Suez 1956, page 51
For sparing the time to be interviewed for their reminiscences I am indebted to Roy Fullick, Brian Henderson, Erich Reich, Roger Booth, Richard Freeborn, Captain Ronald Brooke, John Nutting QC and Hugo Meynell.
The mistakes, hopefully few and minor, are all mine.
Barry Turner
NOTES
Chapter 1
1. Donald Edgar, Express ‘56, John Clare Books, 1981, p. 157.
2. Ibid., pp. 157–8.
3. Second Lieutenant Peter Mayo, unpublished diary, Imperial War Museum; 92/40/1.
4. Edgar, Express ‘56, p. 158.
5. New York Times, 2 November i956.
6. Merry and Serve Bromberger, Secrets of Suez, Pan, 1957, p. 115.
7. Roy Fullick and Geoffrey Powell, Suez, the Double War, Leo Cooper, 1979, p. 131.
8. A. R. Ashton, Royal Marines; Imperial War Museum PP/MCR/358.
9. General Raful Eitan, A Soldier’s Story, Shapolsky Publishers, 1991, pp. 66–7.
10. Mayo diary.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
Chapter 2
1. Charles W. Hallberg, The Suez Canal, Its History and Diplomatic Importance, Columbia University Press, 1931, p. 62.
2. J. Christopher Herold, Bonaparte in Egypt, Hamish Hamilton, 1963, p. 1.
3. Ibid., pp. 61–2.
4. Nicholas the Turk. Quoted in ibid., p. 99.
5. Ibid., p. 100.
6. F. Charles Roux, Les origines de l’expédition d’Egypte, 191o.
7. Herold, Bonaparte in Egypt, pp. 1516.
8. D. A. Cameron, Egypt in the Nineteenth Century, Smith Elder & Co., 1898.
9. Ferdinand de Lesseps, Lettres, Journal et Documents 1865. Quoted in Charles Beatty, Ferdinand de Lesseps: A Biographical Study, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1956, p. 91.
10. Quoted in Beatty, Ferdinand de Lesseps, p. 112.
11. Clara Boyle, A Servant of the Empire: A Memoir of Harry Boyle, Methuen, 1938, p. 49.
12. H. M. Stanley, My Early Travels and Adventures in Africa and Asia, Low, 1895, p. 50.
13. Edward Dicey, The Egypt of the Future, Heinemann, 1907, p. 6.
14. Beatty, Ferdinand de Lesseps, p. 255.
15. Ibid., pp. 259–60.
16. Daily Telegraph, 26 August 1869.
17. Saturday Review, 13 November 1869.
18. Douglas Farnie, East and West of Suez; the Suez Canal in History 18541956, Clarendon Press, 1969, p. 83.
19. Dicey, The Egypt of the Future, p. 10.
20. Various news reports quoted in Farnie, East and West of Suez, p. 239.
21. Dicey, The Egypt of the Future, p. 21.
22. Earl of Cromer, Modern Egypt, Macmillan, 19o8, p. 351.
Chapter 3
1. Roger Owen, Lord Cromer, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 87.
2. Peter Mansfield, Britain in Egypt, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971, p. 176.
3. Owen, Lord Cromer, p. 245.
4. J. R. Seeley, The Expansion of England: Two Courses of Lectures, Macmillan, 1918, pp. 15–16.
5. J. A. Cramb, The Origins and Destiny of Imperial Britain, John Murray, 1915, p. 219.
6. J. A. Cramb, Germany and England, John Murray, 1915, p. 27.
7. Farnie, East and West of Suez, p. 388.
8. Rudyard Kipling, ‘The Exiles’ Line’, 1892.
9. Farnie, East and West of Suez, p. 392.
10. G. R. Parkin, Round the Empire, Cassell, 1892, p. 194.
11. The Times, 30 September 1893.
12. Owen, Lord Cromer, p. 246.
13. Andrew Roberts, Salisbury, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, p. 640.
14. The Times, 25 March 1890.
15. Roberts, Salisbury, p. 641.
16. Quoted in Owen, Lord Cromer.
17. Lord David Cecil, The Leisure of an Egyptian Official, Hodder & Stoughton, 1921, p. 25.
18. Sydney A. Moseley, With Kitchener in Cairo, Cassell, i9i7. Quoted in Gregory Blaxland, Objective Egypt, Muller, 1966, p. 117.
