Determined, page 59
Nauta, Walle, 102n
Nazi Germany, 199n, 214n, 246, 305, 320, 337, 477n
Dutch Hunger Winter and, 68n, 323
Holocaust and, 267, 338n, 348, 383
Nuremberg trials and, 246, 305, 335
nefarious neurosurgeon parable, 390, 391
nervous system, 36, 114, 159, 166n, 191, 221, 223n, 228, 233, 236, 286, 287, 293, 299, 302, 303, 315, 408, 427
neuromodulation, 423–24
neurons, 3, 14–15, 45, 63, 82, 88, 89, 93, 118, 159, 160n, 164n, 166, 189, 247, 292, 293, 315, 408–15, 409, 462n
action potentials in, 14, 53n, 105, 200, 220, 222–26, 302–3, 307, 411–15, 417, 418, 420, 421, 424, 425, 427, 430
in Aplysia, 270
in eye blinks, 279–83
axons of, 57, 167, 181, 186, 187n, 206, 219, 220, 222–26, 409, 410–17, 418, 419–21, 423–24, 423, 429, 430
myelin wrapping around, 60, 63, 326n, 415, 430
schizophrenia and, 326
birth and death of, 57
chaoticism and, 145n
circuits of, 423–30, 424, 425, 426, 427, 460n
change in, 293–99, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298
pain and, 427–28
and sharpening signals over time and space, 424–27
clusters formed by, 180–82, 180
conditioned responses and, 287, 290
contrasts and, 302
in cortex, 166–68, 167
dendrites of, 57, 111, 113, 159, 168n, 171–77, 172, 181, 219, 220, 409–20, 409, 418, 423–24, 423, 424, 426n, 427
schizophrenia and, 326
determinism and, 192, 193
EEG monitoring of, 20–22, 27, 28, 39, 247–48
emergence and, 180–82, 180, 189–90, 190, 192, 193, 200
epileptic seizures and, 303, 307, 308
eye blinks and, 279–85, 280, 281, 282
fMRI and, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31
free will and, 192, 193, 201, 218–19, 237
glial cells and, 326n, 408, 415
grown in petri dishes, 189–90, 190
growth cones of, 166, 168n
microtubules of, 218–20, 389n
mirror, 99n
motor (MNs), 198, 270–72, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 286
pattern separation and, 57–58n
Pavlovian conditioning and, 283
PFC, energy consumed by, 105–6
power-law relationships and, 186–87
quantum effects and, 218
readiness potential of, 22, 25, 28–35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 247–48
refractory period in, 302–3
resting potential of, 410–13, 419, 424
schizophrenia and, 326, 327
sensory (SNs), 270–72, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274–77, 274, 275, 276, 277, 283, 286
spontaneity in, 222–28
stress sensitivity in, 285
synctitium and, 415–16
synapses of, 57, 58, 60, 61, 113, 114, 120, 168n, 186, 220–24, 226, 237, 415–23
in Aplysia, 274, 276, 278, 283
conditioning and, 283, 290
vesicles of, 222–26, 417, 421
von Economo, 61–62n, 99n
neuropharmacology, 421–22
neuroplasticity, 57–60, 111
neuroscience, 31, 45, 46, 407–30
consciousness and, 32
free will and, 8, 12–13, 20–36, 38–41
neurosurgery for epilepsy, 24, 25
neurotransmitters, 9, 61, 69, 93, 114, 115, 118, 219, 222–26, 236, 417–19, 418
acetylcholine, 110, 420, 422
in Aplysia, 274–77
dopamine, 54, 72, 73, 75, 101n, 108, 110, 113, 115, 122, 315, 324, 397, 420, 421, 442n
DRD4 gene and, 76n
Parkinson’s disease and, 108n, 328n, 422
punishment and, 371
schizophrenia and, 324, 326–28, 335n
excitatory, 419, 420, 423, 424
GABA, 420, 424
glutamate, 113–14, 199, 218, 220, 221, 223, 420
inhibitory, 419, 420, 424
norepinephrine, 110, 122, 420, 421
precursors and synthesis of, 420–21
serotonin, 72, 73, 110, 118–19, 122, 198, 420, 422
types of, 419–21
New Age thinking, 99n, 209–10, 214–17, 317
New Kind of Science, A (Wolfram), 142n
Newton, Isaac, 208, 210
New Yorker, 212n
New York Times, 217, 357
Ngetich, Hyvon, 91
Nichols, Tom, 485n
9/11 terrorist attacks, 385, 486n
Noble, Denis, 469n
Noble, Raymond, 469n
nonlinearity, 131–32, 144, 154
nonlocality, 211–13
Norenzayan, Ara, 252, 364
norepinephrine, 110, 122, 420, 421
Norway, 354, 379–82
nucleus accumbens, 54, 108, 371
Nuremberg trials, 246, 305, 335
O
obedience, 267
obesity, 393–96
Okinawa, Battle of, 91
Oklahoma!, 243
Oklahoma City bombing, 373–74
“On Exactitude in Science” (Borges), 133n
