City of God (Penguin Classics), page 147
on the ‘Trinity’, 404;
on vision of God, 394
poets, ‘theological’ (Linus, Musaeus, Orpheus), 779 and n.
Porphyry, 285, 316; 400–24
passim, denies resurrected body, 1078f.;
exposes magic (letter to Anebo), 386–90;
on Christ, and the God of the Jews, 884–90;
on eternal life, 532;
on ‘theurgy’, 383–6;
rejects historical ‘cycles’, 500
Posidonius, on astrology, 181f., 185
power corrupts, 42f.
predestination, of elect, 591f., (see also Freedom, and God’s foreknowledge; God, his foreknowledge; God, his judgement inscrutable)
Priapus, 64, 152, 285
pride, the basic sin, 477, 571ff, passim.
prophecies of Christ and Church, in Apocrypha, 754, 810;
in Old Testament prophets, 754f., 795–810, 830f.;
in Psalms, 736–53;
in paganism, the Sibyls, 411, 788–91;
Virgil, 411
prophecies, portents, presages, in paganism, 79f., 99, 124, 164
Prophecy, contrasted with prediction, 425;
double reference, to Jerusalem and City of God, 714f.
Prosperity, corrupts, 42f.
Providence, and Roman Empire, 215–18;
and temporal blessings, 392f.;
and wars, 216f.;
brings good out of evil, 568f.;
governs all things, 196;
not thwarted by sin, 592f.
purification, Neoplatonic (Porphyry) contrasted with true, 403–6
Pythagoras, 235, 296, 299
Radagaisus the Goth, defeat of, 218
Re-incarnation, in Plato and Neoplatonists, 417ff.;531f.;1080f.
Resurrection, ‘first’and ‘second’, 903–6, 917f.
resurrection, of the body, abortions and infants, 1054f.;
cannibalism, 1062f.;
credibility of, 1062f.;
objections answered, 1054–63;
new and spiritual, 1064f.;
pagan ridicule of, 1052–4;
perfection of, 1058–62;
possibility of, 1026f., 1049–52;
sexual differences, 1057f;
size of, 1055f. (see also Christ, resurrection of)
Romans, moral qualities of, 196–201, 204f.;
example to Christians, 205–12
Rome, fall of, effect of, in East, 14
Romulus, 65, 67, 93;
deified, 106f.;
fratricide of, 600
Romulus and Remus, birth and rescue of, 787;
asylum of, 45
Sabbath, the eternal, 1087–91
Sabellians, 404
Sabines, Rape of, 66, 101f.
Sacrifice, 376–80, 399f.;
of Christ, 340f.
Sages, the Seven, 792f.
salvation, not for catholics, if unworthy, 998f., 1007–10;
not for all charitable sinners, 999f.;
not for heretics because of sacraments, 998;
not extended to devils, 1000ff.;
not universal through intercession of saints, 996ff.
Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal), 72
Saturn, 270;
rationalized,.276–9
Scaevola, C. Mucius, on three kinds of gods, 168f.
Scaevola, Q. Mucius, courage of
Scipio, Africanus, in Cicero, 60f., 72f., 86;
Roman ingratitude to, 121f.
Scipio, Nasica, and image of Cybele, 41;
opposes destruction of Carthage, 42, 68, 86;
opposes theatre, 43, 52
scriptures, allegories in Old Testament, 652f. (and see Ark; Noah, sons of; Abraham, sacrifices of);
authority of, 431;
interpretation, allegorical and historical, 534f.;
three-fold meaning of, 752ff.
‘select’gods, 255–61
Semiramis, 764n.
Seneca, criticizes ‘civil’ theology, 248–51;
on the Jews, 251f.;
St Paul and, 248
Septuagint, 314;
authority of, 821ff.;
discrepancies with Hebrew, perhaps inspired, 615, 640;
making of, 612, 615f., 819f.
Serapis, 53n., 767n.
Servile War, 127
Sibyls, 788n.
slavery, justice between master and slave, 875f.;
result of sin, 874f.
Social Wars, 126f.
society, dangers of, 858f.
Socrates, ‘demon’of, 318f.;
first moral philosopher, 301f.
