Robert E. Lee, page 81
3. Edmund Randolph Cocke, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 172; REL to Dabney Maury, May 23, 1867, in Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 227.
4. REL to Martha Williams, April 7, 1866, in “To Markie,” 69; “Gen. Lee,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 17, 1866; Herman Melville, “Lee in the Capitol,” April 1866, in The Writings of Herman Melville: Published Poems (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2009), 163–64; “Pen, Pencil, and Scissors,” Washington National Republican, Feb. 22, 1866.
5. REL to Edward Lee Childe, Jan. 5 and 22, 1867, duPont Library; REL to “Cousin Ellen,” Feb. 22, 1867, Robert E. Lee Collection, Missouri Historical Society Archives; REL to Dabney H. Maury, May 23, 1867, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
6. REL to Edward G. W. Butler, Oct. 11, 1867, in “Unpublished Letters of Gen. Lee,” Missouri Republican, Oct. 3, 1885; David D. Plater, The Butlers of Iberville Parish, Louisiana: Dunboyne Plantation in the 1800s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2015), 185; REL to Edward Lee Childe, Jan. 16, 1868, duPont Library; REL to Annette Carter, March 28, 1868, in Chaney, Duty Most Sublime, 146; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 221; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 134–35; Franklin L. Riley, “What General Lee Read After the War,” in Riley, General Robert E. Lee After Appomattox, 168–69.
7. “Hon. John Minor Botts on Reconstruction,” Washington National Republican, Feb. 24, 1866; REL to Ould, Feb. 4, 1867, in Jones, Life and Letters, 395.
8. “Gen. Rosecrans and Gen. R. E. Lee,” Staunton Spectator, Sept. 8, 1868; David G. Moore, William S. Rosecrans and the Union Victory: A Civil War Biography (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2014), 189–90.
9. “The Great Democratic Love-Feast,” New York Sun, Aug. 26, 1868; “Washington,” New-York Tribune, Aug. 31, 1868; Michael Fellman, “Robert E. Lee: Myth and Man,” in Wallenstein and Wyatt-Brown, Virginia’s Civil War, 20; Marvel, Place Called Appomattox, 289–90.
10. REL, Jan. 8, 1869, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 334, 349; Badeau, Grant in Peace, 26–27; Marvel, Place Called Appomattox, 302–3; “Letter from Washington,” Baltimore Sun, May 3, 1869; Kundahl, Alexandria Goes to War, 27.
11. Allen W. Moger, “General Lee’s Unwritten ‘History of the Army of Northern Virginia,’ ” VMHB, July 1963, 342–46, 352, 355; REL to Walter Taylor, July 31, 1865, and to Jonathan R. Thompson, June 9, 1866, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to Topham, Aug. 26, 1865, and to W. B. Reed, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 219, 221; Noah Andre Trudeau, “Unwritten History: The War Memoirs Robert E. Lee Chose Not to Write,” Civil War Times 49 (Aug. 2010): 54–59; REL to Scranton & Burr, Oct. 23, 1865, in Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 245; REL to Martha Williams, Dec. 20, 1865, in “To Markie,” 66; REL to W. P. Moore, March 2, 1866, Robert E. Lee Collection, Missouri State Historical Archives; “News of the Day,” Alexandria Gazette, June 28, 1866; “A Northern Correspondent’s Account of General Lee,” Alexandria Gazette, Sept. 18, 1866.
12. REL to Topham, Oct. 6, 1865, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to William B. Reed, Aug. 30, 1866, in Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 254–55; Moger, “General Lee’s Unwritten ‘History of the Army of Northern Virginia,’ ” 347–49; Nagel, Lees of Virginia, 294. Richardson had already published a laudatory biographical sketch of Lee in William Parker Snow’s Southern Generals: Who They Are, and What They Have Done in 1865, and contributed an engraving of Lee to a “Sketch of General Robert E. Lee” in The Old Guard, Jan. 1866, 58, which declared that “when every Democratic editor will speak out his real thought, and say boldly and defiantly that he believes men like Gen. Robert B. Lee to be patriots, and men like Stanton and Seward to be seditionists and traitors, there will be more honest men in the land than there are now, and there will be a better hope for liberty—for our country’s lasting peace and honor!”
