Robert E. Lee, page 78
4. REL to Davis, April 5, 1864, and to Bragg, April 7, 1864, in WPREL, 690, 692; REL to Longstreet, April 20, 1864, Special Collections, Leyburn Library; Venable, “General Lee in the Wilderness Campaign,” 240–41; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 327; William Lawrence Royall, Some Reminiscences (New York: Neale, 1909), 28.
5. Morris Schaff, The Battle of the Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 249; Gallagher, Lee and His Army in Confederate History, 196; Noah Andre Trudeau, Bloody Roads South: The Wilderness to Cold Harbor, May–June 1864 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), 76, 89; Clifford Dowdey, Lee’s Last Campaign: The Story of Lee and His Men Against Grant (New York: Bonanza Books, 1960), 128, 153–54; Taylor, General Lee, 235; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 128; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 330–31; “Address of Private Leigh Robinson,” Nov. 1, 1877, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 229–30; Robert K. Krick, “ ‘Lee to the Rear,’ the Texans Cried,” in The Wilderness Campaign, ed. Gary W. Gallagher (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 173–79; Grimsley, And Keep Moving On, 49; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 44; Gordon C. Rhea, The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 304.
6. Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 290; Rhea, Battle of the Wilderness, 428–29; Taylor, General Lee, 236; Elihu Washburne, diary entry for May 6, 1864, in Elihu Washburne Diaries, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Library, Yale University; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 233; Grimsley, And Keep Moving On, 53.
7. Stuart to Walter Taylor, May 7, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 2, 970; REL to Seddon, May 8, 1864, in WPREL, 724; Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 238–39; George S. Bernard, diary entry for May 10, 1864, in Civil War Talks, 221; Gordon C. Rhea, The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern, May 7–12, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 28, 43, 77–78.
8. Venable, “General Lee in the Wilderness Campaign,” 242; “Address of Colonel C. S. Venable,” Oct. 30, 1873, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 52–53, 56–58; Morrison, “Memoirs of Henry Heth,” 313; Campbell Brown’s Civil War, 253; WHFL to REL, May 11, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 2, 916–17; Earl J. Hess, Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 58–59; Rafuse, Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 151; William W. Old, “Trees Whittled Down at Horseshoe,” SHSP 33 (1905): 24; William W. Old, “General Funkhouser’s Letter,” July 6, 1906, SHSP 34 (1906): 220–21; Seymour, Reminiscences of a Louisiana Tiger, 124–25; Rhea, Battles for Spotsylvania Court House, 171, 226, 249–50, 255–56, 269–70, 311, 406; Taylor, General Lee, 240, 242; Grimsley, And Keep Moving On, 86–87; Dowdey, Lee’s Last Campaign, 199–216; Trudeau, Bloody Roads South, 176–77.
9. Cooke, Life of Gen. Lee, 66; Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters, 125; B. B. Vaughan, “A Trooper’s Reminiscences: Wilderness to Yellow Tavern,” in Civil War Talks, 203; “Special Orders No. 126,” May 14, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 2, 1001; George Taylor Lee, “Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee, 1865–68,” South Atlantic Quarterly 26 (July 1927): 249–50.
10. Grant, Memoirs, 2:234; William W. Hassler, A. P. Hill: Lee’s Forgotten General (1957; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), 199; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 307, 310; Gallagher, Lee and His Army in Confederate History, 206–7; Rhea, Battles for Spotsylvania Court House, 11, 76; REL to Davis, June 15, 1864, in Lee’s Dispatches, 243.
11. Venable, “General Lee in the Wilderness Campaign,” 244; “Address of Colonel C. S. Venable,” Oct. 30, 1873, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 61; Gordon C. Rhea, To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 27–28, 156–57, 265, 319; Taylor to Elizabeth Saunders, May 30, 1864, in Lee’s Adjutant, 164; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 276; Jones, diary entry for May 30, 1864, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:199; Taylor, General Lee, 249; Ruffin, diary entry for June 2, 1864, in Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:448; Booth, Maryland Boy in Lee’s Army, 109–10; REL to A. P. Hill, June 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 40, pt. 2, 702–3.
12. Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 359; Charles H. Porter, “The Battle of Cold Harbor,” Dec. 12, 1881, and John Codman Ropes, “Grant’s Campaign in Virginia in 1864,” May 19, 1884, in The Wilderness Campaign, May–June 1864; Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts (1905; Wilmington, N.C.: Broadfoot, 1989), 4:372, 373; Rhea, To the North Anna River, 21, 322–23, 344–45, 353; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: The Complete Man, 184; Collins, Army of Northern Virginia, 199, 340–41; Grant to H. W. Halleck, May 26, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 3, 206; Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 172.