‘sons of God’, mate with women, 636–40
soul, degrees of, 281;
immortal, but liable to ‘death’, 510
space, infinite, 434f.
stars, divinity of, 152, 416
Stoics, criticize Hedonism, 214f.;
epistemology of, 309;
ethics of, 548;
fire, in their doctrine, 306;
on destiny, 187, 190, 194;
on emotions, 346ff., 358ff.
sufferings, of Christians, 17–22, 39ff.;
of good and bad, 14ff, 896–9;
of mankind, due to first sin, 1065–8
suicide, philosophers on, 32n.;
unlawful for Christians, 26–39
Sulla, C. Cornelius, 69, 76, 79ff., 95
Summum Bonum, 309–11, 472f.;
Christian view of, 852–7;
debated by philosophers, 843–51;
doctrine of Old Academy, 849ff;
three main views, 847–49, Varro on permutations of belief, 844–7
Tellus, divinity, rationalized, 283f.
Testaments, Old and New, 177, 211, 293, 406, 687
theatre, corruption of, 41–4, 56–65, 81–5, 167–70, 247, 250, 287, 305, 317
Theodosius, Emperor, piety of, 221ff.;
miraculous victory of, 222
Thessalonica, massacre at, 223
time, compared with eternity, 486;
in relation to God, creation, and the soul, 432–6, 452, 489, 490ff.
Tree of Knowledge, meaning of, 578
Trinity, the Holy, 440f.;
angels’knowledge of, 464;
image of, in human nature, 459–63;
perhaps mystically indicated in creation, 456ff., 467
Trinity, in Neoplatonism, 403f., 414
Troy, fall of, 90–96
Twelve Tables, laws of, 57
Twins, prove falseness of astrology, 181–7
Varro, M. Terentius, polymath, Bks VI and VII, passim;93, 135;
a monotheist, 174–7, 262;
Cicero’s tribute to, 229f.;
division of his Antiquities, 230ff.;
distinguishes ‘mythical’, ‘natural’, and ‘civil’ theology, 234–43;
distinguishes religion from superstition, 244;
inconsistent in his theology, 275–90;
on functions of gods, 161f.;
on images, 146, 175;
on religious deception, 169, 174ff.
Vesta, 87, 117
Victory, goddess, 153;
altar of, 50n.
war, its miseries, 861f.;
God’s providence in, 216–18
will, power over body, 587f. (and see Freewill)
world, whether eternal, 483ff., 490f.
World-Soul (Stoic and Neoplatonic), 148, 152.175.261ff.;271, 280, 374 416, 528
worship, Christian, contrasted with pagan rites, 85
l. Material from my Charter of Christendom: the Significance of the City of God, the Saint Augustine Lecture, Villanova University, 1961, Macmillan, New York, 1961, has been incorporated here and is duly acknowledged.
2. Books 1-III were finished by 413; IV-V by 415; VI-X by 417; XI-XIV by 418 or 419; and XV-XXII by 427.
3. E. Barker, City of God, Everyman’s Library, 1945, p. xxii.
4. J. Feibleman, Religious Platonism, London, 1959, p. 172.
5. Political Aspects of Saint Augustine’s City of God, London, 1963.
6. Cf. my Charter of Christendom, p. 40ff.
7. Cf. p. 788 n. 67.
8. Cf. my The Creation of Man in De Genesi ad litteram, the Saint Augustine Lecture, Villanova University, 1977, Villanova University Press, 1980, chapter 1.
9. Cf. R. A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 64, 72f. This book gives an extended consideration of this and related questions and puts forward a number of original views.
10. On the question if there is a philosophy or theology of history in the City of God cf. my Charter of Christendom pp. 54S.
1. Marcellinus. An intimate disciple of St Augustine sent by the Emperor Honorius to preside over the counil summoned at Carthage to settle the dispute between Catholics and Donatists. Marcellinus was anxious to convert Volusianus, proconsul of Africa. Volusianus showed interest, but among his objections to Christianity was the charge that it had undermined the Roman Empire. Marcellinus wrote to ask for help from St Augustine (who had already corresponded with Volusianus) and this led eventually to the writing of The City of God (cf. Aug. Ep., 135–8).
2. cf. Hab. 2, 4; Rom. 1, 17; Gal. 3, 11; Hebr. 10, 38.
3. Ps. 94, 15.
4. cf. Ps. 118, 6.
5. Jas. 4, 6.
6. Virg., Aen., 6, 853.
7. The clemency of Alaric to those who took sanctuary in Christian shrines, and especially in the basilicas of St Peter and St Paul is attested by Orosius (7, 39) and Jerome (Ep. 27, 13).