13. REL, “Life of General Henry Lee,” 15, 16, 22–23, 38–39, 43, 46–47, 49, 50, 57, 60, 61, 65; REL to CCL, March 19, 1867, Special Collections, Leyburn Library.
14. REL, “Life of General Henry Lee,” 78; REL to CCL, Oct. 24, 1867, and Jan. 15, 1869, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to Edward Lee Childe, March 8, 1870, duPont Library; Robert I. Curtis, “Confederate Classical Textbooks: A Lost Cause?,” International Journal of the Classical Tradition 3 (Spring 1997): 447.
15. MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 209–10, 216, 219, 256, 283; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 156, 173, 181, 212–13; Scott, “Some Personal Memories of General Robert E. Lee,” 283; REL to MChL, Dec. 21, 1866, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 248.
16. Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 196; MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 274; Perry, Lady of Arlington, 290, 299; “Mary Custis Lee’s ‘Reminiscences of the War,’ ” 318; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 129–30, 170–71; “Congressional,” Washington Evening Star, March 4, 1869; REL to Annette Carter, Aug. 30, 1866, LFDA/duPont Library; MChL, “Recollections by Mildred Lee,” Growing Up in the 1850s, 116, 120.
17. R. E. Lee Memorandum Book, Oct. 1865, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; Perry, Lady of Arlington, 304; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 181; S. H. Chester memoir, in Boley, Lexington in Old Virginia, 122; Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 99–100, 235–36; REL to McConaughy, Aug. 5, 1869, and WHFL to McConaughy, Aug. 14, 1869, David McConaughy Papers, Special Collections, Musselman Library, Gettysburg College; “The Gettysburg Identification—Confederate Generals Not Likely to Be Present,” Richmond Dispatch, Aug. 23, 1869. When Lee passed through Richmond in March 1870, John S. Mosby, who had commanded partisan rangers in northern Virginia during the war, paid a call at Lee’s hotel. He wrote that Lee was “pale and haggard, and did not look like the Apollo I had known in the army.” Worse, Mosby brought George Pickett to visit Lee, and remarked that “the interview was cold and formal,” partly because Lee wanted to avoid discussing the war, and partly because Pickett blamed Lee—“that old man”—for sending his division to its destruction at Gettysburg. “He had my division massacred,” Pickett complained to Mosby afterward. See Mosby, “Personal Recollections of General Lee,” 68–69, and “Picture Pickett as Enemy of Lee,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 21, 1911.
18. Helen White Bruce, box 13—Reminiscences, Association Items, Funeral Obituaries, Robert E. Lee Papers, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to MCL, Nov. 21 and Dec. 21, 1865, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 199, 247, 264, 271; REL to Annette Carter, May 18, 1866, in Chaney, Duty Most Sublime, 161; Gamaliel Bradford, “The Social and Domestic Life of Robert E. Lee,” South Atlantic Quarterly 10 (April 1911): 117; REL to Edward Lee Childe, Oct. 25, 1868, duPont Library.
19. Hopkins, Robert E. Lee in War and Peace, 84–91, 93–96, 100–110, 130, 134–35, 142; Donald A. Hopkins, “A Portrait of Lee We Were Not Supposed to See,” Military Images 32 (Winter 2014): 26–29; REL to Gardner, April 25, 1866, LFDA/duPont Library.
20. REL to Robert E. Lee Jr., June 8, 1867, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 260; REL to CCL, Sept. 16, 1867, and to Edward Lee Childe, Jan. 16, 1868, duPont Library; REL to Martha Williams, Oct. 4, 1867, in “To Markie,” 76; REL to J. L. Campbell, Sept. 9, 1867, and to CCL, Sept. 16, 1867, Special Collections, Leyburn Library.