19. Boyle, A Servant of the Empire, p. 41.
20. New York Herald Tribune, 23 Dec. 1904.
Chapter 4
1. Elie Kedourie, Politics in the Middle East, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 76.
2. Hallberg, The Suez Canal, p. 343.
3. Brian Gardner, Allenby, Cassell, 1965, p. 160.
4. Elie Kedourie, England and the Middle East, Mansell Publishing, 1987, pp. 40–41
5. Hallberg, The Suez Canal, p. 352.
6. Egypt No. 1 (1921), Report of the Special Mission to Egypt (Cmd. 1131).
7. Ibid.
8. Gardner, Allenby, pp. 242–3.
9. John Charmley, Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987, p. 141.
10. Colin Forbes Adam, The Life of Lord Lloyd, Macmillan, 1948, pp. 1989.
11. E. W. Polson Newman, The Mediterranean and Its Problems, London, A. M. Philpot, 1927, p. 276.
12. Sir Frederick Maurice, Foreign Affairs, vol. v, London, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Oct. 1926, pp. 11112.
13. Kedourie, Politics in the Middle East, p. 182.
14. Howard Eeman, Clouds over the Sun, Robert Hale, 1981, p. 191.
Chapter 5
1. Jan Morris, Farewell the Trumpets, Faber, 1978, p. 439.
2. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh interview, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99KCLIYA Suez OHP.
3. Barrie St Clair McBride, Farouk of Egypt, Robert Hale, 1967, p. 111.
4. Ibid., p. 109.
5. Ibid., p. 121.
6. Trefor E. Evans (ed.), The Killearn Diaries, 193–446, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1972, p. 211.
7. McBride, Farouk of Egypt, p. 121.
8. Evans, The Killearn Diaries, 193–446, p. 215.
9. Ibid., p. 211.
10. Ibid., p. 218.
11. William D. Leahy, I Was There, Gollancz, 1950, pp. 218–19.
12. Daniel Yergin, Gulf Oil, Financial Times, 22 March 2003
13. Leahy, I Was There, p. 382.
14. Robert F. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate Portrait, Harper, 1950, p. 872.
15. Ibid., p. 883.
Chapter 6
1. Richard Weight, Patriots. National Identity in Britain 1940–2000, Macmillan, 2003.
2. The Times, 25 May 1945.
3. Arthur Bryant, Diaries of Lord Alanbrooke, Collins, 1957, p. 531.
4. Farnie, East and West of Suez, pp. 647–9.
5. Minutes of Defence Committee, 8 and 18 March, DO46.
Chapter 7
1. British White Paper, Cmd. 7179 (1947).
2. Blaxland, Objective Egypt, pp. 145–6.
3. Michael Davidson, The World, the Flesh and Myself, David Bruce and Watson, 1973, p. 290.
4. Brigadier Kenneth Hunt, interview, Liddell Hart Centre; GB99 LHCMA Suez OHP.
5. McBride, Farouk of Egypt, p. 149.
6. Charles Curran, Spectator, 3 Aug. 1956.
7. Humphrey Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, Macmillan, 1970, p. 90.
8. State Department report quoted by W. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand. Britain, the US and the Suez Crisis, Hodder & Stoughton, 1991, p. 14.
9. Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand, p. 13.
10. Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, Norton, 1987, p. 75.
11. John Kent (ed.), Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, Stationery Office, 1998, p. xlviii.
12. Julian Amery interview, Liddell Hart Centre, Suez Oral History Project; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
13. Ibid.
14. Kent, Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, p. lxxiv.
15. ‘Egypt’, minute by Sir P. Dixon on Britain’s difficulties in Egypt, FO 371/96920, no. 77, 23 Jan. 1952.
16. American views on the situation in Egypt, minutes by R. C. Mackworth-Young, D. V. Bendall and R. Allen, FO 37/90148, no. 467, 3–5 Dec. 1951.
17. Ibid.
18. Kent, Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, p. lxxii.
19. DEFE/4/48, COS 165 (51).
20. Quoted in McBride, Farouk of Egypt, p. 182.
21. John Connell, The Most Important Country, Cassell, 1957, p. 33.
22. CAB 129/49, C (52) 32 Cabinet Memorandum, 11 Feb. 1952.
23. Letter from R. Allen, head of the African Department, to M. J. Creswell on the prospects of an agreement; FO 371/96931, no. 365 (Agreement with the Egyptians).
24. Minute by Mr Eden (reply) to Mr Churchill on the reasons why an agreement is necessary; PR EM 11/91, 10 Mar. 1952 (Agreement with Egypt).
25. McBride, Farouk of Egypt, p. 208.
Chapter 8
1. John S. D. Eisenhower, International Herald Tribune, 7 June 2004.
2. Robert A. Devine, Eisenhower and the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 1981, p. 11.
3. Emmet John Hughes, The Ordeal ofPower. A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years, Macmillan, 1963, p. 70.
4. Ibid., p. 51.
5. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1950–63, Pantheon, 1972, p. 186.
