Under a Wild Sky, page 47
Audubon & Bakewell, 129–31, 134
Audubon’s shearwater, 287
Audubon’s warbler, 287
auks, great, 279
Aumack, Jacob, 169–71, 174–76, 325n
Bachman, Harriet, 269, 290
Bachman, John, 269, 275, 279, 280, 282, 283, 287, 288, 290, 344n, 345n, 346n
Bachman’s sparrow, 287
Bakewell, Benjamin, 74, 75, 111
Bakewell, Tom, 129, 130, 134, 137, 161, 163, 165, 321n, 324n
Bakewell, William, 67–69, 103, 130, 183, 312n, 314–15n
Bakewell, William, Jr., 132, 137, 183, 241, 250, 286, 291
bald eagles, 35, 60, 82, 111, 157–61, 174, 323n
Bank of Kentucky, 164–65
Bank of the United States, 164
Banks, Joseph, 231
barn owls, 170
barred owls, 171, 180, 287
Bartram, John, 57
Bartram, Nancy (“Anna”), 59, 63, 64, 308n, 310n
Bartram, William, 11, 57–59, 61–64, 83–85, 107, 115, 267, 269, 276, 307–8n, 316n
Bartram’s vireo, 286
bats, 108, 142–43, 145
bears, 35, 62, 81, 91, 97, 136, 138–39, 144, 260–61; grizzly, 324n
beavers, 35
beetles, 31, 142
Bendersky, Gordon, 346n
“Big Bone Lick,” 39
Bird of Washington, 156–61, 281, 323–24nn
Birds of America, The (Audubon), 208, 225, 227–28, 230, 231, 236, 239, 250–52, 255, 272, 279, 286, 290, 292, 329n, 340n, 345n; completion of, 277, 279–80, 282, 287, 291; Havell’s engravings for, 234–36, 242, 252, 254, 256, 268, 270–71, 278, 282, 287, 292; Lizars’s engravings for, 216–17, 222, 232; reviews of, 240, 275, 283, 344n; subscriptions to, 216, 221, 226–29, 236, 237, 240, 241, 244, 247, 250, 253, 277, 278, 292, 341n, 345n; text for, 257–59; Victor’s involvement with, 221, 268, 271, 276, 278, 279, 292, 341n, 345n, 347n
bison, 39, 136, 324n
black-bellied darters, 188
blackbirds, 202; crow, see boat-tailed grackles
black snakes, 116, 224
blacks: free, 179; Jefferson’s attitude toward, 43; see also slaves
blue jay, 60
blue-winged teal, 51
boat-tailed grackles, 182
Bohn (bookseller), 207–9, 329n
Bonaparte, Charles-Lucien, 8–10, 12, 14–15, 184, 247, 253, 255, 299n, 300n, 338n, 344n, 345n; Audubon’s criticism of, 192, 344n; collaboration on American Ornithology of, 14, 190, 252, 299n, 323n; in England, 225, 228, 232, 280–81; taxonomy of, 258
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 9, 14, 21, 212
Bonaparte’s flycatcher, 286
Boone, Daniel, 75, 91, 121–22, 125, 264–66, 319n
Boston Atlas, 283
bottle-nosed dolphin, 195
Bowen, Samuel, 165–66
Bradford, Samuel, 85–86, 104, 107, 316–18nn
British Museum, 231, 253
brown-headed cowbirds, 136
brown pelicans, 148, 181, 188, 273, 278–79
Buchanan, Robert, 347n
buffalo, 287
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 33–37, 41, 43–44, 198, 200, 305n
Bulow, John, 273–75, 342n
buntings, 279; indigo, 317n
Burns, Robert, 21, 23–24
Burstein, Andrew, 298n
Cajuns, 179
California condor, 159
California Gold Rush, 290
camera lucida, 284
Canada geese, 51, 160, 323n
Canada warblers, 228
Canadian jays, 45, 46, 84
Cantwell, Robert, 303n
canvasbacks, 51–52, 153
Carolina parakeets, 112, 149–52, 174, 258, 313n, 322n
Catesby, Mark, 59–62, 84, 85, 196
catfish, 140, 174
cedar waxwing, 146
Chalmers, John, 346n
Charles II, King of England, 231
Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, 275
Cherokees, 122
Children, John, 231, 244, 247, 251
chromolithography, 290
Cincinnati College, Western Museum of, 168, 184
Civil War, 91, 290
Clark, George Rogers, 77
Clark, William, 42, 84, 89, 104
Clay, Henry, 169–70
coloring of prints, see hand coloring
Columbus, Christopher, 18
Colymbus glacialis, 80, 227
comparative anatomy, 38