21. Moger, “Letters to General Lee After the War,” 43, 59, 65; “Our Honored Dead,” Richmond Dispatch, May 11, 1866; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 194; REL to Gordon, Sept. 2, 1868, and to Samuel H. Tagart, May 18, 1869, LFDA/duPont Library; REL to Edward Lee Childe, Sept. 9, 1869, duPont Library; REL to William Nelson Pendleton et al., Jan. 11, 1869, Robert E. Lee Letterbook 2, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to Alexander McDonald, Oct. 11, 1869, Penn Letterbook, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; Kundahl, Alexandria Goes to War, 28.
22. REL to M. L. Karr, Feb. 16, 1869, www.liveauctioneers.com/item/27468042_49008-robert-e-lee-autograph-letter-signed; “General Lee in Alexandria,” Baltimore Sun, May 7, 1869; Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 365; “Base Ball,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, March 31, 1870; McCabe, Life and Campaigns of Robert E. Lee, 637.
23. REL to WHFL, Dec. 2, 1869, to MChL, Feb. 2, 1870, and to WHFL, Feb. 14, 1870, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 373–74, 379–80, 383, 384; REL to Nahum Capen and Sidney Root, Jan. 21, 1870, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to W. W. Corcoran, Jan. 26, 1870, in “Letters of Gen. R. E. Lee,” SHSP 7 (March 1879): 154; REL to Edward Lee Childe, Feb. 19 and March 8, 1870, duPont Library; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 223.
24. J. Rainey to brother, March 1870, in J. Rainey Correspondence; Johnston, “Memoranda of Conversations with General R. E. Lee,” March 18, 1870, 32; Trustee Minutes, April 19, 1870, Washington College Records of Board of Trustees, Feb. 21, 1845–Sept. 1873, 269, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to MChL, March 21, 1870, and to WHFL, March 22, 1870, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 384–87.
25. REL to MCL, March 29, April 17 and 18, 1870, and EAL to MCL, April 3, 1870, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 388–89, 392, 395, 398; “General Assembly of Virginia,” Richmond Dispatch, March 29, 1870; “Gen. R. E. Lee Passes Through Our Town,” Wilmington Daily Journal, March 31, 1870; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 232–33; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: The Complete Man, 354–55; “Arrival of General Lee,” Charleston Daily News, March 31, 1870; “General Lee,” Charlotte Democrat, April 5, 1870; “General Lee at Augusta, Ga.,” Wilmington Morning Star, April 6, 1870; Hopkins, Robert E. Lee in War and Peace, 137–38; Karl A. Bickel, “Robert E. Lee in Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly 27 (July 1948): 62–64; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 195–97.
26. REL to MCL, April 18, 1870, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 399, 405; Flood, Lee: The Last Years, 245; “Gen. Lee,” Charleston Daily Courier, April 30, 1870; “The Old Hero,” Charleston Daily News, April 28, 1870; “Arrival of Gen. Robert E. Lee—His Reception,” Wilmington Daily Journal, April 29, 1870; Harrison W. Burton, The History of Norfolk, Virginia (Norfolk: Norfolk Virginian Job Print, 1877), 134; Daughtry, Gray Cavalier, 290.
27. REL to William Preston Johnston, April 21, 1870, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to Annette Carter, May 20, 1870, in Chaney, Duty Most Sublime, 121; REL to Cassius Francis Lee, June 6, 1870, duPont Library; REL to William W. Corcoran, Aug. 23, 1870, Corcoran Papers; “Tax Sales” and “Tax Sale Case,” Alexandria Gazette, Feb. 17 and 19 and March 21, 1870; “Bennett v. Hunter,” in Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States, December Term, 1869, ed. J. W. Wallace (Washington, D.C.: William H. Morris, 1870), 9:326–38; REL to MCL, July 15, 1870, in Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 414.
28. REL to Miss Maggie Smith, Sept. 9, 1870, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; REL to W. W. Corcoran, Aug. 23, 1870, in “Letters of Gen. R. E. Lee,” SHSP 7 (March 1879): 155; William Preston Johnston, “Death and Funeral of General Lee,” in Riley, General Robert E. Lee After Appomattox, 207; “The Next Agricultural Fair,” Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 2, 1870; “The Rain,” Alexandria Gazette, Sept. 17, 1870; “Heavy Flood in Virginia,” Richmond Dispatch, Sept. 30, 1870.
