Robert E. Lee, page 66
17. “A Letter Written by General Lee,” Alexandria Gazette, March 8, 1886; Elizabeth Brown Pryor, “Rediscovered: Robert E. Lee’s Earliest-Known Letter,” VMHB, Jan. 2007, 110.
18. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:42; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 42; Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 28; Robert Elder, Calhoun: American Heretic (New York: Basic Books, 2021), 162.
19. REL to Calhoun, April 1, 1824, LFDA/duPont Library.
20. “Of the Troops in Service of the United States,” Oct. 2, 1788, in Journals of the American Congress: From 1774 to 1788 (Washington, D.C.: Way & Gideon, 1823), 4:874; Russell F. Weigley, History of the United States Army (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 81; Paul A. C. Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1606–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 47.
21. William H. Gaines, “The Forgotten Army: Recruiting for a National Emergency (1799–1800),” VMHB, July 1948, 279; Sidney Forman, “Why the United States Military Academy Was Established in 1802,” Military Affairs 29 (Spring 1965): 22; Alexis de Tocqueville, “Of Discipline in Democratic Armies,” in Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Colonial Press, 1899), 2:293–94.
22. Barton C. Hacker, “Engineering a New Order: Military Institutions, Technical Education, and the Rise of the Industrial State,” Technology and Culture 34 (Jan. 1993): 12; Stephen E. Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966), 12; “Military Academy, and Reorganization of the Army,” Jan. 14, 1800, in American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1832), 133–34.
23. Edward Carlisle Boynton, History of West Point: And Its Military Importance During the American Revolution and the Origin and Progress of the United States Military Academy (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1871), 217; Ambrose, Duty, Honor, Country, 19, 40–41, 67, 74, 90; Review of “Military Laws of the United States” and “Documents from the Department of War,” North American Review 53 (Oct. 1826): 271; Koistinen, Beating Plowshares into Swords, 21–22, 62, 81–82, 84–85, 92; J. P. Clark, Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2017), 32; John H. B. Latrobe, Reminiscences of West Point from September, 1818 to Mar., 1882 (East Saginaw, Mich.: Evening News, 1887), 19.
24. Review of “Military Laws of the United States” and “Documents from the Department of War,” 271; “Memorial of Certain Non-commissioned Officers of the Army,” Jan. 16, 1837, in American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1861), 6:988.
25. Albert E. Church, Personal Reminiscences of the Military Academy from 1824 to 1831: A Paper Read to the U.S. Military Service Institute, West Point, March 28, 1878 (West Point, N.Y.: USMA Press, 1879), 9, 40, 43, 46, 47–48, 51–52; “Synopsis of the Course of Studies at the Military Academy” (1825), in American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1860), 3:150; Ian C. Hope, A Scientific Way of War: Antebellum Military Science, West Point, and the Origins of American Military Thought (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015), 40–43, 86, 92–98; Andrei N. Kolmogorov and Adolf P. Yushkevich, eds., Mathematics of the 19th Century: Geometry, Analytic Function, Theory (Berlin: Birkhauser, 1996), 3; William Enfield, Institutes of Natural Philosophy, Theoretical and Experimental (London: J. Johnson, 1785), vii; Michael Bonura, Under the Shadow of Napoleon: French Influence on the American Way of Warfare from the War of 1812 to the Outbreak of WWII (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 76; Frederic H. Smith, West Point Fifty Years Ago: An Address Delivered Before the Association of Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy, West Point (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1879), 5; Charles F. O’Connell, “The Corps of Engineers and Modern Management, 1827–1856,” in Military Enterprise and Technological Change: Perspectives on the American Experience, ed. M. R. Smith (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1985), 93; Edgar S. Dudley, “Was ‘Secession’ Taught at West Point?,” Century Magazine, May 1909, 635.
26. King to C. Gore, June 22, 1821, in The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents, and His Speeches, ed. Charles R. King (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1900), 6:394; Erasmus D. Keyes, Fifty Years’ Observations of Men and Events, Civil and Military (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1884), 190; Richard Weingardt, Engineering Legends (Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005), 1–2, 4–5; Robert J. Kapsch, Historic Canals and Waterways of South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2010), 7.
