Disorder, page 48
on EU constitutional change 234
on EU expansion 95
EU Recovery Fund 159, 199
EU security 94
Eurozone and 260
Gilets Jaunes and 242–243
on monetary union 157–158
on NATO 1–2, 59–60, 92–93, 96
nuclear power 348n. 4
on Turkey 92–93, 96
Madison, James 188–189
Mahan, John Thayer 17
Maier, Charles 202
Major, John 121
Malta 157
Marshall Plan 38–39, 41, 103, 201, 204
May, Theresa 166–167
Mélenchon, Jean-Luc 233–234
Merkel, Angela AfD 1, 240
Brexit 156
Chinese investment 166–168
ECB 3, 102
energy change 277
EU Recovery Fund 159–160, 199
EU security 94
Eurozone crisis (2009–15) 152–153, 238
Eurozone and Macron 260
Fiscal Compact (2012) 151–152, 155, 238
Italian politics 101, 150–151, 269
on Macron 95
NATO 1–2, 95
Russian gas 80–82, 89–90, 95
Sarkozy, support for 241
Syrian refugees 63, 92
Turkey 63, 76, 91, 93
Mesopotamia, see Iraq
Mexico emigration to the USA 208–209
First World War 25
oil supply 18–19, 29–30, 58
Middle East American energy autonomy and 5–7, 85, 268
American military strategy and presence 15–17, 22, 31, 41–44, 53–57, 59–60, 70–72, 76–77, 82–85, 87, 212, 264–266, 268
Arab nationalism 41–42, 44
British military presence 7, 16, 19, 22–23, 29–30, 41–44, 47–50, 54, 57, 71, 295n. 94
Cold War 41–42
First World War 20, 22–23
gas production 16–17
Gulf War 70
NATO and 7, 16, 27, 54, 57, 59–60, 70, 73, 83, 85
oil production 16–17, 71–72; see also under Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia
oil supplier to China 59–60, 73–74, 78–79, 88–89, 274–275
oil supplier to Western Europe 7, 16–17, 19, 23–24, 29, 41, 44, 48–49, 60
oil supplier to the USA 23–24, 30–31, 55, 58–59, 70, 88, 90, 106
OPEC 48
Russian/Soviet relations and presence 35, 37–38, 42, 48–50, 54–56
Second World War 29–30
Suez crisis (1956) 43–45, 60
Yom Kippur war 53–54
Mitterand, François 113–114, 116, 217, 227
Mohammed bin Salman (MBS) 35–36, 87–88, 141
Mollet, Guy 45
Monti, Mario 101, 150, 243–244
Mosaddegh, Mohammad 42–43
Movimento 5 Stello (Five Star Movement) 102, 243–245
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick 249
Mussolini, Benito 29–30
Nabucco pipeline 67–68, 75–76, 81
Napolitano, Giorgio 101
Nasser, Gamal Abdel 41–44, 48–50
nationhood 176–182, 223 conscription and 179, 181, 207
economic 200–204, 219–221
NATO 1–2, 38–40 Arab Spring rebellion and (Libya; 2011) 83
Eastern Europe and 64–65, 75–76
EU and 39–40, 60, 64–67, 75–76, 81–83, 93–95
France and 45–46, 60, 65–66, 93–94
Gulf War and (1991) 70
Iraq War and (second; 2003–11) 73
Islamic State and (ISIS) 84–85
Middle East and 7, 16, 27, 54, 57, 59–60, 70, 73, 83, 85
Russian energy supply and 36, 47–48, 57–58, 60, 82
Suez crisis and (1956) 45
Turkey and 42
USA and 39–40, 47–48, 54
Vietnam War and 51
Yom Kippur War (1973) and 53–54
Navalny, Alexis 95
neoliberalism 107
Netherlands, the Constitutional Treaty referendum (2005) 232, 264
EC currency exchange rate 109
ERM and 118
New Hanseatic League 158
as tax haven 194
Western Union (1948) 38–39
New Hanseatic League 158–159
Newson, Gavin 258–259
NICE (non-inflationary consistently expansionary) period (1992–2005) 134, 136–137, 140, 264
Nixon, Richard 5 capital controls removed 105–106
dollar devalued 110, 115
energy independence 55, 213
‘imperial presidency’ 215–216
International Energy Agency (IEA) 54–55