condors, California, 159
Congress, U.S., 170, 250
conservation, 97, 99
Continental Congress, 122
Corning, Howard, 328n
Corvus corax, 286
cougars, 91
cowbirds, brown-headed, 136
coyotes, 115
Cramer, Zadok, 90, 311n
cranes, 16, 58, 239; sandhill, 112; whooping, 29, 110–11, 214
crow blackbirds, see boat-tailed grackles
crows, 63, 171
cuckoos, 19; yellow-billed, 228
Dacosta, François, 66, 72, 74–75
Dallett, Francis James, 298n
darters, black-bellied, 188
David, Jacques-Louis, 11, 14, 17, 69, 99, 184, 264, 280, 344n
deathbed portraits, 167, 168
Declaration of Independence, 30, 47
deer, 35, 39, 57, 62, 91, 97, 133, 170; white-tailed, 136
degeneration, Buffon’s theory of, 36–37, 41, 44, 198
DeLatte, Carolyn, 321n
Delos (ship), 193–97
dolphin, bottle-nosed, 195
Douglas, Harriet, 226
doves, rock, 152
Drinker, Elizabeth, 306n
ducks, 50–52, 70, 82, 91, 101, 124, 137–39, 147, 153, 156, 170, 174, 177, 180, 214–15; canvasback, 51–52, 153; mallard, 50, 153; redhead, 50; wood, 6, 89, 104, 185
Duncan, William, 27, 28, 47, 48, 50, 52–53, 80–82, 84, 115
eagles, 16, 19, 93, 156–61, 209, 289; bald, 35, 60, 82, 111, 157–61, 174, 239, 240, 323n; golden, 157, 159, 160, 240
earthquakes, 262–63
Edinburgh Journal of Science, 310n
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 211
Edinburgh University, 211, 218, 231, 256, 329n, 330n
egrets, 278
Elements of Botany (Bartram), 59
elk, 39, 43, 91
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 256
engraving, 49, 60–62, 84–86, 196, 213; of Birds of America, 215, 216, 220, 228, 232–37, 242, 244, 252, 254, 256, 268, 270–71, 278, 282, 291–92
Enlightenment, 30, 41
etching, 233–34
evolution, 32, 36; Darwinian, 35
extinction, 32, 41, 106, 149–50
Falco: F. borealis, 163; F. peregrinus, 30; F. plumbeus, 45; F. rusticolus, 30
falcons: gyrfalcon, 30; peregrine, 30, 132, 174–76, 214
finches: goldfinch, 63, 146–47; purple, 146, 228
flamingos, 276
flatboats, 76–77, 88–89
flintlocks, 98
flycatchers, 110; Bonaparte’s, 286
flying squirrels, 43
Ford, Alice, 309n, 312n, 318n, 320n, 321n, 327–29nn, 333–34nn, 336n, 337n, 344n, 347n
Foresters, The (Wilson), 84
fossils, 32–33, 37–42
foxes, 35
Franklin, Benjamin, 7, 39, 289
free blacks, 179
French Revolution, 19
frigate birds, 19
geese, 50, 52, 91, 174, 180, 239; Canada, 51, 160, 323n
genera, 31, 32, 44
George IV, King of England, 236
Ghent, Treaty of, 170
Gifford, Euphemia, 312n
godwits, tell-tale, 273, 291–92
golden eagles, 157, 159, 160, 240
goldfinches, 63, 146–47
gopher turtles, 58
Gordon, Ann Bakewell, 199, 200
grackles, boat-tailed, 182
gray squirrels, 287
great auks, 279
great blue herons, 146
great-footed hawks, see peregrine falcons
great horned owl, 147
great northern diver, 227
Great Pine Swamp (Pennsylvania), 248
Greeks, ancient, 33
green-winged teals, 137–38
Grosart, Alexander, 301n, 302n, 316n
grosbeaks, 19
grouse, 50, 81, 112, 133, 147, 279
Grus americana, 29
gulls, 19
gyrfalcons, 30
habitat, loss of, 137, 150
Haines, Reuben, 192, 299n
Halley, Edmond, 231
hand coloring, 60–61, 84, 115, 213; of Birds of America, 216, 232, 233, 235, 242, 252, 270
Harlan, Richard, 247, 251, 340n, 346n
Harris, Ed, 284–85
Harvard University, Houghton Library, 301n, 328n
Havell, Daniel, 233
Havell, Robert, 233–36, 238, 241, 242, 255, 333nn, 344n
Havell, Robert, Jr., 234, 238, 244, 247, 279, 333nn, 336n, 341nn, 344n; engraving of plates for Birds of America by, 234, 235, 242, 252–53, 254, 256, 268, 270–71, 278, 282, 287, 292; Lucy’s correspondence with, 257, 270, 271; payments to, 236, 255; retirement in America of, 291