29. Marvin P. Rozear et al., “R. E. Lee’s Stroke,” VMHB, April 1990, 292; MChL, “My Recollections of My Father’s Death,” Aug. 21, 1888, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; MCL to Mary Meade, Oct. 12, 1870, in “Funeral of Mrs. G. W. P. Custis and Death of General R. E. Lee,” 24; “The Great Virginia Flood” and “From Lynchburg,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 4, 1870.
30. “The Great Flood,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 4, 1870; “Gen. R. E. Lee’s Health,” Alexandria Gazette, Oct. 4, 1870; “Heavy Rain,” Staunton Spectator, Oct. 4, 1870; Richard D. Mainwaring and Harris D. Riley, “The Lexington Physicians of General Robert E. Lee,” Southern Medical Journal 98 (Aug. 2005): 803–4; Harris D. Riley, “Robert E. Lee’s Battle with Disease,” Civil War Times Illustrated 18 (Dec. 1979): 22; Harris D. Riley, “General Robert E. Lee: His Medical Profile,” Virginia Medical Monthly, July 1978, 495–500; Richard D. Mainwaring and Curtis G. Trible, “The Cardiac Illness of General Robert E. Lee,” Journal of Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 174 (March 1992): 237–44; Johnston, “Death and Funeral of General Lee,” 210, 211; “General Lee,” Norfolk Virginian, Oct. 7, 1870; MCL to Mary Meade, Oct. 12, 1870, in “Funeral of Mrs. G. W. P. Custis and Death of General R. E. Lee,” 25; Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 433; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: The Complete Man, 376–77. On Lee’s deathbed utterances, see Pryor, Reading the Man, 465.
Epilogue: The Crime and the Glory of Robert E. Lee
1. “General Lee—Death of the Great Southern Chief,” New York Herald, Oct. 13, 1870; “Death of Gen. Lee,” New York Times, Oct. 13, 1870; “Robert E. Lee,” New-York Tribune, Oct. 13, 1870; “Robert E. Lee,” Philadelphia Evening Telegraph, Oct. 13, 1870.
2. “The News of the Death of General Lee,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 13, 1870; “The Death of Gen’l Lee,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 14, 1870; “Death of Gen. Lee,” Alexandria Gazette, Oct. 14, 1870; “Death of Gen. Robert E. Lee,” Vicksburg Times and Republican, Oct. 14, 1870; “General Robert E. Lee,” Pall Mall Gazette, Oct. 14, 1870.
3. “Bombast,” New National Era, Nov. 10, 1870; David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 229; Edmunds, in “Mrs. R. E. Lee,” Dec. 13, 1870, Cong. Globe, 41st Cong., 3rd Sess., 74; “The Traitor, Lee,” Lehigh Register, March 20, 1866; “The Death of General Lee,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 14, 1870; “General Lee and the Bar of New York,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 17, 1870; “The Grief at Lee’s Death,” Atlanta Constitution, Oct. 15, 1870; Michael A. Ross, “The Commemoration of Robert E. Lee’s Death and the Obstruction of Reconstruction in New Orleans,” Civil War History 51 (June 2005): 135, 148.
4. “Our Great Loss,” Charleston Daily News, Oct. 14, 1870; “Latest from Lexington,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 15, 1870; Fishwick, Lee After the War, 219–20; Scott, “Some Personal Memories of General Robert E. Lee,” 286.
5. Johnston, “Death and Funeral of General Lee,” 215–21; “The Funeral of Gen. Lee,” Richmond Dispatch, Oct. 17, 1870; Cooke, Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee, 501–5; “The Funeral Services of General Robert Edward Lee, at Lexington, Va.,” Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Magazine, Nov. 5, 1870. Johnston describes the singing of “the 124th hymn of the Episcopal collection” at the burial, which, in the 1859 edition of the Episcopal hymnal, was “Lift Your Glad Voices in Triumph on High.” Johnston then adds that after the interment “the congregation sang the grand old hymn, ‘How firm a foundation, ye saints of the Lord,’ ” which Johnston claimed “was always a favorite hymn of General Lee’s.” Oddly, “How Firm a Foundation” nowhere appears in that hymnal, or in the supplement published in 1870, nor did Lee in his letters ever refer to any particular preference in hymns.
