Robert E. Lee, page 76
22. Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 207; REL to Davis, Nov. 20, 1862, in Lee’s Dispatches: Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A., to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862–65, ed. D. S. Freeman (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), 66; REL to MCL, Nov. 22, 1862, in WPREL, 343; Cooke, Life of General Robert E. Lee, 177.
23. REL to Davis, Nov. 27, 1862, and to TJJ, Dec. 2, 1862, in WPREL, 348, 351; Frank A. O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 51, 75, 81; “Report of Lieut. Michael H. McGrath, Fiftieth New York Engineers,” Dec. 13, 1862, in OR, ser. 1, 21:179.
24. Stephen Minot Weld to William Gordon Weld, Dec. 11, 1862, in War Diary and Letters of Stephen Minot Weld, 1861–1865 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1979), 152; George Kimball, A Corporal’s Story: Civil War Recollections of the Twelfth Massachusetts, ed. Alan Gaff and D. H. Gaff (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014), 191; Cooke, Life of General Robert E. Lee, 177; O’Reilly, Winter War on the Rappahannock, 107, 117–18, 125; Frank A. O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign: “Stonewall” Jackson at Fredericksburg, the Battle of Prospect Hill, December 13, 1862 (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1993), 24.
25. A. Wilson Greene, “Opportunity to the South: Meade Versus Jackson at Fredericksburg,” in Whatever You Resolve to Be: Essays on Stonewall Jackson (Baltimore: Butternut & Blue, 1992), 130–38; William Henry Powell, The Fifth Army Corps (Army of the Potomac): A Record of Operations During the Civil War in the United States of America, 1861–1865 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1896), 388; Rable, Fredericksburg!, 262, 288; Benjamin Borton, On the Parallels; or, Chapters of Inner History: A Story of the Rappahannock (Woodstown, N.J.: Monitor-Register Print, 1903), 231; Max Wycoff, A History of the Second South Carolina Infantry, 1861–65 (Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 2011), 145.
26. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 312; Cooke, Life of General Robert E. Lee, 181, 183, 184; “The Civil War in America,” Reynolds’s Newspaper, Jan. 18, 1863; Mason, Popular Life of Gen. Robert Edward Lee, 160–61; Longstreet, “Battle of Fredericksburg,” 81; REL to James A. Seddon, Dec. 13, 1862, in OR, ser. 1, 21:546; Peter Beckford, Thoughts on Hunting: In a Series of Familiar Letters to a Friend (London: Debretts, 1777), 162. On the variations of Lee’s comment on being too fond of war, see Gallagher, Lee and His Army in Confederate History, 80.
27. Longstreet, “Battle of Fredericksburg,” 82; O’Reilly, Winter Warfare on the Rappahannock, 436, 450.
28. “From Fredericksburg,” Richmond Enquirer, Dec. 19 and 27, 1862; McGuire, diary entry for Dec. 14, 1862, in Diary of a Southern Refugee, 175; “The Great Battle of Fredericksburg,” Richmond Dispatch, Dec. 16, 1862; Varon, Armies of Deliverance, 178; Whitman to Thomas Jefferson Whitman, Jan. 8, 1863, in Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman, ed. Jerome M. Loving (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1976), 80.
29. REL to Samuel Cooper, April 10, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, 21:556; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 569; REL to MCL, Dec. 25, 1862, and to MChL, Dec. 25, 1862, in WPREL, 379–80, 381; “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,” SHSP 4 (Oct. 1877): 153.
30. REL to CCL, March 14, 1862, LFDA/duPont Library; REL to MCL, March 14, 1862, and March 9, 1863, and to Charlotte Wickham Lee, Dec. 10, 1862, in WPREL, 128, 357, 413; Cooke, Life of General Robert E. Lee, 47; Coulling, Lee Girls, 110–11; REL to MCL, Oct. 26, 1862, in Jones, Life and Letters, 199, 200; Taylor, General Lee, 76; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 76; Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 80; Daughtry, Gray Cavalier, 106.
31. Jones, diary entry for Dec. 19, 1862, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 1:193; Shackelford, George Wythe Randolph, 89; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 212; Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords, 229, 234, 235–36; George Washington Whitman to Louisa Whitman, Nov. 10, 1862, in Civil War Letters, 73; Robert McAllister to his family, Nov. 28, 1862, in Civil War Letters of General Robert McAllister, 228; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 245–46.
32. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 247–48; Taylor, General Lee, 154; REL to Seddon, Dec. 16, 1862, and Jan. 10, 1863, in WPREL, 363, 388; Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 213; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 323; Jedediah Hotchkiss and William Allan, The Battle-Fields of Virginia: Chancellorsville (New York: Van Nostrand, 1867), 15–16; REL to Seddon, April 10, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, 21:556; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 215; REL to TJJ, Feb. 7, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 2, 678–79.
33. Lucy Rebecca Buck, diary entry for July 22, 1863, in In Shadows on My Heart: The Civil War Diary of Lucy Rebecca Buck of Virginia, ed. E. R. Baer (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 236–37; Garnet Joseph Wolseley, “A Month’s Visit to the Confederate Headquarters,” Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, Jan. 1863, 18; “The Battle of Fredericksburg,” London Times, Jan. 13, 1863; “The Commanders in the Confederate Armies,” Reynolds’s Newspaper, Jan. 4, 1863; Peter Alexander, “Robert E. Lee,” Southern Literary Messenger 37 (Jan. 1863): 34. He charmed another Virginia belle in Staunton when visiting her home in 1863. Lee was “a grand and beautiful man with gray hair, gray uniform and wonderful dark eyes,” she wrote. “There was no crown upon his forehead or golden scepter in his hand, yet he was the realization of all that I had read in story books.” See Margaret Briscoe Stuart Robertson, My Childhood Recollections of the War: Life in the Confederate Stronghold of Staunton, Virginia (Staunton, Va.: Charles Culbertson, 2013).
34. Venable, “General Lee in the Wilderness Campaign,” 420; Susan P. Lee, Memoirs of William Nelson Pendleton, D.D.: Rector of Latimer Parish (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1893), 295; REL to GWCL, Feb. 12, 1863, in Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 277.
35. Hotchkiss, diary entry for March 13, 1862, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 120; MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 166; Perry, Lady of Arlington, 251, 264; REL to MCL, March 27 and April 5, 1863, in WPREL, 419, 428; William Preston Johnston, in Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 444; Hotchkiss, diary entry for March 29, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 124.
36. REL to MCL, April 3 and 5, 1863, in WPREL, 427–28; John J. Hennessy, “Belvoir: The Thomas Yerby Place, Spotsylvania County,” 3, 8–9, npsfrsp.files.wordpress.com; D. S. Freeman, “Lee and the Ladies: Unpublished Letters of Robert E. Lee,” Scribner’s Magazine, Oct. 1925, 462; REL to GWCL, March 31, 1863, in Yates, Perfect Gentleman, 1:273; Richard A. Reinhart, “Robert E. Lee’s Right Ear and the Relation of Earlobe Crease to Coronary Artery Disease,” American Journal of Cardiology 120, no. 2 (2017): 327–30; Richard A. Reinhart, “Historical Implications of a Failing Heart: Robert E. Lee’s Medical History in Context of Heart Disease, Medical Education, and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century,” National Museum of Civil War Medicine, www.civilwarmed.org; REL to EAL, April 11, 1863, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
Chapter Fourteen: In This Heathen War the Fire of God Fills Him
1. Davis to REL, Dec. 8, 1862, and to Seddon, Dec. 15, 1862, in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 8:533, 551; Davis, Jefferson Davis, 482; Thomas L. Connelly, The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society (New York: Knopf, 1977), 40–41, 104–5.
2. REL to Seddon, April 9, 1863, to Cooper, April 16, 1863, and to Davis, April 16, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, 713–14; Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 220–21; Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy: The Process of Victory and Defeat (New York: Free Press, 1992), 123–24; Thomas L. Connelly, Autumn of Glory: The Army of Tennessee, 1862–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971), 104–5.
3. REL to Cooper, April 16, 1863, and to Davis, April 16, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, 724–26; REL to MCL, April 19, 1863, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
4. Jones, diary entry for Feb. 6, 1863, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 1:226; Ernest B. Furgurson, Chancellorsville, 1863: The Souls of the Brave (New York: Knopf, 1992), 30; Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 18.
5. Furgurson, Chancellorsville, 30; Sears, Chancellorsville, 80; John Bigelow, The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1910), 108; H. Seymour Hall, “Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville,” April 4, 1894, in War Talks in Kansas: A Series of Papers Read Before the Kansas Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Kansas City, Mo.: Franklin Hudson, 1906), 194.
6. Hooker to Lincoln, April 11, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, 199; Lincoln, “Memorandum on Joseph Hooker’s Plan of Campaign Against Richmond,” April 6–10, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:164.
