Determined, page 55
prejudice against, 253–54
prosocial behaviors in, 254–63
running amok by, 253–56, 259, 262
society composed of, 260–62
Athenaeus of Naucratis, 304
Atlantic, 387
Atmanspacher, Harald, 148
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 105n
autism, 336–38, 398, 399, 462n
mothers blamed for, 336, 337
Autism Society of America, 337
Axelrod, Robert, 362
axons, 57, 167, 181, 186, 187n, 206, 219, 220, 222–26, 409, 410–17, 418, 419–21, 423–24, 423, 429, 430
myelin wrapping around, 60, 63, 326n, 415, 430
schizophrenia and, 326
B
baboons, 7, 62, 90, 96n, 359, 436n, 437n
Bacon number, 185
bacteria, 213
in gut, 59
Bandes, Susan, 378
Barabási, Albert-László, 184
Barr, William, 378–80
basal ganglia, 45, 53n, 56
Bateson, Gregory, 322, 335
Batitsky, Vadim, 149
Baumeister, Roy, 10–11
Baumrind, Diana, 63
BDNF, 111, 114
Beatles, 385
Beautiful Mind, A, 334
beauty, and goodness, 49–50, 399
Bedau, Mark, 197–98
Beddoes, Thomas, 307, 312
Beecher, Henry Ward, 266n
bees, 158, 160–61, 163n, 165, 166
Behave (Sapolsky), 3n
behavior, 3–5
proximal versus distal explanations of, 41n, 365
Bell, John Stewart, 212
Best, Pete, 385, 386
Bethea, Rainey, 355–58
Bettelheim, Bruno, 337–38
bifurcating structures, 169–79, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
binding effect, 249
biodiversity, 79n
bipolar disorder, 398
Bishop, Robert, 132n, 392
Black Plague, 341, 350
blame, 5, 6, 93, 117, 246, 376, 400
of self, 397, 398
see also moral responsibility
blue light/red light task, 95, 105, 106
Blumenstein, Abigail, 313
Bogues, Muggsy, 91
Bohr, Niels, 211
borderline personality disorder, 398
Borges, Jorge Luis, 133n, 234n
Boston Marathon bombing, 485n
botanists, 436n
Bradbury, Ray, 133n
Brady, James, 319
brain, 73, 80, 198, 240, 407
in adolescence, 4–5, 60–62, 113–14, 119, 326
amygdala in, 45, 49, 52–54, 56, 58, 65, 70, 78n, 111, 112, 116n, 117, 199, 227, 335n, 371
conditioned responses in, 286–90
epilepsy and, 309
PFC and, 96–99, 100, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 118–19
anterior cingulate cortex in, 34n, 121
basal ganglia in, 45, 53n, 56
“brain-ness” of, 187
cerebellum in, 284n, 430
cortex in, 101, 166–68, 167, 189, 325–26, 430
criticality in, 462n
damage to, 23–24, 111–12, 242
criminal behavior and, 99, 112
epilepsy and, 308, 309
Gage and, 13, 23, 111
in PFC, 95, 99, 101–3, 111–12
seizures following, 303
default mode network in, 227–28
development and maturation of, 4, 15, 60–62, 113n, 119, 166, 326, 443n
EEGs of, 20–22, 27, 28, 39, 247–48
emergent complexity in, 189–91
fetal, 4, 15, 60, 117, 189, 415
fMRIs of, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31
frontal cortex in, 13, 23, 24, 34n, 35, 45, 50, 53, 56, 60–62, 64–66, 94, 118, 241, 242, 315, 397, 403
schizophrenia and, 326, 335n
fusiform face area in, 97n
gray matter and white matter in, 326n, 430
hippocampus in, 24, 58–59, 65, 111, 199, 220, 223, 326n, 335n, 430
hypothalamus in, 394, 397, 430
insula (insular cortex) in, 48–51, 97, 121, 371
limbic system in, 96, 100–102, 108, 110
mind and, 11, 196–97
motor cortex in, 26, 58, 96, 100, 105, 247–48
neurons in, see neurons
nucleus accumbens in, 54, 108, 371
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in, 49, 110, 113, 116
organization of, 429–30
plasticity of, 57–60, 111
power-law relationships in, 186–87
prefrontal cortex in, see prefrontal cortex
primate, 159
punishment and, 371–72
schizophrenia and, 323–27, 333, 334, 335n
sensory information and, 47–52
striatum in, 99
supplementary motor area (SMA) in, 22, 24, 25, 29, 30, 34, 38, 41, 41n, 45, 96
temporoparietal junction in, 121, 371
ventricles in, 325, 333, 334, 335n
visual cortex in, 167, 199–200
brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 111, 114
brain “organoids,” 189, 190n