Havell, Mrs. Robert, Jr., 257, 266, 340n
hawks, 63, 115, 127, 155–56, 239; great-footed, see peregrine falcon; red-shouldered, 185; red-tailed, 163
Henderson, Richard, 121–22
Henderson (steamboat), 165
herons, 19, 180, 278; great blue, 146
Herrick, Francis Hobart, 309n, 317n, 318n, 327n, 336n, 348n
Hodgson, Adam, 200, 202
Hope (ship), 73
horses, wild, 58
House of Representatives, U.S., 170
house sparrows, 136
hummingbirds, ruby-throated, 65
Hunter, Clark, 301–2n, 318n
hunting, 50–52, 69–70, 94, 97–99, 124, 136–39, 170, 177, 287; by Boone, 264–66; in England, 207, 236; market, 137, 150; of passenger pigeons, 154, 155
Indians, 29, 42, 82, 89, 90, 91, 122, 139, 171, 264; Buffon’s assessment of, 37, 40, 43; in Florida, 13, 57, 58; in Revolutionary War, 77; of Saint-Domingue, 18; Wilson and, 112, 113
indigo buntings, 317n
intaglio, 233
ivory-billed woodpeckers, 106–7, 174, 313n
Jackson, Andrew, 190, 248, 250
Jameson, Robert, 211–14, 218–20, 226, 256
Jardine, William, 212, 214, 215, 220, 221, 236
jays, 83, 269; blue, 60; Canadian, 45, 46, 84
Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 14, 29, 40–47, 55, 58, 83–86, 305n
John James Audubon State Park Museum, 291
J. Whatman Company, 252
Kentucky Insurance Company, 164
Kidd, Joseph Bartholomew, 226, 241, 278
kingfishers, 71; belted, 102
King’s Cabinet of Natural History, French, 33
kites, Mississippi, 45, 186, 271, 185
Klauber, Laurence M., 331n, 344n
Ku Klux Klan, 91
Lawson, Alexander, 14–15, 62, 84, 86, 104, 108, 112, 217, 253
Leech, Isaac, 80–83
Lehman, George, 248, 268, 271–73, 278
Leonardo da Vinci, 33
Lesueur, Charles-Alexandre, 15, 299n
Lewis, Meriwether, 42, 84, 89, 104–5, 114
Linnaeus, Carolus, 30–34, 44, 45, 57, 59, 61, 256, 258, 303n
lizards, 145
Lizars, William Home, 213–17, 222, 226, 228, 229, 232–36, 255, 282, 329n, 333–34nn
Lloyd, Phoebe, 346n
Lloyd, Thomas, 207
Long, Stephen Harriman, 9
long hunts, 319n
loons, 80, 227
Loudon, John, 239–40
Loudon’s magazine, 240
Louis XV, King of France, 33
Louisiana Purchase, 14, 21, 29
Louisiana tanager, 105
Low, Suzanne M., 333nn
Lukens, Isaiah, 299n
lynx, 96
MacGillivray, William, 256–58, 279, 338n, 341n
MacGillivray’s warbler, 286–87
Magnet (steamboat), 5
malaria, 19
mallards, 50, 153
mammoth fossils, 37–42
Marion (ship), 276
market hunting, 137, 150
Martin, Maria, 269, 282, 287, 288, 290
Mary, Queen of Scots, 210
Mason, Joseph, 13, 168–70, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 182, 185–89, 193
Mather, Cotton, 38
McEwan, Thomas, 341n
McLean, Martha, 24–26
Meadowbank, Lord, 226
meadowlarks, 170
Mease, James, 7–11
migration, 58, 61; of waterfowl, 50–52, 70, 78, 137, 170
Miller, Daniel, 318nn
Miller, James, 344n
Miller, Sarah, 318nn
Mississippi kites, 45, 185, 186, 271
Missouri Compromise, 170
mockingbirds, 87, 185, 186, 214, 222, 224, 281, 344nn
Mongols, 38–39
Monthly American Journal of Geology and
Natural History, 275
moose, 97
morphology, 30, 32, 34, 36, 140, 188, 255
Morton, Lord and Lady, 225–26
mussels, 174
Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, The (Catesby), 59–61
Naturalist’s Library, 212
Navigator, The (Cramer), 311n
Neill, Patrick, 213
New Madrid earthquake, 262–63
New Orleans, Battle of, 178
Newton, Isaac, 38, 50, 231, 332n
New-York Historical Society, 290
New York Lyceum, 15
nighthawk, 147–48
Nolte, Vincent, 130, 193, 198, 200, 320n
non-descripts, see species, new Norway rats, 133