13. St. Clair Mulholland, The Story of the 116th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Philadelphia: F. McManus, 1903), 255; Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 173; Asa W. Bartlett, History of the Twelfth Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers in the War of the Rebellion (Concord, N.H.: Ira C. Evans, 1897), 203; Gordon C. Rhea, Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26–June 3, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 320–23.
14. E. M. Law, “From the Wilderness to Cold Harbor,” in Buel and Johnson, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 4:141; William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy, and Its Lost Opportunities (New York: Neale, 1905), 366–67; “Report of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U.S. Army,” Nov. 1, 1864, and “Reports of Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, U.S. Army,” Sept. 21, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 36, pt. 1, 195, 345; Rhea, Cold Harbor, 358–62.
15. Ruffin, diary entry for June 5, 1864, in Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:452–53; Blackford to Susan Blackford, May 30, 1864, in Letters from Lee’s Army, 249; Porter, Campaigning with Grant, 179; “Gen. Lee and the Army,” Richmond Dispatch, June 1, 1864; Varon, Armies of Deliverance, 336.
16. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War: With the Leaders at Washington and in the Sixties (New York: D. Appleton, 1913), 214–15; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 289; Grant, Memoirs, 2:570; Gordon C. Rhea, On to Petersburg: Grant and Lee, June 4–15, 1864 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2017), 4–5, 62–63.
17. REL to Richard Heron Anderson, June 4, 1864, and to Braxton Bragg, June 9, 1864, in WPREL, 765, 770; REL to Davis, June 6, 1864, in Lee’s Dispatches, 218, 222; Trudeau, Bloody Roads South, 301; Rhea, On to Petersburg, 150; Ayers, Thin Light of Freedom, 157–68; Richmond Enquirer, June 17, 1864; REL to Davis, June 11, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 51, pt. 2, 1003; Rhea, On to Petersburg, 52, 80–81, 187.
18. Rhea, On to Petersburg, 172, 202, 208–9, 237–41, 253; Thomas J. Howe, The Petersburg Campaign: Wasted Valor, June 15–16, 1864 (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1988), 16; A. Wilson Greene, A Campaign of Giants: The Battle for Petersburg (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 1:64; REL to Davis, June 14, 1864, in WPREL, 777; P. G. T. Beauregard, “The Battle of Petersburg,” in Cozzens, Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, 6:416; Roman, Military Operations of General Pierre Beauregard, 2:477.
19. Earl J. Hess, In the Trenches at Petersburg: Field Fortifications and Confederate Defeat (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 9–11; Rhea, On to Petersburg, 146.
20. Howe, Petersburg Campaign: Wasted Valor, 27; REL to Davis, June 18, 1864, in Lee’s Dispatches, 249; Caldwell, History of a Brigade of South Carolinians, 162; Henri Garidel, diary entry for Sept. 30, 1864, in Exile in Richmond: The Confederate Journal of Henri Garidel, ed. M. B. Chesson and L. J. Roberts (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001), 221; James Morris Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), 210–11; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 279–80; Jones, diary entry for Oct. 1, 1864, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:270; “Address of Captain W. Gordon McCabe,” Nov. 2, 1876, in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 141.
21. “The Future,” Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 9, 1864; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 383; Michael A. Cavanaugh and William Marvel, The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater, “The Horrid Pit,” June 25–August 6, 1864 (Lynchburg, Va.: H. E. Howard, 1989), 12; Joseph W. Eggleston, “Artillery Experiences at Petersburg and Elsewhere,” Jan. 3, 1895, in Civil War Talks, 357–58; Grant to H. W. Halleck, Aug. 1, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 40, pt. 1, 17–18; Rhea, On to Petersburg, 185–88; “Address of Captain W. Gordon McCabe,” 150, 158–59; Richard Slotkin, No Quarter: The Battle of the Crater, 1864 (New York: Random House, 2009), 213–14, 318; Earl J. Hess, Into the Crater: The Mine Attack at Petersburg (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2010), 114–15, 196, 200.
22. Thomas J. Ward, “Enemy Combatants: Black Soldiers in Confederate Prisons,” Army History (Winter 2011): 37; “Circular,” Oct. 15, 1864, Grant to REL, Oct. 2, 1864, and REL to Grant, Oct. 3, 1864, in OR, ser. 2, 7:909, 914, 8:27; Jefferson Davis, “Andersonville and Other War-Prisons,” Belford’s Magazine, Feb. 1890, 344–45. Davis would have preferred that any free blacks in blue uniforms simply be executed outright, but Lincoln’s promise of tit-for-tat retaliation cooled that threat. That still left large numbers of black prisoners in a risky and unpleasant limbo. The Confederate government refused to exchange them under the terms of the usual prisoner-of-war exchanges that had prevailed up to this point. That would have been to concede that they were indeed soldiers, and worse still, exchanging them for Confederate prisoners would have implied precisely the sort of equality, man for man, that the Confederacy was dedicated to denying. The Lincoln administration responded by suspending prisoner-of-war exchanges, only to have transit stockades like Camp Sumter at Andersonville, Georgia, and Camp Rathbun at Elmira, New York, silted up with prisoners that the camps had no way of supporting.