Branch Davidians, 372
Breivik, Anders, 379–82, 381, 485n, 486n
bricks, building blocks, 154–55, 192, 196, 197, 198, 200–202, 241
Brothers, The (Gessen), 485n
Brown, Donald, 296, 477n
Brown, Robert, 205
Brownian motion, 205–8, 214n, 238, 462n
brown noise, 462n
Bruns, Dorothy, 313–14
bubbling-up problem, 217–22, 226, 228, 236, 238
bubonic plague, 341, 350
Buck v. Bell, 305
Buddhism, 263, 403n
Bundy, Ted, 366–69, 367, 368, 375
Bush, George W., 378, 486n
butterfly effect, 133–34, 142, 146
C
Cabaret, 383
Cahalan, Susannah, 318n
Cajal, Santiago, 408, 412, 416
calcium ion channels, 218, 221
cAMP, 277–78, 283, 284, 287, 290, 293
cannabis, 111
Cantor, Georg, 172
Cantor, James, 92
Cantor set, 169–71, 169
Capecchi, Mario, 91
capillaries, 171–74, 171
Caprara, Sergio, 148
cardiac arrest, 408n
cardiology, 145
Carroll, Sean, 197, 221n
Caruso, Gregg, 6n, 33, 87, 242, 351, 353, 354
Casablanca, 40
Casanova, Giacomo, 346n
Catch-22 (Heller), 255n
Catherine of Aragon, 386
Catherine of Siena, 295
cauliflower, Romanesco, 176n
causation, downward, 200–201, 235–37
cause and effect, 153, 155, 196
entities orphaned from, 196–97
Cave, Stephen, 387
cellular automata, 134–43, 134–42, 151, 157, 158, 196, 205
rule 22 in, 139–42, 149, 151, 457n
rule 90 in, 457n
cerebellum, 284n, 430
Chalmers, David, 197
change, 16, 250, 268–99, 301
amygdala and, 286–90
in Aplysia californica, 269–79, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 279, 283–84, 286–87, 290, 291, 299
eye blinks and, 279–87, 280, 281, 282, 290
in neuronal networks, 293–99, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298
chaoticism, 125–43, 144–46, 154, 193, 202, 241, 243, 392, 399
in butterfly effect, 133–34, 142, 146
cardiology and, 145
in cellular automata, 134–43, 134–42, 151, 157, 158, 196, 205
rule 22 in, 139–42, 149, 151, 457n
rule 90 in, 457n
convergence in, 143, 151–53
in Conway’s Game of Life, 142–43
determinism and, 147–53, 154
free will and, 127, 143, 144–53
neurons and, 145n
public interest in, 145–46
sensitive dependence on initial conditions in, 132, 134, 143, 144, 155, 196
strange attractors in, 132, 144, 146, 147
unpredictability in, 129–34, 193
Chaos Theory (Farmer), 146, 146
character, 241
charitability, 51, 54, 55, 256–60, 261n, 262
Charleston church shooting, 381
cheating
PFC and, 98–99
punishment for, 360–65, 372
chess, 155n
Chiang, Ted, 391
childhood, 4, 13, 15, 35, 59, 62–68, 74, 82
adversity in, 8, 80, 114, 242, 315, 454n
abuse, 66, 73, 114–17, 290
Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) score, 66–67, 66, 68, 116–17, 403
antisocial behavior and, 403
poverty, 7, 73, 335n
and stress in adulthood, 81, 285
developmental stages in, 63
education in, 67, 67
neighborhood and, 43, 64, 67, 116
parenting and, see parenting
PFC and, 114–17, 123
ridiculously lucky, 67, 117, 315
socioeconomic status and, 64, 115–16, 443n
chimpanzees, 242, 359, 361, 369–70
China, 68n, 76
Chinese immigrants, 122
chlorpromazine, 327
choosing versus picking, 28
Chopra, Deepak, 215
Christians, Christianity, 10n, 178n, 254, 263, 305–6, 341–42, 442n
circulatory system, 159, 171–74, 171, 174n, 176
Clancy, Kelly, 147
cognition
emotion and, 100–103
PFC and, 95–96, 100–103, 114, 121
cognitive load or reserve, depletion of, 50, 105–6, 449n
Cohen, Jeff, 381
collectivist versus individualistic cultures, 74–76, 121–22, 200n
Collins, Michael, 78
community, 257
compatibilism of determinism and free will, 10–14, 33, 33n, 35, 42, 92, 93, 193, 387
chaos theory and, 147, 148
criminal behavior and, 87
Libet-style experiments and, 27–29, 32
moral responsibility and, 38n
conditioning
amygdala and, 286–90
eye-blink, 279–87, 280, 281, 282, 290
Pavlovian, 283
conformity, social, 199–201
conscientiousness, 267
consciousness, 31–33, 434n
intent and, 32–34