8. St Augustine’s challenge was ill-judged. Pagans could quote the clemency of Alexander at Tyre (Arr., Anab., 7, 24) and of Agesilaus after Coronea (Plut, Ages., 19).
9. Virg., Aen., 2, 502.
10. Aen., 6, 166ff.
11. Ep., 1, 2, 69f.
12. Aen., 1,67f
13. Aen., 2, 319f.
14. Aen., 2, 203.
15. Virg., Aen., 2, 761ff.
16. Cato Uticensis killed himself after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.C.) and the suicide was applauded as an example of Stoic virtue. The description of war is in fact put into the mouth of Caesar in Sallust’s Catiline.
17. Cat., 51, 9.
18. Virg., Aen., 6, 853, quoted above in the Preface.
19. Sall., Cat., 9, 5.
20. Liv. 25, 24, 11. In 212 B.C.
21. Liv. 27, 15f. Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator captured Tarentum in 209 B.C.
22. Alarte entered Rome, 24 August A.D. 410; Aug began the City of God in AD. 413.
23. Ps. 89, 33f.
24, Matt. 5, 45.
25. Rom. 2, 4ff.: ‘the Apostle’ refers always to St Paul in the works of the early Fathers of the Church.
26. Col. 3, 18ff.
27. Ez. 33, 6.
28. Rom. 8, 28.
29. cf. Luke, 12, 21.
30. 1 Tim. 6, 6ff.
31. 1 Cor. 7, 31.
32. Job 1, 21.
33. 1 Tim. 6, 9.
34. 1 Tim. 6, 17ff.
35. Matt. 6, 19ff.
36. Bp. of Nola in Campania, A.D. 409–31.
37. Luke 16, 19ff.
38. Matt. 10, 28.
39. Luke 12, 4.
40. Ps. 79, 2f.
41. Ps. 115, 16.
42. Luc., Phars., 7, 819.
43. Tob. 2, 9; 12, 12.
44. Matt. 26, 10ff.
45. John 19, 38ff.
46. Gen. 49, 29; 50, 25.
47. Dan. 4.
48. Dan. 1, 6.
49. Jon. 2, 1.
50. Hdt., 1, 23; Ov., Fast., 2, 113.
51. M. Atilius Regulus commanded the Roman forces in Africa in the Hrst Punic War, in 256 B.C. When Carthage suggested peace talks he proposed intolerable terms; the war was renewed and Regulus was defeated and captured. After the Carthaginian defeat at Fanormus in 250 Regulus was sent with an embassy to Rome. He advised the senate to continue the war; then he returned to Carthage, to be tortured to death. (Livy, Epit., 16; Cic, De Off., 1, 13; Hor., Carm., 3, 5). Recent historians are sceptical about this hallowed tale.
52. Liv. 1, 58.
53. Virg., Aen., 6, 434ff.
54. Virg., Aen., 438f.
55. Exod. 20, 13.
56. Exod. 16.
57. Matt 22, 39.
58. 1 Cor. 15, 36.
59. Ps. 78,47.
60. Judg. 1l, 29ff.
61. Tudg. 16,28ff.
62. Suicide was much debated by pagan philosophers. Plato (Legg. 873c) and Aristotle (Eth. Nic., 3, 1116A) condemned it. The Cynics approved it unreservedly (Diog. Laert. 4, 3; 6, 18; 24 etc.) The Neo-platonists generally disapproved. (Plot, Enn., 1, 4, 7).
63. Cic., Tusc. Disp., 1, 34, 84 (The story of Cleombrotus).
64. Matt. 10, 23.
65. John 14, 2.
66. 1 Thess. 4, 5.
67. Plut., Cat., 65–70; Dio Cass., 10–13.
68. In the Latin War, 340 B.C. (Liv., 7,7).
69. Plut., Cat., 72; Caes., 54.
70. The most famous example of martyr suicide was St Pelagia, a girl of fifteen, who, with her mother and sisters, threw herself from her house to escape outrage. St Ambrose did not share Augustine’s view, and he praises Pelagia’s heroism (De Virg., 3, 7; Ep., 37).
71. 1 Cor. 2, 11.
72. Ecclus. 3, 26.
73. Rom. 11, 33.
74. Ps. 2, 11.
75. Rom. 12, 16.
76. cf. Wisd. 4, 11.