7. Hotchkiss, diary entry for April 29, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 136; REL to Longstreet, April 27, 1863, Samuel Cooper to Longstreet, April 29, 1863, and REL to R. H. Anderson, April 29, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, 18:1024, and vol. 25, pt. 2, 758; Richard Meade Bache, Life of General George Gordon Meade: Commander of the Army of the Potomac (Philadelphia: Henry T. Coates, 1897), 260.
8. REL, telegram, April 30, 1863, in Lee’s Dispatches, 86; “General Orders No. 47,” April 30, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 1, 171; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 251; Bigelow, Chancellorsville, 258–59; Sears, Chancellorsville, 192; Gallagher, Lee and His Army in Confederate History, 224–25; Colonel Alexander K. McClure’s Recollections of Half a Century (Salem, Mass.: Salem Press, 1902), 348.
9. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 200; Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 167–70; R. T. Bennett, “An Address Before the Ladies Memorial Association,” May 10, 1906, SHSP 34 (1906): 55; “Address of General Fitzhugh Lee,” Oct. 29, 1879, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 317; G. F. R. Henderson, Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (London: Longmans, Green, 1913), 2:432; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 252; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 714; Keller, Great Partnership, 150–56.
10. T. M. Cook, “Operations on Saturday,” New York Herald, May 7, 1863; Sears, Chancellorsville, 365; Charles Marshall, “Tributes to General Lee,” Southern Magazine, Jan. 1871, 29; Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 173; Tally Simpson to Richard Franklin Simpson, May 7, 1863, and to Caroline Virginia Miller, May 10, 1863, in Far, Far from Home, 225–26, 230.
11. Hotchkiss, diary entry for May 2, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 138; Dabney, Life and Campaigns of Lieut.-Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, 701–2, 716; Robertson, Stonewall Jackson, 729; Robert K. Krick, The Smoothbore Volley That Doomed the Confederacy: The Death of Stonewall Jackson and Other Chapters on the Army of Northern Virginia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 31–32; Keller, Great Partnership, 170; Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 155–56.
12. Alexander, Fighting for the Confederacy, 213; Jedediah Hotchkiss, “The Chancellorsville Campaign and the Death of Jackson,” in Confederate Military History: Virginia, ed. Clement A. Evans (Atlanta: Confederate, 1899), 3:392; Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 224; Sears, Chancellorsville, 492, 501; “Letter from Major-General Henry Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,” SHSP 4 (Oct. 1877): 154; Longstreet to Lafayette McLaws, July 25, 1873, in Cory M. Pfarr, Longstreet at Gettysburg: A Critical Reassessment (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2019), 22.
13. “Fernando Wood’s Peace Meeting,” New-York Tribune, May 19, 1863; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:446, 498; Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America (Hartford: O. D. Case, 1866), 2:484.
14. Hotchkiss, diary entry for Feb. 23, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 116; Dorsey Pender to Fanny Pender, April 8, 1863, in One of Lee’s Best Men, 221; William Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac, Nov. 1885, 352; Keller, Great Partnership, 120.
15. James Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” in McClure, Annals of the War, 415–17; REL to Seddon, May 10 and June 10, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, 790, and vol. 27, pt. 3, 868; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 269; Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 250–51; R. L. DiNardo and Albert A. Nofi, James Longstreet: The Man, the Soldier, the Controversy (Boston: Da Capo Press, 1998), 79–80.
16. Jones, diary entries for May 15–16, 1863, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 1:288–89; Reagan, Memoirs, 150–51; Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 230–31; REL to Davis, June 10, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 3, 881–82.
17. Pender to Fanny Pender, March 26 and May 14, 1863, in One of Lee’s Best Men, 211, 237; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 193; REL to Davis, May 20, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 25, pt. 2, 810; REL to Davis, May 25, 1863, in Lee’s Dispatches, 91–92.
18. REL to Hood, May 21, 1863, in WPREL, 490.
19. Charles Minor Blackford to Susan Blackford, June 12 and 16, 1863, in Letters from Lee’s Army, 175, 177; “The News from the Potomac,” Richmond Dispatch, June 20, 1863; Kean, diary entry for June 21, 1863, in Inside the Confederate Government, 76; Taylor, General Lee, 181–83; George Boutwell, in A. T. Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Publishing, 1886), 128.