23. Raymond, in Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2:669; Schuyler Hamilton, Aug. 11, 1864, in Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Don Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996), 196–97; Francis A. Walker, General Hancock (New York: D. Appleton, 1895), 228–29.
24. “To the Democratic Nomination Committee,” Sept. 4, 1864, in Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan, 590; Stephen W. Sears, “McClellan and the Peace Plank of 1864: A Reappraisal,” Civil War History 36 (March 1990): 63–64; “Democratic National Platform, 1864,” in The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction, ed. Edward McPherson (Washington, D.C.: Solomons & Chapman, 1875), 118; Longstreet to A. R. Lawton, March 5, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 32, pt. 3, 588; Taylor, General Lee, 262–63; Taylor to Elizabeth Saunders, Aug. 28, 1864, in Lee’s Adjutant, 186; Jones, diary entry for Aug. 21, 1864, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:243–44.
25. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 561; Rable, Confederate Republic, 264; REL to Davis, July 12, 1864, in WPREL, 821; REL to MCL, Nov. 12, 1864, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
Chapter Seventeen: Just as I Have Expected It Would End from the First
1. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer, 215; Ruffin, diary entry for Dec. 10, 1864, in Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:674; “Fresh in the River,” Richmond Dispatch, Jan. 11, 1865; Jones, diary entry for Dec. 24, 1864, and Feb. 15/16, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:326, 382–83; “Lee and Longstreet,” Liverpool Mercury, Nov. 17, 1864.
2. REL to MCL, Nov. 12, 16, and 25, 1864, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 338; Taylor, General Lee, 253, 257, 261, 383; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 141; Robertson, General A. P. Hill, 291–92; Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 126; Perry, Lady of Arlington, 277; Hopkins, Robert E. Lee in War and Peace, 55–59. On Lee’s relations to the Shippens, see REL to Martha Williams, Dec. 1, 1866, in “To Markie,” 72.
3. Thomas, Confederate Nation, 284; Jones, diary entries for Jan. 13, 14, 18, and 22, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:348, 354, 357; Kean, diary entry for Feb. 10, 1865, in Inside the Confederate Government, 200; REL to Davis, Dec. 14, 1864, in Lee’s Dispatches, 307–8; REL to Seddon, Jan. 11, 1865, and Circular, Jan. 25, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1035, 1134.
4. Taylor, General Lee, 265; Joseph F. Shaner, in Hess, Trench Warfare Under Grant and Lee, 200; Hess, In the Trenches at Petersburg, 227; Marvel, Place Called Appomattox, 192–93; Blackford to Susan Blackford, July 17, 1864, in Letters from Lee’s Army, 267; REL to Seddon, Jan. 27, 1865, General Orders No. 8, March 27, 1865, and to Samuel Cooper, Feb. 25, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1143, 1258, and vol. 46, pt. 3, 1357; Power, Lee’s Miserables, 260; “General Lee’s Last Appeal,” Richmond Dispatch, Feb. 15, 1865; Raphael Semmes, Memoirs of Service Afloat: During the War Between the States (Baltimore: Kelly, Piet, 1869), 801; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for Jan. 9, 1865, in Voices from Company D, 342; Glatthaar, General Lee’s Army, 408–20.
5. Sorrel, Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer, 262; “Lee and Longstreet,” Liverpool Mercury, Nov. 17, 1864; Hess, In the Trenches at Petersburg, 211, 237; Jones, diary entry for Oct. 27, 1864, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 288; REL to Davis, Nov. 2, 1864, in Lee’s Dispatches, 306; Maury, Recollections of a Virginian, 237–38; George Taylor Lee, “Reminiscences of General Robert E. Lee, 1865–68,” 237; Yates, Perfect Gentleman, 1:325; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: The Complete Man, 209.
6. Ruffin, diary entry for Jan. 15, 1865, in Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:718–19.
7. Andrew Magrath to Davis, Dec. 23, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, 44:986; Hardee to Davis, Jan. 29, 1865, in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 11:359; Jones, diary entry for Jan. 2, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:338.
8. Jones, diary entries for Dec. 25, 1864, and Jan. 8 and 19, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:331, 344, 354–55; Taylor, Four Years with General Lee, 143; Davis, Jefferson Davis, 582–83; Woodworth, Davis and Lee at War, 310–11; REL to Samuel Cooper, Feb. 4, 1865, to Davis, Feb. 9, 1865, and Johnston to REL, March 23, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1199, vol. 51, pt. 2, 1083, and vol. 47, pt. 3, 1055; Rable, Confederate Republic, 286; Gallagher, Confederate War, 87–89; Charles Venable to Walter Taylor, March 29, 1878, in Walter Herron Taylor Papers, box 8, M2009.425, Stratford Hall; William C. Davis, “The Confederate Peacemakers of 1865,” in Petersburg to Appomattox: The End of the War in Virginia, ed. Caroline Janney (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018), 148.