77. Ps. 42, 3.
78. Ps. 96, 4.
on vision of God, 394
poets, ‘theological’ (Linus, Musaeus, Orpheus), 779 and n.
Porphyry, 285, 316; 400–24
passim, denies resurrected body, 1078f.;
exposes magic (letter to Anebo), 386–90;
on Christ, and the God of the Jews, 884–90;
on eternal life, 532;
on ‘theurgy’, 383–6;
rejects historical ‘cycles’, 500
Posidonius, on astrology, 181f., 185
power corrupts, 42f.
predestination, of elect, 591f., (see also Freedom, and God’s foreknowledge; God, his foreknowledge; God, his judgement inscrutable)
Priapus, 64, 152, 285
pride, the basic sin, 477, 571ff, passim.
prophecies of Christ and Church, in Apocrypha, 754, 810;
in Old Testament prophets, 754f., 795–810, 830f.;
in Psalms, 736–53;
in paganism, the Sibyls, 411, 788–91;
Virgil, 411
prophecies, portents, presages, in paganism, 79f., 99, 124, 164
Prophecy, contrasted with prediction, 425;
double reference, to Jerusalem and City of God, 714f.
Prosperity, corrupts, 42f.
Providence, and Roman Empire, 215–18;
and temporal blessings, 392f.;
and wars, 216f.;
brings good out of evil, 568f.;
governs all things, 196;
not thwarted by sin, 592f.
purification, Neoplatonic (Porphyry) contrasted with true, 403–6
Pythagoras, 235, 296, 299
Radagaisus the Goth, defeat of, 218
Re-incarnation, in Plato and Neoplatonists, 417ff.;531f.;1080f.
Resurrection, ‘first’and ‘second’, 903–6, 917f.
resurrection, of the body, abortions and infants, 1054f.;
cannibalism, 1062f.;
credibility of, 1062f.;
objections answered, 1054–63;
new and spiritual, 1064f.;
pagan ridicule of, 1052–4;
perfection of, 1058–62;
possibility of, 1026f., 1049–52;
sexual differences, 1057f;
size of, 1055f. (see also Christ, resurrection of)
Romans, moral qualities of, 196–201, 204f.;
example to Christians, 205–12
Rome, fall of, effect of, in East, 14
Romulus, 65, 67, 93;
deified, 106f.;
fratricide of, 600
Romulus and Remus, birth and rescue of, 787;
asylum of, 45
Sabbath, the eternal, 1087–91
Sabellians, 404
Sabines, Rape of, 66, 101f.
Sacrifice, 376–80, 399f.;
of Christ, 340f.
Sages, the Seven, 792f.
salvation, not for catholics, if unworthy, 998f., 1007–10;
not for all charitable sinners, 999f.;
not for heretics because of sacraments, 998;
not extended to devils, 1000ff.;
not universal through intercession of saints, 996ff.
Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal), 72
Saturn, 270;
rationalized,.276–9
Scaevola, C. Mucius, on three kinds of gods, 168f.
Scaevola, Q. Mucius, courage of
Scipio, Africanus, in Cicero, 60f., 72f., 86;
Roman ingratitude to, 121f.
Scipio, Nasica, and image of Cybele, 41;
opposes destruction of Carthage, 42, 68, 86;
opposes theatre, 43, 52
scriptures, allegories in Old Testament, 652f. (and see Ark; Noah, sons of; Abraham, sacrifices of);
authority of, 431;
interpretation, allegorical and historical, 534f.;
three-fold meaning of, 752ff.
‘select’gods, 255–61
Semiramis, 764n.
Seneca, criticizes ‘civil’ theology, 248–51;
on the Jews, 251f.;
St Paul and, 248
Septuagint, 314;
authority of, 821ff.;
discrepancies with Hebrew, perhaps inspired, 615, 640;
making of, 612, 615f., 819f.
Serapis, 53n., 767n.
Servile War, 127
Sibyls, 788n.
slavery, justice between master and slave, 875f.;
result of sin, 874f.
Social Wars, 126f.
society, dangers of, 858f.
Socrates, ‘demon’of, 318f.;
first moral philosopher, 301f.