20. Isaac R. Trimble, “The Battle and Campaign of Gettysburg,” SHSP 26 (1898): 121; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 268; Hotchkiss, diary entry for June 26, 1863, in Make Me a Map of the Valley, 155; Taylor, General Lee, 180, 183–84; Kean, diary entry for June 21, 1863, in Inside the Confederate Government, 75; Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 25–26.
21. Reminiscences of a Louisiana Tiger: The Civil War Memoirs of Captain William J. Seymour, ed. Terry L. Jones (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 58; L. M. Blackford, in Ayers, Thin Light of Freedom, 31, 50–51; Tally Simpson to Mary Simpson, June 26, 1863, in Far, Far from Home, 248–49; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 54–55, 56; “General Orders No. 73,” June 27, 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 3, 942.
22. Walter Taylor, “The Campaign in Pennsylvania,” in McClure, Annals of the War, 306–7; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 204–5; James Power Smith, “General Lee at Gettysburg: A Paper Read Before the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts, on the Fourth of April, 1905,” SHSP 33 (1905): 139; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 147–48; Marshall, Aide-de-Camp of Lee, 218–19; Thomas J. Ryan, “The Art of Command and Intelligence: Jeb Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign,” Gettysburg Magazine, Jan. 2021, 30–33. Lee is supposed to have remarked on Meade’s appointment with unusually well-informed respect, “General Meade will commit no mistakes on my front, and should I make one, will be quick to seize upon it” (or alternately, “General Meade will not blunder in my front, and if I make one will seize upon it”), but there is no contemporary source for this comment. See David L. Shultz and Scott L. Mingus, The Second Day at Gettysburg: The Attack and Defense of the Union Center on Cemetery Ridge, July 2, 1863 (El Dorado, Calif.: Savas Beatie, 2015), 15n35.
23. Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 420; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 275; J. D. S. Cullen, in Scott Bowden and Bill Ward, Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press, 2001), 146, 160–68; “The Memoirs of Henry Heth,” ed. James L. Morrison, Civil War History 8 (Sept. 1962): 305; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 93; Leslie J. Perry, “General Lee and the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 23 (1895): 253–59.
24. Ross, Cities and Camps of the Confederate States, 76; J. Coleman Alderson, “Lee and Longstreet at Gettysburg,” Confederate Veteran, Oct. 1904, 488; REL to Samuel Cooper, Jan. 20, 1864, and “Report of Lieut. Gen. Ambrose P. Hill, C.S. Army, Commanding Third Army Corps,” Nov. 1863, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 2, 318, 607; A. N. Gambone, Lee at Gettysburg: A Commentary on Defeat (Baltimore: Butternut & Blue, 2002), 117, 122, 124; “Address of Major Daniel,” Oct. 29, 1875, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 103; Taylor, “Campaign in Pennsylvania,” 308–9; Taylor, General Lee, 190; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 95; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 325–27; George Gordon Meade, “The Battle of Gettysburg—What Gen. Ewell Wished to Do,” National Tribune, Jan. 7, 1882; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 256–57.
25. Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 421; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 358.
26. John Bell Hood, “Leading Confederates on the Battle of Gettysburg,” SHSP 4 (Oct. 1877): 147; Hood to Longstreet, June 28, 1875, in Advance and Retreat: Personal Experiences in the United States and Confederate States Armies (1880; Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 56–57; Gary W. Gallagher, “ ‘If the Enemy Is There, We Must Attack Him’: R. E. Lee and the Second Day at Gettysburg,” in Three Days at Gettysburg: Essays on Confederate and Union Leadership, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1999), 124, 125; Troy Harman, Lee’s Real Plan at Gettysburg (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003), 19.
27. “Colonel Hilary A. Herbert’s ‘History of the Eighth Alabama Volunteer Regiment, C.S.A.,’ ” ed. M. S. Fortin, Alabama Historical Quarterly 39 (1977): 117; James Risque Hunter to John W. Daniel, n.d., John Warwick Daniel Papers, Small Special Collections Library; “Report of Col. Henry A. Morrow, Twenty-Fourth Michigan Infantry,” Feb. 22, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 27, pt. 1, 272; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 222.
28. Longstreet, “Lee in Pennsylvania,” 429; Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox, 385; James Longstreet, “Lee’s Right Wing at Gettysburg,” in Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 3:343; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 166–67; “Charge of Pickett’s Division,” Southern Bivouac, July 1884, 522; A. H. Moore, “Heth’s Division at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac, May 1885, 389; William Swallow, “The Third Day at Gettysburg,” Southern Bivouac, Feb. 1886, 565.