ontology, 148
Oprah, 334
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 49, 110, 113, 116
overdetermination, 151
Owen, Eleanor, 329–31, 335, 337
Owensboro, Ky., 355–58
oxytocin, 54–55, 73, 109, 110, 122, 287, 363, 439n
P
pain, 34n, 392
two types of, 427–28
parental socioeconomic status, 64, 115–16
parenting, 55, 63–64, 73, 439n
mothering, 9, 56
autism and, 336, 337
“refrigerator,” 336, 337
schizophrenia and, 319–23, 327–29, 331, 333–35, 337, 383
Parents of Adult Schizophrenics, 330
Pareto distribution, 184
Parkinson’s disease, 108n, 328n, 422
parole decisions, 51, 106–9
particle/wave duality, 208–11, 221
pastoralists, 77–78
pattern generation, 134–43, 134–42, 176n
pattern separation, 57–58n
Patton, George, 338
Pavlovian conditioning, 283
pedophilia, 92
peer pressure, 119–10
peer socialization, 64
Pennycook, Gordon, 215n
Penrose, Roger, 218–19
Pereboom, Derk, 6n, 80n, 242, 349, 351
perfect pitch, 92
pesticides, 351
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), 374
Peter, Laurence, 321n
phenobarbital, 198
pheromones, 162
Phil Donahue Show, The, 333, 334
phlegm, 304, 305, 309
photons, 199, 209, 213
photosynthesis, 217
physics
classical, 221
quantum, 238
indeterminacy in, see quantum indeterminacy
New Age interpretations of, 209–10, 214–17
piano, playing, 157n
picking versus choosing, 28
pictures, eye movements in looking at, 75, 200n
“Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote” (Borges), 234n
pink noise, 462n
PKA, 277, 278, 283, 284, 287, 290, 293
Planck, Max, 335
Pliny the Elder, 303
Pockett, Susan, 30
police, 245, 362, 363
political stances, 259
postmodernism, 394n
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 58, 338–39
Pound, Ezra, 332
poverty, 261, 341, 401
in childhood, 7, 73, 335n
power-law distributions, 184–87
praise, 5, 93, 117, 390–91
precrime apprehension, 352–53
predictability and unpredictability, 147–50, 152, 154, 192, 202, 203, 241, 388
in chaotic systems, 129–34, 193
determinism and, 148–51, 154, 160, 193, 196, 205
in emergent systems, 157–58
preemptive constraint, 352–53
prefrontal cortex (PFC), 23–24, 49, 94–124, 248
adolescence and, 113–14
amygdala and, 96–99, 100, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 118–19
atrophy of, 111
blue light/red light task and, 95, 105, 106
changes in functioning of, 95
cheating and, 98–99
childhood and, 114–17, 123
cognition and, 95–96, 100–103, 114, 121
culture and, 120–22
damage to, 95, 99, 101–3, 111–12
and doing the right thing when it’s the harder thing to do, 94–95, 101, 113, 114, 241, 315
dorsolateral (dlPFC), 101–3, 107, 109–11, 115, 117, 119, 121, 227
emotion and, 96, 100–103, 100n, 102, 109–10, 115, 121
energy consumed by neurons in, 105–6
genes and, 118–20, 123
grit and, 104, 109, 115, 123–24
hormones and, 109–11
hunger and, 106–7, 109
limbic system and, 96, 100–102, 108, 110
lying and, 103
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in, 49, 110, 113, 116
social, 96–99
temptation and, 95, 98, 101, 103, 106, 108, 123
ventromedial (vmPFC), 102–3, 109–11, 113–15, 121–24, 371
von Economo neurons in, 99n
pregnancy
maternal stress during, 68, 117, 456n
see also fetal environment
Pregnolato, Massimo, 222
premeditation, 37–38, 86
prenatal environment, see fetal environment
primates, 6, 62, 64, 73, 96, 96n
brains of, 159
chimpanzees, 242, 359, 361, 369–70
monkeys, 52, 96, 242n
baboons, 7, 62, 90, 96n, 359, 436n, 437n
image preferences of, 370n
typing by, 233–34n
sense of agency in, 242n
priority, in illusion of agency, 26
Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), 362
prisons, 112, 343, 352, 354–55, 359, 376n, 378
prosociality, 51, 252, 363
in atheists versus religious people, 254–63
charitability, 51, 54, 55, 256–60, 261n, 262
evolution of, 359–60
oxytocin and, 54–55, 363
testosterone and, 54n
proteins, 69, 186, 191, 199, 224, 236, 420n
genes and, 69–73, 80, 118, 123, 176, 207, 240