‘sons of God’, mate with women, 636–40
soul, degrees of, 281;
immortal, but liable to ‘death’, 510
space, infinite, 434f.
stars, divinity of, 152, 416
Stoics, criticize Hedonism, 214f.;
epistemology of, 309;
ethics of, 548;
fire, in their doctrine, 306;
on destiny, 187, 190, 194;
on emotions, 346ff., 358ff.
sufferings, of Christians, 17–22, 39ff.;
of good and bad, 14ff, 896–9;
of mankind, due to first sin, 1065–8
suicide, philosophers on, 32n.;
unlawful for Christians, 26–39
Sulla, C. Cornelius, 69, 76, 79ff., 95
Summum Bonum, 309–11, 472f.;
Christian view of, 852–7;
debated by philosophers, 843–51;
doctrine of Old Academy, 849ff;
three main views, 847–49, Varro on permutations of belief, 844–7
Tellus, divinity, rationalized, 283f.
Testaments, Old and New, 177, 211, 293, 406, 687
theatre, corruption of, 41–4, 56–65, 81–5, 167–70, 247, 250, 287, 305, 317
Theodosius, Emperor, piety of, 221ff.;
miraculous victory of, 222
Thessalonica, massacre at, 223
time, compared with eternity, 486;
in relation to God, creation, and the soul, 432–6, 452, 489, 490ff.
Tree of Knowledge, meaning of, 578
Trinity, the Holy, 440f.;
angels’knowledge of, 464;
image of, in human nature, 459–63;
perhaps mystically indicated in creation, 456ff., 467
Trinity, in Neoplatonism, 403f., 414
Troy, fall of, 90–96
Twelve Tables, laws of, 57
Twins, prove falseness of astrology, 181–7
Varro, M. Terentius, polymath, Bks VI and VII, passim;93, 135;
a monotheist, 174–7, 262;
Cicero’s tribute to, 229f.;
division of his Antiquities, 230ff.;
distinguishes ‘mythical’, ‘natural’, and ‘civil’ theology, 234–43;
distinguishes religion from superstition, 244;
inconsistent in his theology, 275–90;
on functions of gods, 161f.;
on images, 146, 175;
on religious deception, 169, 174ff.
Vesta, 87, 117
Victory, goddess, 153;
altar of, 50n.
war, its miseries, 861f.;
God’s providence in, 216–18
will, power over body, 587f. (and see Freewill)
world, whether eternal, 483ff., 490f.
World-Soul (Stoic and Neoplatonic), 148, 152.175.261ff.;271, 280, 374 416, 528
worship, Christian, contrasted with pagan rites, 85
l. Material from my Charter of Christendom: the Significance of the City of God, the Saint Augustine Lecture, Villanova University, 1961, Macmillan, New York, 1961, has been incorporated here and is duly acknowledged.
2. Books 1-III were finished by 413; IV-V by 415; VI-X by 417; XI-XIV by 418 or 419; and XV-XXII by 427.
3. E. Barker, City of God, Everyman’s Library, 1945, p. xxii.
4. J. Feibleman, Religious Platonism, London, 1959, p. 172.
5. Political Aspects of Saint Augustine’s City of God, London, 1963.
6. Cf. my Charter of Christendom, p. 40ff.
7. Cf. p. 788 n. 67.
8. Cf. my The Creation of Man in De Genesi ad litteram, the Saint Augustine Lecture, Villanova University, 1977, Villanova University Press, 1980, chapter 1.
9. Cf. R. A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 64, 72f. This book gives an extended consideration of this and related questions and puts forward a number of original views.
10. On the question if there is a philosophy or theology of history in the City of God cf. my Charter of Christendom pp. 54S.
1. Marcellinus. An intimate disciple of St Augustine sent by the Emperor Honorius to preside over the counil summoned at Carthage to settle the dispute between Catholics and Donatists. Marcellinus was anxious to convert Volusianus, proconsul of Africa. Volusianus showed interest, but among his objections to Christianity was the charge that it had undermined the Roman Empire. Marcellinus wrote to ask for help from St Augustine (who had already corresponded with Volusianus) and this led eventually to the writing of The City of God (cf. Aug. Ep., 135–8).
2. cf. Hab. 2, 4; Rom. 1, 17; Gal. 3, 11; Hebr. 10, 38.
3. Ps. 94, 15.
4. cf. Ps. 118, 6.
5. Jas. 4, 6.
6. Virg., Aen., 6, 853.
7. The clemency of Alaric to those who took sanctuary in Christian shrines, and especially in the basilicas of St Peter and St Paul is attested by Orosius (7, 39) and Jerome (Ep. 27, 13).