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 40, 41, 43–45, 47, 305n
Omega (steamboat), 285
opossums, 251
Ord, George, 191, 197, 269, 289, 299n; continuation of American Ornithology by, 14, 16, 189–90, 316n, 317n, 318n, 344n; enmity toward Audubon of, 13–17, 253, 281–82, 292, 300n, 317n, 323n, 338n, 344n; in London, 251; Swainson and, 240; Wilson and, 14, 16, 114, 115, 302n, 309n, 317n
orioles, 63
Ornithological Biography (Audubon), 3, 18, 29, 45, 65, 80, 87, 104, 121, 132, 146, 163, 195, 227, 246, 272, 286; completion of, 287; episodes in, 259–66; Ord on, 282; publication of, 257–58, 268; reviews of, 275; writing of, 257–58, 279
Orr, Charles, 52–56
Osages, 125
ospreys, 60, 156
otters, 205, 215, 287, 321n
owls, 19, 45, 96, 112, 133; barn, 170; barred, 171, 180, 287; great-horned, 147
Pacific (ship), 246
Paine, Thomas, 105
Paisley Museum and Art Galleries, 301n
Panic of 1819, 164
panthers, 82; Florida, 58
parakeets, Carolina, 112, 149–52, 174, 258, 313n, 322n
parrots, 19
partridges, 170, 207, 214
passenger pigeons, 67, 78, 112, 149–50, 152–56, 258, 313n
Peale, Charles Willson, 84, 346n
Peale, Raphaelle, 346n
Peale, Rembrandt, 111
Peale, Titian, 323n
pelicans, 19; brown, 148, 181, 188, 273, 278–79; white, 148–49
Percy, Jane, 189, 191, 229
peregrine falcons, 30, 132, 174–75, 214–15
petrels, 8, 9
pewees, 186
pheasants, 207, 209, 211, 236; ring-necked, 136–37
Philadelphia Gazette, 275
Philadelphia Museum, 84
phoebes, 67, 69, 71
pigeons, 50; passenger, 67, 78, 112, 149–50, 152–56, 258, 313n
pileated woodpeckers, 106
Pirrie family, 185–88
Plotus anhinga, 132
plovers, 19
Polly (ship), 74
Pope, Alexander, 22
porcupines, 35
Porter, Charlotte M., 303–4n
Port Folio, The, 108, 317n
portraiture, 167, 168, 177–79, 180, 182, 189, 215
prothonotary warbler, 228, 234, 333n
puffins, 279
purple finches, 146, 228
quail, 50
Rabin, Jeanne, 18
Rafinesque, Constantine, 141–45, 205, 259, 322n
Rankin, Adam, 124, 133–35, 158, 321n
Rankin, Elizabeth, 124, 128, 133–35, 321n
raptors, 185; see also eagles; falcons; hawks; kites; vultures
Rathbone, Hannah, 204, 206, 207, 209, 231, 237, 243–44
Rathbone, Richard, 193, 198–202, 204
Rathbone, Mrs. Richard, 205, 237
Rathbone, William, 198–99, 204
Rathbone warbler, 286
rats, 145; Norway, 133
rattlesnakes, 8, 35, 192–93, 222–25; Bartram’s encounter with, 58, 307n; Catesby’s painting of, 62; drawing of mockingbirds and, 186–87, 214, 222, 224, 281, 344nn; Wilson’s encounter with, 81–82, 308n
ravens, 82, 286
redhead ducks, 50
red-headed woodpeckers, 303n
red-shouldered hawks, 185
red-tailed hawks, 163
Ree’s Cyclopedia, 85
Regulators, 91
reproductive compatibility, 32, 34
Revolutionary War, 40, 41, 55, 77, 124
Rice, Nate, 324n
rifles, 97
ring-necked pheasants, 136–37
robins, 6
rock doves, 152
Romans, ancient, 38
Roscoe, William, 199, 200
roseate spoonbills, 278
Royal Botanical Garden, French, 33
Royal Institution, British, 199–200, 204, 205, 207, 215–17
Royal Navy, 231
Royal Society, London, 38, 231, 251
Rozier, Ferdinand, 74–78, 87, 92, 103, 110, 121, 123, 125, 166, 310n, 311n
ruby-throated hummingbirds, 65
Rush, Benjamin, 47–48
sandhill cranes, 112
sandpipers, 19
Say, Thomas, 114–15, 193
scarlet tanager, 3
Scolopax minor, 121
Scott, Walter, 210, 212, 225, 329n
Selby, Prideaux John, 212–14, 221, 228, 232, 236
Seminoles, 57, 58
Sharp, William, 25–26
Shawnees, 91, 319n
shearwaters, 19; Audubon’s, 287
shotguns, 97–98
Sibley, David Allen, 323nn
Simon, Grant Miles, 306n
