. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44; Knight, “My Father,” 30; Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 35.
7. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
8. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 142–144.
9. Ibid., 144–145; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
10. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 101–102; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
11. Knight, “My Father,” 30.
12. Ibid.
13. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieven, oder?, 165–168.
14. Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
15. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieber, oder?, 147–149; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
16. Jon Blair, interview, Sony Pictures Classics, February 8, 1996, http://www.sonypictures.com/classics/annefrank/misc/interview.html, 1.
17. Ruth Kalder, interview by Jon Blair, Schindler, Thames Television Production, 1983; Ruth Rosensweig, interview by the author, Boca Raton, Florida, March 20, 2000.
18. Ibid.
19. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 200–206.
20. Ibid., 22–24, 29–30; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
21. Kessler, Ich muß doch meiner Vater lieben, oder?, 10, 244–245; Potterton, “Daughter to the Devil,” 44.
22. Emilie Schindler, Where Light and Shadow Meet: A Memoir (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 59.
23. Tom Segev, Soldiers of Evil: The Commandants of the Nazi Concentration Camps, trans. Haim Watzman (New York: McGraw Hill, 1987), 151.
24. Heinz Höhne, The Order of the Death’s Head: The Story of Hitler’s SS, trans. Richard Barry (New York: Ballantine Books, 1971), 150–154.
25. “Lebenslauf of Amon Leopold Göth,” Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon- Leopold, SS-Nr. 43 673, Der Reichsführer-SS, SS-Personalhauptamt, BDC (Berlin Documentation Center) SS-Offiziere, Bundesarchiv (Berlin), 1 (hereafter referred to as “Lebenslauf of Amon Leopold Göth,” BA(B)). Future documents from Göth’s SS “Personal Akte” will be cited as “Personal-Akte,” PA Nr G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), preceded by the individual document title and page reference; Elinor J. Brecher, Schindler’s Legacy: True Stories of the List Survivors (New York: Plume/Penguin Books, 1994), 164.
26. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 151.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., 151–152; Bruce F. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis: A History of Austrian National Socialism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 36, 38–41.
30. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 24–25, 28–29, 32–33.
31. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 151–152; “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1.
32. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 76.
33. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 64–66, 74–75; Nazi Party Card, Bundesarchiv Zehlendorf, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1 page. Göth’s Party card lists his birth date as December 14, 1905. All other Nazi Party and SS files on Göth, though, list the correct date of his birth, December 11, 1908; Michael H. Kater, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders, 1919–1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983), 193, 262. The Nazi Party had almost 130,000 members in 1930 and close to 850,000 three years later. There were an estimated 8 million Party members at the end of World War II.
34. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1.
35. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.
36. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 27–28, 86, 161–162, 166–168, 171; Thomas H. Flaherty, The SS (Alexandria, Va.: Time Life Books, 1989), 29.
37. Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 66. Höhne says that an SS-Sturmführer was a captain, but technically an SS-Hauptsturmführer was a captain. See Christopher Ailsby’s SS: Roll of Infamy (Osceola, Wisc.: Motorbooks, 1997), 187, for a complete list of SS ranks and the British and American equivalents.
38. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; “Personal-Bericht of Amon Leopold Göth,” January 30, 1941, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1–2; “Di-enstleistungszeugnis for Oberscharführer Göth, Amon Leopold,” July 14, 1941, Personal Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon Leopold, BA(B), 1 page.
39. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.
40. Gottfried-Karl Kindermann, Hitler’s Defeat in Austria, 1933-1934: Europe’s First Containment of Nazi Expansionism, trans. Sonia Brough and David Taylor (Boulder: West-view Press, 1988), 10.
41. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 105–108.
42. Ibid., 109.
43. “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B) 2; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 109, 114.
44. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.
45. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 131–138, 142, 146; Kindermann, Hitler’s Defeat in Austria, 99–110; Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1889–1936 Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999), 522–523; “Lebenslauf of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 2.
46. “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1–2; Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 141–142, 144, 146.
47. “Amon Göth to the N.S.D.A.P. Refugee Relief Organization, Berlin,” July 16, 1937, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1–2.
48. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, 139–140; Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.
49. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152.
50. Ibid.; Höhne, Order of the Death’s Head, 176–177.
51. Segev, Soldiers of Evil, 152; “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 1; “Person-alangaben of Göth, Amon Leopold,” 26 July 1941, Personal-Akte, PA Nr. G 886, Göth, Amon-Leopold, BA(B), 1; “Ernennungsvorschlag für SS-Untersturmführer Amon Leopold Göth zum SS-Hauptsturmführer, Höerer SS-u.Polizeiführer Ost, Krakau to SS-Personal-hauptamt, Berlin,” July 23, 1943, 1. It is impossible to pinpoint exactly the date of birth of Göth’s daughter from his SS files, which list the month his sons were born and places only an asterik in the spot where a daughter’s date of birth would be listed; one source, Michael Miller, Jeff Chrisman, et al., Axis Biographical Research: An Apolitical Military History Site, http://www.geocities.com/~orion47/, states that Anny Göth gave birth to a daughter in July 1939, who died seven months later. It adds that she later bore two more children. Göth’s SS files state that he had only two sons, born in July 1939 and February 1940. This would mean possibly that Anny gave birth to twins in the summer of 1939.
52. “Personal Bericht of Amon Göth,” BA(B), 2.
53. Alfred C. Mierzejewski, The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 25, 33; Sybille Steinbacher, “In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Murder of the Jews of Upper East Silesia,” in Ulrich Herbert, ed., National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (New York: Berghan Books, 2000), 300 n. 31.
54. “SS-Sturmbannführer Otto Winter SS-Personalhauptamt,” October 10, 1941, SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” 2, Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police, RG 242 (National Archives Collection of Foreign Records Seized, 1941), National Archives of the United States II, College Park, Maryland; all records from this file will hereafter be referred to as “SS-File of Amon Leopold Göth,” Reich Leader SS Collection, RG 242, NA-US II.