6. Christopher R. Lawton, “Constructing the Cause, Bridging the Divide: Lee’s Tomb at Washington College,” Southern Cultures 15 (Summer 2009): 12, 20–22.
7. Douglas W. Bostick, Memorializing Robert E. Lee: The Story of Lee Chapel (Charleston, S.C.: Joggling Board Press, 2005), 43, 51; “The History of the Flags in Lee Chapel and Museum,” my.wlu.edu.
8. John Warwick Daniel, “Oration,” in Ceremonies Connected with the Inauguration of the Mausoleum and the Unveiling of the Recumbent Figure of General Robert Edward Lee at Washington and Lee University, June 28, 1883 (Richmond: West Johnston, 1883); John Warwick Daniel, “Lee,” Southern Bivouac, Sept. 1883, 1–10; “A Salute to the Day,” Richmond Dispatch, June 28, 1883.
9. Jubal Anderson Early, The Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee: An Address (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1872), 4, 10, 36, 45, 51; Benjamin Franklin Cooling, Jubal Early: Robert E. Lee’s Bad Old Man (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), 140–42; Connelly, Marble Man, 55–56; “The Surrender Grounds at Appomattox,” Confederate Veteran, April 1926, 129.
10. MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 294–95, 299; Coulling, Lee Girls, 179–80; Alexandria Gazette and Virginia Advertiser, Nov. 8, 1873; “Items,” Richmond Daily State Journal, Nov. 8, 1873.
11. Trustee Minutes, Oct. 15, 1870, Washington College Trustee Minute Book, 346–52, Washington College Records of Board of Trustees, Feb. 21, 1845–Sept. 1873, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; Gaughan, Last Battle of the Civil War, 65–66, 74, 93, 166–67, 181; Enoch Aquila Chase, “The Arlington Case: George Washington Custis Lee Against the United States of America,” Virginia Law Review 15 (Jan. 1929): 214–33; “The Arlington Estate Case,” New Orleans Times-Democrat, Dec. 5, 1882; “The Arlington Estate Case,” Washington National Republican, Dec. 5, 1882; “They May Rest in Peace,” Washington National Republican, Dec. 6, 1882; “Justice for the Lees,” Richmond Dispatch, Dec. 5, 1882; Yates, Perfect Gentleman, 2:227; “General Custis Lee and Lexington,” Alexandria Gazette, April 22, 1897.
12. David S. Turk, A Family’s Path in America: The Lees and Their Continuing Legacy (Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007), xi, 1–3, 16, 21–23, 29, 38, 60–62, 74, 77–79, 124; Daughtry, Gray Cavalier, 292–93, 297; on Robert E. Lee Jr., see Frederick S. Daniel, “A Visit to a Colonial Estate,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, March 1888, 517–24, and “Married,” Staunton Spectator, Nov. 28, 1871; Coulling, Lee Girls, 182–89; “Gen. Lee’s Daughter’s Case,” New York Times, June 15, 1902; “Attend Miss Lee’s Funeral,” Alexandria Gazette, Nov. 26, 1918.
13. REL to W. W. Austin, Sept. 30, 1867, LFDA/duPont Library; “James D. McCabe,” Southern Planter 69 (Nov. 1908): 999; Cooke, Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee, 1–2, 468–69; “Esten Cooke’s Life of Lee,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, Jan. 28, 1871; “Robert E. Lee,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, Jan. 21, 1872; Mason, Popular Life of Gen. Robert Edward Lee, iii, 344, 346; Edward Lee Childe, The Life and Campaigns of General Lee, trans. George Litting (London: Chatto and Windus, 1875), 164, 262.