9. REL to Davis, Sept. 2, 1864, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 52, pt. 2, 1228; Bruce Levine, Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves During the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 183; “Letter from General Lee on the Negro Enlistment,” Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 24, 1865; Philip D. Dillard, Jefferson Davis’s Final Campaign: Confederate Nationalism and the Fight to Arm the Slaves (Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2017), 192–96.
10. Jones, diary entries for Sept. 23, 1864, and Jan. 25, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:264, 360; “General Robert E. Lee—Federalism,” Charleston Mercury, Feb. 3, 1865; “Latest Northern News,” Charleston Mercury, March 27, 1865; Cobb to James A. Seddon, Jan. 8, 1865, in OR, ser. 4, 3:1009; Nolan, Lee Considered, 20–21; Ruffin, diary entry for Dec. 27, 1864, in Diary of Edmund Ruffin, 3:692; Edmondston, diary entries for Dec. 20, 1864, and Jan. 29, 1865, in Journal of a Secesh Lady, 650–51, 660.
11. REL to Hunter, Jan. 11, 1865, in “General Lee’s Views on Enlisting the Negroes,” Century Magazine, Aug. 1888, 599–601; Robert F. Durden, The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972), 207; Snow, Lee and His Generals, 149.
12. Kean, diary entry for Jan. 24, 1865, in Inside the Confederate Government, 492; Benjamin to REL, Feb. 11, 1865, and O. Latrobe to James Kershaw, Feb. 16, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 2, 1229, 1236; Durden, The Gray and the Black, 217, 223; Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: The Jewish Confederate (New York: Free Press, 1988), 286; Richmond Enquirer, Feb. 21, 1865; REL to Barksdale, Feb. 18, 1865, in James Dabney McCabe, Life and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee (Philadelphia: National, 1866), 574; Levine, Confederate Emancipation, 114–15, 122; Jones, diary entry for Feb. 10, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:372; REL to Davis, March 10, 1865, in WPREL, 914; REL to Davis, March 24, 1865, in OR, ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, 1339; REL to Breckinridge, March 27, 1865, in Jones, Life and Letters, 362; Casdorph, Confederate General R. S. Ewell, 327; Rable, Confederate Republic, 295; Thomas, Confederate Nation, 290–96; Edward Spencer, “Confederate Negro Enlistments,” in McClure, Annals of the War, 551–552.
13. Jones, diary entry for Jan. 12, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:347–48; Samuel Pickens, diary entry for Jan. 18, 1865, in Voices from Company D, 346; “Conversation with Francis Preston Blair,” Jan. 12, 1865, in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 11:319; James B. Conroy, Our One Common Country: Abraham Lincoln and the Hampton Roads Peace Conference of 1865 (Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2014), 89, 130–32, 195.
14. Davis, “Message to Congress” and “African Church Speech,” Feb. 6, 1865, in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 11:377–78, 383; Conroy, Our One Common Country, 216–19, 233–34; Stephens, diary entry for June 21, 1865, in Recollections of Alexander H. Stephens: His Diary Kept When a Prisoner at Fort Warren, ed. M. L. Avary (1910; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998), 241; Jones, diary entry for March 15, 1865, in Rebel War Clerk’s Diary, 2:407; Campbell to Breckinridge, March 5, 1865, in Reminiscences and Documents Relating to the Civil War During the Year 1865 (Baltimore: John Murphy, 1887), 29, 31; Fitzhugh Lee, “The Failure of the Hampton Conference,” in Cozzens, Battles and Leaders, 6:503; “The Peace Commission—Hon. R. M. T. Hunter’s Reply to President Davis’ Letter,” SHSP 4 (Dec. 1877): 308–9; William C. Davis, “Lee and Jefferson Davis,” in Lee the Soldier, 302.
15. St. John Liddell, “Liddell’s Record of the Civil War,” Southern Bivouac, Dec. 1885, 413; Gordon, Reminiscences of the Civil War, 386–90; William Mahone, “What I Saw and Heard During the Closing Days of the Army of Northern Virginia,” July 25, 1895, in Newsome, Civil War Talks, 438; Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 223–24; Mark Grimsley, “Learning to Say ‘Enough,’ ” in The Collapse of the Confederacy, ed. Mark Grimsley and Brooks D. Simpson (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 5–51; Furgurson, Ashes of Glory, 300; Davis, Crucible of Command, 442–47; REL to Breckinridge, March 9, 1865, in WPREL, 912–13.