6. David Halberstam, The Fifties, Random House, 1993, p. 392.
7. Defence policy and global strategy: memorandum by the COS for the Cabinet Defence Committee, 17 June 1952; CAB 131/12 D(52)26.
8. Ibid.
9. Devine, Eisenhower and the Cold War, p. 73.
10. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 304.
11. Ritchie Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the Transfer of Power in the Middle East, 1945–62, Leicester University Press, 1996, p. 125.
12. Farnie, East and West of Suez, p. 36.
13. Ibid., p. 677.
14. Christopher Woodhouse, Something Ventured, Granada, 1982, p. 110.
15. Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy. The Life of Allen Dulles, AndréDeutsch, 1995, p. 363.
16. Ibid., p. 367.
17. Devine, Eisenhower and the Cold War, p. 77.
18. Ibid., p. 78.
19. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh Interview, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Suez Oral History Project; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
20. Ibid.
21. Kent, Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, p. lxxi.
22. Julian Amery interview, Liddell Hart Centre, Suez Oral History Project; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
23. Letter (reply) from Mr Churchill to President Eisenhower on the importance of American support for Britain (Negotiations with Egypt); FO 371/102811, no. 372, 12 June 1953.
24. Inward telegram no. I5I6 from Lord Salisbury (Washington) to FO giving details of a meeting with Mr Dulles (Negotiations with Egypt); FO 371/102732, no. 21, 15 July 1953.
25. ‘Egypt: review of the situation in the Canal Zone’: cabinet memorandum by the COS; CAB 129/62, C(53)246, annexe, 4 Sept. 1953.
26. Ibid.
27. ‘Egypt’: cabinet conclusions on instructions for the British delegation in the defence negotiations; CAB 128/26/2, CC 58(53)4, 15 Oct. 1953.
28. COS committee minutes on whether to retain the semblance of military power in the Middle East (Middle East defence policy); DEFE 4/66, COS 132(53)3, 24 Nov. 1953.
29. ‘Operation redeployment’: minute by Mr Churchill to Mr Eden advocating the dispatch of troops and air forces to Khartoum; PREM n/700, 11 Dec. 1953.
30. Minute (reply) by Mr Eden to Mr Churchill advocating redeployment only after an agreement with Egypt (Redeployment from Egypt); PREM 11/700, 12 Dec. 1953.
31. Eisenhower to Churchill, 21 Dec. 1953; PREM 11/699.
32. ‘Middle East: AngloAmerican policy’: note for the cabinet by Mr Selwyn Lloyd, circulating a letter from Sir R. Makins to FO (25 Jan. 1954); CAB 129/66, C(54)53, 15 Feb. 1954.
33. ‘Egypt: defence negotiations’: cabinet memorandum by Mr Eden on a new plan to reopen negotiations; CAB 129/66, C(54)99, 13 Mar. 1954.
34. Letter from Sir J. Bowker (Ankara) to R. Allen on the proposed pact’s importance for future British defence arrangements in the Middle East (TurkoPakistani pact); FO 371/H0787, no. 29, 26 Mar. 1954.
Chapter 9
1. Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the Transfer of Power, p. 113.
2. Richard Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, John Murray, 200i, p. 477.
3. Gamal Abdul Nasser, Egypt’s Liberation, Public Affairs Press, 1955, p. 106.
4. Ibid., p. 111.
5. Jean Lacouture, Un Sang d’encre, Stock, 1974, p. 154.
6. Minute by C. A. E. Shuckburgh on the difference of emphasis between the British and American approaches (Northern tier defence arrangements); FO 371/115484, no. 26, 11 Jan. 1955.
7. Shimon Peres, David’s Sling, Random House, 1970, p. i87.
8. Minute by C. A. E. Shuckburgh to Sir I. Kirkpatrick on the implications for Britain’s Middle East policy. (Failure of plan Alpha): FO 371/121235, no. 70, 10 Mar 1956.
9. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 310.
10. Inward dispatch no. 24 from Sir R. Stevenson to FO on the Egyptian opposition to the proposed TurcoIraqi pact (Arab prime ministers’ summit); FO 371/115491, no. 244, 10 Feb. 1955.
11. Inward telegram no. 269 from Mr Eden (Cairo) to Mr Churchill giving an account of a meeting with Colonel Nasser and Egyptian leaders (AngloEgyptian meeting); FO 371/H5492, no. 289, 21 Feb. 1955.
12. Woodrow Wyatt, Confessions of an Optimist, Collins, 1985, p. 241.
13. Mohamed H. Heikal, Cutting the Lion’s Tail, André Deutsch, i986, pp. 778.
14. Kent, Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East, p. lxxxviii.
15. Anthony Gorst, ‘A modern major general’, Contemporary British History, vol. 13, 1999, p. 33.
16. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, p. 57.
17. Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh Interview, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Suez Oral History Project; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
18. Ibid.
19. Blaxland, Objective Egypt, pp. 13–14.
Chapter 10
1. John Colville, The Fringes of Power, vol. 2, Sceptre, 1986, p. 376.
2. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 141.
3. Ibid., p. 173.
4. Sir William Hayter, The Kremlin and the Embassy, Hodder & Stoughton, 1966, p. 38.
5. D. R. Thorpe, Eden, Chatto & Windus, 2003, p. 5.
6. Randolph Churchill, The Rise and Fall of Sir Anthony Eden, MacGibbon & Kee, 1959, p. 74.
7. Sir Timothy Eden, The Tribulations of a Baronet, Macmillan, 1933.
8. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 284.
9. Interview with Kenneth Harris, Listener, 4 Nov. 1976.
10. Sir Donald Logan, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
11. Janet Morgan (ed.), The Backbench Diaries of Richard Crossman, Hamish Hamilton, 1981, p. 502.
12. Sir William Hayter, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
13. Alistair Horne, Macmillan, vol. 1, Macmillan, 1988, p. 373.
14. Ibid., p. 371.
15. Interview, Sir Robin Turton, quoted in Russell Braddon, Suez, Splitting of a Nation, Collins, 1973, p. 35.
16. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, p. 478.
17. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, p. 31.
18. Ibid.
19. Herman Finer, Dulles over Suez, Quadrangle Books, 1964, p. 31.
20. ‘The Middle East’: memorandum by Sir I. Kirkpatrick on future British policy; FO 371/115469, no. 19, 30 Oct. 1955.
21. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, p. 33.
22. Selwyn Lloyd, Suez 1956, Jonathan Cape, 1978, p. 41.
23. Peter Catterall (ed.), The Macmillan Diaries, 1950–1957, Macmillan, 2003, p. 534.
24. Sir Anthony Eden, Full Circle, Cassell, 1960, p. 338.
25. Evening Standard, 2 Feb. 1956.
26. Daily Telegraph, 3 Jan. 1956.
27. Spectator, 6 Jan. 1956.
28. Ibid., 6 Apr. 1956.
29. Thorpe, Eden.
30. D. R. Thorpe, Selwyn Lloyd, Jonathan Cape, 1989, p. 176.
31. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 14.
32. Thorpe, Eden, p. 534.
33. D. E. Butler and Richard Rose, The British General Election of 1959, Macmillan, 1960, p. 36.
Chapter 11
1. Lloyd, Suez 1956, p. 44.
2. Blaxland, Objective Egypt, p. 179.
3. Lloyd, Suez 1956, p. 46.
4. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, p. 64.
5. Ibid., p. 65.
6. Ibid., p. 64.
7. Ibid., p. 65.
8. Lieutenant General Sir John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, Hodder & Stoughton, 1957, p. 425.
9. Sir Donald Logan, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
10. The Times, 8 Mar. 1956.
11. Anthony Nutting, No End of a Lesson, Constable, 1967, pp. 2930.
12. Ibid., p. 32.
13. The Times, 6 Mar. 1956.
14. Eden, Full Circle, pp. 3523.
15. Nutting, No End of a Lesson, p. 34.
16. Ibid., pp. 34–5.
17. ‘Middle East’: cabinet conclusions on countering Egyptian policy; CAB 128/30/1, CM24(56)5, 21 Mar. 1956.
18. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy, Heinemann, 1995, p. 160.
19. Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, p. 482.
20. Peter Wright, Spycatcher, Viking, 1987, pp. 160–61.
21. Denis Wright interview, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99 LHCMA Suez OHP.
22. Heikal, Cutting the Lion’s Tail, p. 169.
23. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II, Allen Lane, 2005, pp. 148–9.
24. Julian Amery interview, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, Suez Oral History Project; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
25. Chester L. Cooper, The Lion’s Last Roar, 1956, Harper & Row, 1978, p. 94.
26. Quoted in Richard Lamb, The Failure of the Eden Government, Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987, p. 195.
27. FO 371/115471, 4 Nov. 1955.
28. Trevelyan, The Middle East in Revolution, p. 54.
29. Mohamed Heikal, The Cairo Documents, Doubleday, 1971, p. 65.
30. Finer, Dulles over Suez, p. 47.
31. Ibid., p. 48.
32. Heikal, The Cairo Documents, p. 66.
33. Selwyn Lloyd interview with Kenneth Harris, Listener, 4 Nov. 1976.
34. Interview with Denis Wright, assistant undersecretary at the FO, 1955–59, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99LHC17A Suez OHP.
35. Sir Harold Beeley, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives; GB99 KCLMA Suez OHP.