27. Boynton, History of West Point, 240–41; Hope, Scientific Way of War, 111–14; Weingardt, Engineering Legends, 122–23; Jon Scott Logel, Designing Gotham: West Point Engineers and the Rise of Modern New York, 1817–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2016), 30–31, 52–53; “Report of the Minority of the Board of Visitors at West Point, June 25, 1840,” in Message from the President of the United States to the Two Houses of Congress, at the Commencement of the Second Session of the Twenty-Sixth Congress (Washington, D.C.: Blair & Rives, 1840), 150–51.
28. King to C. Gore, June 22, 1821, in Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, 6:394.
29. The Life and Speeches of the Hon. Henry Clay, ed. Daniel Mallery (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1857), 1:88; Peter B. Porter, “Report of the Secretary of War,” Nov. 24, 1828, in The National Calendar: And Annals of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Peter Force, 1829), 7:273; William B. Skelton, An American Profession of Arms: The Army Officer Corps, 1784–1861 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992), 295–97.
30. Latrobe, Reminiscences of West Point, 2, 5; Augusta Blanche Berard, Reminiscences of West Point in the Olden Time (East Saginaw, Mich.: Evening News Printing, 1886), 24, 29, 32; Samuel E. Tillman, “The Academic History of the Military Academy, 1802–1902,” in The Centennial of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 1:258; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:51.
31. George Washington Cullum, Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1891), 1:421–47.
32. American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, 3:575, 674; Ann Lee to SSL, April 10, 1829, duPont Library.
33. William Nelson Pendleton, “Personal Recollections of General Lee,” Southern Magazine, Dec. 1874, 604; Johnston, in Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 71; Lasalle Pickett, “The Wartime Story of General Pickett,” Cosmopolitan, Jan. 1914, 184.
34. “Address of President Davis,” in Jones, Army of Northern Virginia Memorial Volume, 14; Jones, Personal Reminiscences, 340.
35. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:72–73; Benjamin Hallowell, Geometrical Analysis, or the Construction and Solution of Various Geometrical Problems (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1872), 10; Felix Gilbert, “Machiavelli: The Renaissance of the Art of War,” in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Peter Paret (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 27; Charles de Warnery, Thoughts and Anecdotes Military and Historical, Written About the Year 1774 (London: T. Egerton, 1811), 86; “Warnery’s Thoughts and Anecdotes,” Anti-Jacobin Review and True Churchman’s Magazine, May 1911, 41.
Chapter Three: Marriage and the Third System
1. Boynton, History of West Point, 223; Cazenove G. Lee, “Ann Hill Carter,” WMQ 16 (July 1936): 419; Edmund Jennings Lee, Lee of Virginia, 404; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 38–39; Louise Pecquet du Bellet, Some Prominent Virginia Families (Lynchburg, Va.: J. P. Bell, 1907), 1:264; Pellicer, “ ‘I Hear Such Strange Things of the Union’s Fate,’ ” 132; REL to CCL, Oct. 12, 1830, Robert E. Lee Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia; Ann Carter Lee to SSL, May 17, 1822, duPont Library.
2. Nagel, Lees of Virginia, 204–7, 226–27; C. G. Lee, Lee Chronicle, 91; Henry Lee to William Berkeley Lewis, July 26, 1833, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
3. “Personal Recollections of General Robert E. Lee by His Cousin, Marietta Fauntleroy Powell,” 198–99.
4. Jennifer Hanna, Arlington House: The Robert E. Lee Memorial (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 2001), 31; Benton J. Lossing, “Arlington House: The Seat of G. W. P. Custis,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, Sept. 1853, 436; William George Rudy, “Interpreting America’s First Grecian Style House: The Architectural Legacy of George Washington Parke Custis and George Hadfield” (master’s thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2010), 10.
5. Clayton Torrence, ed., “Arlington and Mount Vernon 1856 as Described in a Letter of Augusta Blanche Berard,” VMHB, April 1949, 150; Hanna, Arlington House, 20, 39; Kundahl, Alexandria Goes to War, 77; Godfrey T. Vigne, Six Months in America (Philadelphia: Thomas T. Ash, 1833), 55; Jonathan Horn, The Man Who Would Not Be Washington: Robert E. Lee’s Civil War and His Decision That Changed American History (New York: Scribner, 2015), 37; Packard, Recollections of a Long Life, 156; Rudy, “Interpreting America’s First Grecian Style House,” 33, 36.
6. Davis, Crucible of Command, 26; Henry S. Foote, Casket of Reminiscences (Washington, D.C.: Chronicle, 1874), 16–17; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: A Portrait, 75.
7. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:69, 72; Nagel, Lees of Virginia, 231, 233–34; Ann Lee to SSL, April 10, 1829, duPont Library.
8. Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:81–82; Eben Swift, “The Military Education of Robert E. Lee,” VMHB, April 1927, 101–4; “Cadets Arranged in Order of Merit, in Their Respective Classes, as Determined at the General Examination, in June, 1829,” in Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military Academy, June, 1829 (West Point, N.Y.: USMA, 1884), 6; Edward M. Coffman, “The Army Officer and the Constitution,” Parameters: The U.S. Army War College Quarterly 17 (Sept. 1987): 4.
9. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 26; Ann Lee to SSL, April 10, 1829, duPont Library; Edmund Jennings Lee, “General Robert E. Lee,” in Robert A. Brock, Gen. Robert Edward Lee: Soldier, Citizen, and Christian Patriot (Richmond: Royal, 1897), 368; “Personal Recollections of General Robert E. Lee by His Cousin, Marietta Fauntleroy Powell,” 198.
10. Ann Carter Lee Will, July 24, 1829, Fairfax County Court House, Will Book, P-1, 1827–1830, 277–28; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee, 66–67.
11. “Mr. Adams’ Oration,” Niles’ Weekly Register, July 21, 1821, 331; Henry Wager Halleck, “Report on the Means of National Defence,” Oct. 20, 1843, in Senate Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session of the Twenty-Eighth Congress (Washington, D.C.: Gales & Seaton, 1845), 3:85/9.
12. Hope, Scientific Way of War, 55–59; Emmanuel Raymond Lewis, Seacoast Fortifications of the United States: An Introductory History (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1970), 37–45; John R. Weaver, A Legacy in Brick and Stone: American Coastal Defense Forts of the Third System, 1816–1867 (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories/Redoubt Press, 2001), 2–12; Angus Konstam, American Civil War Fortifications (1): Coastal Brick and Stone Forts (Osceloa, Wis.: Osprey, 2003), 7–19.
13. Mark A. Smith, “A Crucial Leavening of Expertise: Engineer Soldiers and the Transmission of Military Proficiency in the American Civil War,” Civil War History 66 (March 2020): 11; J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann, Fortress America: The Forts That Defended America, 1600 to the Present (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2005), 207; Konstam, American Civil War Fortifications, 19; J. William Kamphuis, Introduction to Coastal Engineering and Management (Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific, 2010), 9, 27, 29–30, 162–64, 171.
14. Robert E. Lee Jr., Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1904), 443–44; Rogers W. Young, Robert E. Lee and Fort Pulaski (Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1941), 4; REL to CCL, May 8 and Nov. 16, 1830, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; REL to Mary Custis, Nov. 11, 1830, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 520.
15. DeButts, “Lee in Love,” 491, 494, 495, 515–17; REL to CCL, Sept. 22 and 30, 1830, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library.
16. REL to Mary Custis, Nov. 11, 1830, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 520; REL to CCL, Nov. 16, 1830, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; REL to Eliza Ann Mackay, April 13, 1831, in Frank Screven, ed., “The Letters of R. E. Lee to the Mackay Family of Savannah” (typescript, Georgia Southern University, Armstrong Campus Library, 1952), 5; Young, Robert E. Lee and Fort Pulaski, 14.
17. REL to Mary Custis, Oct. 30 and Dec. 1, 1830, April 3, 1831, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 517, 523, 536; REL to CCL, Jan. 4 and Feb. 27, 1831, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library.
18. REL to John Mackay, Nov. 3, 1831, in Screven, “Letters of R. E. Lee to the Mackay Family,” 8; REL to Mary Ann Mackay Stiles, May 24, 1856, in Adams, PLREL, 1:124–25; Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: A Portrait, 79–82.
19. REL to Mary Custis, Nov. 11 and 19, Dec. 1 and 28, 1830, April 3, 1831, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 520, 521, 522, 523, 525, 535; R. M. E. MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee (New York: Ginn, 1939), 261; Edward M. Coffman, The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 78.
20. REL to CCL, May 20 and June 15, 1831, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; REL to Mary Custis, May 24, 1831, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; REL to Mary Custis, May 13, 1831, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 540.