removing the dollar from the gold standard 105–106, 110
Saudi Arabia and 50, 53, 106
Soviet Union and 52–53
Vietnam War 51–52
wage and price freeze 211
Nobel Brothers Petroleum Producing Company 18
Nord Stream pipelines 35–36, 74–75, 80–82, 89, 95, 264–265, 275, 289n. 79
North Macedonia 95
Norway 109, 221
nuclear energy 47, 52, 275
Obama, Barack 2008 election 250
California rail project 277–278
China and 79, 125, 166–167
Iran and 85–86
Iraq War (second; 2003–11) 76–77
Islamic State (ISIS) 84–85
Libyan war 83
migrants and citizenship 255
oil production 252
Pivot to Asia 62, 77–78, 268
Russia and 62, 81
Saudi Arabia and 35, 87
shale oil and gas boom 80, 82–83
Syrian civil war 61, 83–85
Occupy movement 236–237, 254
oil 10 coal producing synthetic oil 28
coal replaced by 16–17, 40
consumption 2, 40, 129, 278–279
currencies and 41, 48–49
First World War and 20–21
navies and 19–20
pipelines 18, 41–44, 47–49, 52, 67–68, 73–74, 78–79, 252
political funding from oil industry 251–254
Second World War and 28–30
shale oil 34; see also under USA
Yom Kippur war and 53–54
oil prices falling: (1930s) 197–198; (1986) 58–59, 108, 116, 212; (2008) 136–137, 197–198; (2014) 34, 146; (2020) 36, 89, 90, 141;
inflation and 212, 276
OPEC and 48
regulation and control 35, 58, 107–108, 203–204, 212–214
rising: (1970s) 53, 58, 113, 212; (1981–4) 113; (2005–8) 2, 72, 129–30, 134, 136, 251–252, 264; (2011) 149; (2020–21) 169–170
oil production and supply 2, 41, 71–72, 74, 264; see also under Azerbaijan; Libya; Mexico; Middle East; OPEC; Russia; ; USA; Venezuela
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 34–35, 48–50, 53, 106
OPEC Plus 35, 87, 90, 276
Orbán, Viktor 157
Ottoman Empire, see Turkey
Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT), see under European Central Bank (ECB)
Pakistan: Baghdad Pact 41–42
China–Pakistan Economic Corridor 78–79
Cold War 41–42
pandemic financial crisis (2020) 158–159
Papademos, Lucas 152–153
Papandreou, George 152–153
Parti di Gauche 233–234, 241
Paulson, Hank 128
Pence, Mike 125–126
Persia, see Iran
Philby, Jack 23–24
Pocock, John 182–183
Podemos 237–238
Poland American gas and 80–81
American sanctions 57–58
coal and 40–41
euro and 157, 159–160
NATO membership 65–7
Russian gas pipelines 69, 74–75
Polybius 182–183
Pomeranz, Kenneth 16–17
Pompidou, Georges 108, 10109
populism 4–5, 190–191, 212, 253
Portugal 118–119, 148–149
Power of Siberia pipeline 78–79
Prodi, Romano 120, 229–230
Putin, Vladimir 35–36, 62, 73, 75, 78–79, 81–84, 89
al-Qaeda 71
quantative easing (QE) 2, 97–98, 141, 144–146, 153, 266–267, 270, 274
Rajoy, Mariano 150–151
Rassemblement National 241–242
Reagan, Ronald 56–59, 106–108, 115, 212, 214, 217–218
Red Line Agreement (1928) 23–24, 30
Renzi, Matteo 81, 244–245, 261
Rome, ancient 178–180, 183–185, 187, 218
Roosevelt, Franklin 27, 31, 37, 195–196 capital controls 201
democratic nation state and 175–176
Israel and 30–31
New Deal 8–9, 197–198
removing dollar from gold standard 27, 105, 195–196
Saudi Arabia and 30
US dollar as international currency 36–37
West Germany and 105
Roosevelt, Theodore 17, 191
Rostow, Walt 49
Royal, Ségolène 233
Rubio, Marco 254
Rudd, Kevin 308n. 8
Rumsfeld, Donald 73
Rusk, Dean 48–49
Russia (Soviet Union) Afghan war 56