8. St Augustine’s challenge was ill-judged. Pagans could quote the clemency of Alexander at Tyre (Arr., Anab., 7, 24) and of Agesilaus after Coronea (Plut, Ages., 19).
9. Virg., Aen., 2, 502.
10. Aen., 6, 166ff.
11. Ep., 1, 2, 69f.
12. Aen., 1,67f
13. Aen., 2, 319f.
14. Aen., 2, 203.
15. Virg., Aen., 2, 761ff.
16. Cato Uticensis killed himself after the battle of Thapsus (46 B.C.) and the suicide was applauded as an example of Stoic virtue. The description of war is in fact put into the mouth of Caesar in Sallust’s Catiline.
17. Cat., 51, 9.
18. Virg., Aen., 6, 853, quoted above in the Preface.
19. Sall., Cat., 9, 5.
20. Liv. 25, 24, 11. In 212 B.C.
21. Liv. 27, 15f. Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator captured Tarentum in 209 B.C.
22. Alarte entered Rome, 24 August A.D. 410; Aug began the City of God in AD. 413.
23. Ps. 89, 33f.
24, Matt. 5, 45.
25. Rom. 2, 4ff.: ‘the Apostle’ refers always to St Paul in the works of the early Fathers of the Church.
26. Col. 3, 18ff.
27. Ez. 33, 6.
28. Rom. 8, 28.
29. cf. Luke, 12, 21.
30. 1 Tim. 6, 6ff.
31. 1 Cor. 7, 31.
32. Job 1, 21.
33. 1 Tim. 6, 9.
34. 1 Tim. 6, 17ff.
35. Matt. 6, 19ff.
36. Bp. of Nola in Campania, A.D. 409–31.
37. Luke 16, 19ff.
38. Matt. 10, 28.
39. Luke 12, 4.
40. Ps. 79, 2f.
41. Ps. 115, 16.
42. Luc., Phars., 7, 819.
43. Tob. 2, 9; 12, 12.
44. Matt. 26, 10ff.
45. John 19, 38ff.
46. Gen. 49, 29; 50, 25.
47. Dan. 4.
48. Dan. 1, 6.
49. Jon. 2, 1.
50. Hdt., 1, 23; Ov., Fast., 2, 113.
51. M. Atilius Regulus commanded the Roman forces in Africa in the Hrst Punic War, in 256 B.C. When Carthage suggested peace talks he proposed intolerable terms; the war was renewed and Regulus was defeated and captured. After the Carthaginian defeat at Fanormus in 250 Regulus was sent with an embassy to Rome. He advised the senate to continue the war; then he returned to Carthage, to be tortured to death. (Livy, Epit., 16; Cic, De Off., 1, 13; Hor., Carm., 3, 5). Recent historians are sceptical about this hallowed tale.
52. Liv. 1, 58.
53. Virg., Aen., 6, 434ff.
54. Virg., Aen., 438f.
55. Exod. 20, 13.
56. Exod. 16.
57. Matt 22, 39.
58. 1 Cor. 15, 36.
59. Ps. 78,47.
60. Judg. 1l, 29ff.
61. Tudg. 16,28ff.
62. Suicide was much debated by pagan philosophers. Plato (Legg. 873c) and Aristotle (Eth. Nic., 3, 1116A) condemned it. The Cynics approved it unreservedly (Diog. Laert. 4, 3; 6, 18; 24 etc.) The Neo-platonists generally disapproved. (Plot, Enn., 1, 4, 7).
63. Cic., Tusc. Disp., 1, 34, 84 (The story of Cleombrotus).
64. Matt. 10, 23.
65. John 14, 2.
66. 1 Thess. 4, 5.
67. Plut., Cat., 65–70; Dio Cass., 10–13.
68. In the Latin War, 340 B.C. (Liv., 7,7).
69. Plut., Cat., 72; Caes., 54.
70. The most famous example of martyr suicide was St Pelagia, a girl of fifteen, who, with her mother and sisters, threw herself from her house to escape outrage. St Ambrose did not share Augustine’s view, and he praises Pelagia’s heroism (De Virg., 3, 7; Ep., 37).
71. 1 Cor. 2, 11.
72. Ecclus. 3, 26.
73. Rom. 11, 33.
74. Ps. 2, 11.
75. Rom. 12, 16.
76. cf. Wisd. 4, 11.
77. Ps. 42, 3.
78. Ps. 96, 4.