21. William Sparrow, in Annals of the American Pulpit, ed. W. B. Sprague (New York: Robert Carter & Bros., 1859), 5:628; REL to Mary Custis, June 12, 1831, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 546; REL to Mary Custis, May 24, 1831, and to Talcott, July 13, 1831, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; Packard, Recollections of a Long Life, 156.
22. “The Confessions of Nat Turner,” in Slave Narratives, ed. William L. Andrews and Henry Louis Gates (New York: Library of America, 2000), 252–53.
23. John V. Quarstein and Dennis P. Mroczkowski, Fort Monroe: The Key to the South (Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia, 2000), 26; Scot French, The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 34–35; Fitzhugh Lee, General Lee (New York: D. Appleton, 1895), 27–28; REL to Mary Fitzhugh Custis, Sept. 4, 1831, Lee Family Papers, VMHC.
24. U.S. Federal Census 1810, Westmoreland County, Va., 12; REL to CCL, Jan. 4, 1831, and Feb. 24, 1835, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; Mason, Popular Life of General Robert Edward Lee, 23.
25. REL to CCL, Sept. 28, 1832, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; “Views of a Virginia Slaveholder in 1827,” Sacramento Daily Union, Jan. 6, 1865; Custis, in The Ninth Annual Report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Way & Gideon, 1826), 12; Edward Carter Turner, in Sanborn, Robert E. Lee: A Portrait, 1:129; Hanna, Arlington House, 45.
26. Mary Fitzhugh Custis and MCL to REL, June 11, 1831, in deButts, “Lee in Love,” 544–45; REL to MCL, June 2, 1832, and REL to Andrew Talcott, April 10, 1834, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 40–41.
27. REL to Talcott, Aug. 2, Nov. 22, and Dec. 1, 4, and 16, 1833, Feb. 15, 21, and 27, 1834; REL to Captain J. Monroe, May 3, 1833, Literary and Historical Manuscripts, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York.
28. REL to MCL, April 17, 1832, in Norma B. Cuthbert, “To Molly: Five Early Letters from Robert E. Lee to His Wife, 1832–1835,” Huntington Library Quarterly 15 (May 1952): 262–63; REL to Captain J. Monroe, May 3, 1833, Pierpont Morgan Library; W. G. Bean, “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston: May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” VMHB, Oct. 1965, 477; REL to CCL, Sept. 28, 1832, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library.
29. MacDonald, Mrs. Robert E. Lee, 42; REL to Lloyd, March 6, 1833, www.maxrambod.com/_images/catalog/Civil%20War/Lee10600.jpg [inactive].
30. “Will of Robert E. Lee, 1846 August 31 (Including Indorsement of 1870 November 7),” LFDA/duPont Library; Martha Gilkeson, “The Story of Howard’s Lick,” West Virginia Department of Arts, History, and Culture, http://www.wvculture.org/history/communities/howardslick01.html; Thomas D. Perry, The Dear Old Hills of Patrick: J. E. B. Stuart and Patrick County, Virginia (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015), freestateofpatrick.blogspot.com; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 108–9.
31. Coffman, Old Army, 49; REL to CCL, Oct. 12, 1831, and Aug. 17, 1832, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library.
32. REL to CCL, April 6 and Sept. 28, 1832, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library.
33. Coffman, Old Army, 52.
34. REL to CCL, Sept. 1, 1831, April 6, 1832, and July 24, 1843, Robert E. Lee Papers, Small Special Collections Library; Skelton, American Profession of Arms, 25, 202; Logel, Designing Gotham, 12–13; Coffman, Old Army, 50; Pellicer, “ ‘I Hear Such Strange Things of the Union’s Fate,’ ” 133, 150.
35. REL to MCL, April 17, 1832, and Nov. 27, 1833, in Cuthbert, “To Molly,” 260–61, 266, 268–69; REL to Mackay, Jan. 23 and Feb. 18, 1833, in Screven, “Letters of R. E. Lee to the Mackay Family,” 17–18; REL to Talcott, June 6, 1834, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; Thomas, Robert E. Lee, 76; Mary Fitzhugh Custis to MCL, Oct. 6, 1831, Lee Family Papers, VMHC; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 1:127–28.
Chapter Four: Mission to the Mississippi
1. Register of All Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States, ed. William A. Weaver (Washington, D.C.: Francis Preston Blair, 1833), 96; REL to Talcott, Nov. 1, 1834, Talcott Papers, VMHC.