American sanctions/embargos 40–41, 47–48, 57–58, 62, 81, 95
gas pipelines 35–36, 69, 74
gas production 35–36, 52, 69
gas supplier to China 73, 78–79
gas supplier to Europe 3–4, 36, 52, 57–58, 62–63, 67–69, 74–75, 81–82, 89–90, 95
gas supplier to Germany 31–32, 35–36, 51–52, 57–58, 60, 69, 74–75, 80–81, 89, 95, 264–265, 269, 275
German alliance 32–33
Middle East and 35, 37–38, 42, 48–50, 54–56
oil production 18–19, 34–35, 52, 59, 69, 73
oil supplier to Europe 18, 41, 43, 47–48, 50, 52, 54–55
oil supplier to France 30
oil supplier to Germany 31–32, 47
OPEC Plus 35
Second World War 32–33
Syrian civil war 61, 86
Ukraine conflict (2014) 62–63
Ukraine gas crisis (2006, 2009) 74–76
USA and 52–53
Salvini, Matteo 102, 225, 245, 261
Sanders, Bernie 78, 224–225, 249
San Remo Oil Agreement (1920) 23, 30
Sarkozy, Nicolas 150–153, 233–234, 241
Saudi Arabia 50, 55–56 China and 36
oil production and supply 23–24, 30, 34–36, 41, 49–50, 54, 58–59, 87
OPEC 48
Suez crisis (1956) 43–44
USA and 30–31, 35–36, 44, 53, 87–88, 106
Yom Kippur war 53
Schäuble, Wolfgang 152–154, 239
Schlesinger, James 56, 70, 145–146
Schmidt, Helmut 57–58, 110–113
Schröder, Gerhard 73–75, 264–265
Schularick, Moritz 133
Schumer, Chuck 127–128
Second World War 28–30
Securities Market Programme (SMP), see under European Central Bank (ECB)
Séguin, Philippe 227
Slovakia 157, 341n. 47
Slovenia 149, 157
Smil, Vaclav 17–18, 283n. 13
Snider, Jeffrey 316n. 10
Soleimani, General 88
South Stream pipeline 75–76, 81
Soviet Union, see Russia
Spain: borrowing from Northern European banks 131–132
Catalan nationalism 237–238
Eurozone crisis (2009–15) 149–51
15-M movement 237
monetary union 117–118
stagflation 136–137
Stalin, Josef 18–19, 32–33, 37, 42
Standard Oil 18–19, 23–24, 28, 30, 189, 191
Streseman, Gustav 28
Strong, Benjamin 25
Suez crisis (1956) 43–45, 60
Summers, Lawrence 133
Sweden 65, 121–122, 155, 158
Swiss National Bank 137–138
Switzerland, as tax haven 194
Synthetic Fuels Corporation 56, 58–59
Syria: civil war (2011– ) 34–35, 61, 83, 86, 267
Suez crisis (1956) 43–44
Syrian refugees 63
Tapline 41–44, 48–49
United Arab Union 44
Tamir, Dan 20
Tapline (Trans-Arabian pipeline) 41–44, 48–49
taxation 185, 194–195, 200, 217–218, 260
Tea Party movement 253–254
Thatcher, Margaret 106, 114–115, 120–121, 211
Tillerson, Rex 256–257
Tocqueville, Alexis de 180
Total 30
TotalEnergies 30
trade unions 203–204, 210–212
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) 78
transportation, electrification of 277
Trans-Siberian pipeline 57–58, 69
Trichet, Jean-Claude 101, 134, 136–137, 140, 149–151
Triffin, Robert 303n. 8
Truman, Harry 51–52 American military absence from Middle East 41–43
Cold War 37–38, 40–42
Israel 30–31
Marshall Plan 38, 103, 201
NATO 38–39, 42
Soviet oil embargo 40–41
Tapline 41–43
Trump, Donald 255–257 2020 election 259, 271
Amazon and 199
American oil politics and 256–257
China and 3, 62, 80, 89, 125–126, 163–164, 166
Covid-19 and 258–259, 271
Germany and 89–90
Hong Kong and 143
impeachment 1
Iran and 1–2, 15–16, 88
legitimacy of presidency 4, 259
oligarchical America and 224, 256
Russia and 61–62, 89
Saudi Arabia and 36, 87–88
Syrian civil war 1–2
Trans-Pacific Partnership 78
Turkey and 92–93
Tsipras, Alexis 153–154
Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Baghdad Pact 41–42
Cold War 41–42
debt 92–93
eastern Mediterranean gas 93
EU and 63, 68–69, 76, 91–93, 96–97, 283n. 11
First World War 5, 22–23
fossil fuel consumption 275–276
France and 92–93, 96, 267
gas piplines/energy hub 67–70, 76, 81–82, 93
Germany and 63, 68–69, 76, 91–93, 96, 205, 270
Gulf War (1991) 70
Iraq War (second; 2003–11) 73
Islamic State (ISIS) 84–85
Kurds and 57, 63, 71–72, 84–85
Libya and 93, 96
Middle Eastern oil and 4–5, 22, 285n. 16
on migrants 225, 249, 255–256
NATO and 42
Russia and 69–70
Syrian civil war 63
Syrian refugees 63, 267
USA and 37–38, 42
Turkish Petroleum Company 19, 23–24
TurkStream pipeline 81–82
Ukraine 268 EU and 67, 75–76
as gas transit hub 57–58, 69, 74–76, 81–82, 264–265, 275
NATO and 73, 75–76
Orange Revolution (2004–5) 67
Russian Black Sea fleet and 66–67
Ukraine crisis (2013–14) 62–63, 146–147
Ukraine gas crisis (2006, 2009) 74–76
United Arab Union 44
United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) 156
USA: 2020 election 259, 271
Arab–Israel war 48
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 42–43, 50
China and 1–4, 52, 62–64, 77–80, 89–91, 124–128, 133, 143, 248, 263, 268, 270–271
Civil War 178, 180–181, 184–185
Cold War 37–38, 41–42
conscription 51–52, 209
constitution 183–184
Covid-19 258–259
as creditor 21, 24–26
creditor–debtor politics 253–258
debt 104, 144–145, 168–169, 187–192, 266–267
Dawes Plan 26
economic nationhood and 198, 203
EEC and 46
elections and loser’s consent 249
employment, manufacturing 127
energy crisis (1970s) 212–214
energy security and independence 55–56, 58–59, 73–74, 82–83, 85, 88, 106, 212, 251–252
enfranchisement 184, 207
English as national language 180
as Eurasian power 17–18, 31
First World War 22, 24–25
gas imports 52–53
gas production 5–6, 31–32, 59–60; see also USA: shale oil/gas production
gas supplier to Europe 7, 36, 80–81, 90
gold reserves 21, 27
green energy 90–91, 271, 273–274
Gulf War (1991) 70
home ownership, racialized 247, 254
housing market crash (2007) 135–136, 254
inequality, wealth 218–219
inflation (1970s and 1980s) 211, 219–220
Interstate Oil Compact (1935) 197–198
Iran and 15–16, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59–60, 82–83, 85–86, 88, 212
Iraq War (second; 2003–11) 72–73, 76–77, 264
Islamic State (ISIS) 84–85
Middle East and 15–17, 22, 30–31, 41–44, 48–50, 53–54, 56–57, 71–72, 76–77, 82–85, 87, 212, 264–266, 268
migration 190–191, 193, 197, 208–209, 225, 248, 255
nationhood 178, 180–181, 187–191, 197, 207–209, 257–258
NATO 39–40, 47–48, 54
New Deal (1933–9) 197–198, 247
oil consumption 40
oil guarantee to Western Europe 36–50, 52
oil imports 5, 104–106; Middle East 23–24, 30, 52–53, 88, 212; Russia 54–55
oil industry funding politics 251–254
oil production 3, 5–7, 17–19, 23–24, 52, 58–59, 104–105, 197–198, 212, 251–253, 276
oil supplier to Europe 18, 20–21, 31–32, 41, 43, 48, 52
as oligarchy 224, 256
Omaha Platform (1892) 189–190
Russia/Soviet Union and 40–41; embargos/sanctions against (1949) 47–48; (1962) 52; (1981) 57–58; (2013) 62; (2017) 81; (2019) 95
Saudi Arabia and 30–31, 35–36, 44, 53, 87–88, 106
Second World War 207
shale oil/gas production 2–4, 6–7, 34–36, 55–56, 80–83, 85, 90, 139–140, 145–146, 169–170, 252, 268, 276
slavery 178, 184, 207, 259
Suez crisis (1956) 43–44
