The Railways, page 73
p. 278 challenge by the European Union: Daily Telegraph, 15 Feb. 2003; www.europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11–925_en.htm, 26 July 2011.
p. 279 huddle of weekend dwellings: Building Design, 26 Sept. 2008, 10–13.
p. 279 One early stronghold: Newton, 27–30.
p. 280 encounter on a Norfolk road: Beerbohm 1, 257–64.
p. 280 heyday of shacks and plotlands: Newton, 27–8.
p. 280 for use as a chapel: Vaughan 4, 223.
p. 281 ‘Slinger 3’: Railway Gazette, 1 May 2003.
p. 282 twelve Matisa tamping machines; shortages among the track gangs: Gourvish 2, 667n; 86.
p. 282 careful tending; Engineering Department of the Great Western: Chapman, 127–31; 137–9.
p. 283 a mess carriage: Joby, 119.
p. 283 diagrammatic Railway Charts: Cole 1, ii, 147–8.
p. 284 Totley Tunnel: Anderson and Fox, pl. 495.
p. 284 tunnel inspector: Thornewell.
p. 284 villagers of Bourne: ‘Bourne’, 53, 147.
p. 284 On the southern division: Hendry, 130–38.
p. 285 casting factory at Exmouth Junction: Hawkins and Reeve, 2–7.
p. 285 bad track joint: Weighell, 180.
p. 285 sometimes self-built: Cheshire Observer, 24 June 1876.
p. 285 full-time lookout: Bagwell 2, 109–10.
p. 286 when Dickens’s train derailed: Hill, 149.
p. 286 a little cabin: Essery, 43.
p. 286 a contraption was devised: Marshall, ii, 242.
p. 286 miniature versions with percussion caps: Army & Navy Stores Catalogue (1907), 1040–42.
p. 286 expected to be on standby: Weighell, 184.
p. 286 High-visibility fluorescent clothing: MR, June 1964, 373.
p. 287 Railway Group Standard GO/RT3279: Issue 6, Aug. 2008, www.rgsonline.co.uk.
p. 287 a defective rail fractured: Jack, 8–13.
p. 288 privatised system created in 1993–6; separate business sectors: Wolmar 2, 304–10; 296–9.
p. 288 faults in the rail at Hatfield: Bagwell 3, 117–19.
p. 289 ‘The railway as a system’: Jack, 77.
p. 289 payoff valued at £1.4 million: Guardian, 23 June 2001.
p. 289 Network Rail: Bagwell 3, 119–21.
p. 290 ‘deep alliances’: RM, Apr. 2012, 10.
p. 290 David Cameron: Guardian, 20 Mar. 2012.
p. 290 £34 billion: Financial Times, 12 Aug. 2014.
Chapter 10: Signals and Wires
p. 292 practical-minded pointsman: Ransom, 162.
p. 292 starting signal: Essery, 52.
p. 292 Kentish Town Junction: Ransom, 163.
p. 294 Aeolian harp: Head, 126.
p. 294 between Ely and Norwich: RM, Nov. 2012, 10.
p. 294 earliest commercial electric telegraph; nine-hour chess match: Ransom, 142; 154.
p. 294 ‘railway of thought’: Steven Roberts, distantwriting.co.uk/electrictelegraphcompany.html.
p. 295 codes to regulate the passage: Ransom, 157.
p. 295 As standardised: Bonavia, i, 57.
p. 295 Heckington (Lincolnshire): Rail, 26 June 2013.
p. 295 target for their abolition: RM, July 2013, 35–40.
p. 296 ‘wonderful wooden razors’: ‘The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices’, HW, 3 Oct. 1857.
p. 296n road traffic lights: Morrison and Minnis, 334.
p. 296 misadventure on 10 December 1881: Nock, 109.
p. 296 on western lines: MacDermot, iii, 492–3.
p. 297 how far points could be located; pyrometer: Essery, 93; 64.
p. 297 the longest ‘pull’: Kidner 2, 7.
p. 298 Railway Club Journal: quoted Essery, 66.
p. 299 Metropolitan Railway: Simmons 1, 218.
p. 299 had cost £581,000: Marshall, ii, 242.
p. 299 symbolic item: Essery, 88–90.
p. 300 On the Exmouth branch: Beer, 161.
p. 300 train control by radio: Allen and Woolstenholmes, 52–3.
p. 301 walkways and ladders: Essery, 44.
p. 301 burn for eight days: Quinn, 46.
p. 301 St Helens Junction: Forman, 96.
p. 302 gantry principle: Faulkner, 17, 26.
p. 302 ‘Erimus’: Signalling Study Group, 63–4.
p. 303 hideously congested: Kidner 1, 13.
p. 305 pan-European train control: RM, Sept. 2013, 18–23.
p. 305 railway control office: Simmons 1, 233.
p. 306 at Manchester Victoria station: Marshall, ii, 245.
p. 306 Northallerton power box: Signalling Study Group, 200.
p. 306 installed at Didcot: RM, Sept. 2008, 77.
p. 308 school at Manchester Victoria: Marshall, ii, 243.
p. 308 Midland Railway signalman: Bagwell 2, 430.
p. 310 Adrian Vaughan: Vaughan 4, 121–52, 188, 245, 345–52.
p. 311 Stockport No. 2 Box: The Railway, BBC2, 5 Mar. 2013.
p. 311 Vaughan’s memoirs: Vaughan 4, 176.
p. 312 Sidney Weighell: Weighell, 34–41, 190.
p. 313 suburban electric trains: Dendy Marshall, i, 241; ii, 409–10.
p. 313 At the other end of England: Allen 2, 204–6.
p. 313 between Southampton and Basingstoke: RM, Jan. 2012, 12.
p. 314 more efficient overhead line equipment: Cooper, 79–86.
p. 315 delays and repairs: Guardian, 15 Apr. 2013.
Chapter 11: Railways and the Land I
p. 316 lines built after 1850: Wolmar 1, 131–50.
p. 316 Legal preliminaries: Burton, 25–6.
p. 317 Stanhope & Tyne: Whittle, 16–17, 26–7.
p. 317 Metropolitan Railway: Jackson, A. 1, 134–42, 238–41, 289–93.
p. 319 little brass pass-tokens: Dickinson, W. E., 82.
p. 319 legal incantation: Mander, 128.
p. 320 Stockton & Darlington Railway: Smith, D. N., 17.
p. 320 cut down by an express: Western, 24–5.
p. 320 across the Solway Firth: Edgar and Sinton, 53.
p. 320 Moray McLaren: quoted Legg, 175.
p. 321 One of her friends: Briggs, 184.
p. 322 and n. red flannel petticoats: ibid., 33; Daily Mail, 20 Mar. 2011.
p. 322 Objects might be placed on the line: Quick, 221; Rolt 4, 133.
p. 322 stone-throwing: Clifford, 206; Dickens, ‘Fire and Snow’, HW, 21 Jan. 1854; PIP, 10 July 1875.
p. 323 The menace seems to have returned: Guardian, 31 May 1963; Ward, 251; Ministry of Transport, Railway Accident Report 29th March 1965; Guardian, 9 Apr. 1965.
p. 323 The Finishing Line: British Film Institute, www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1077210.
p. 324 no dedicated budget: Los Angeles Times,12 June 1988.
p. 325 Neasden, Uxbridge and Wembley Park: www.rockingthecity.com.
p. 325 aerosol paint: Ward, 305.
p. 325 we have produced: www.route79.com/journal/archives/000138.html.
p. 325 Digital Jungle UK graffiti archive: www.graffiti.org/dj/index_dj.html.
p. 327 FAR AWAY IS CLOSE AT HAND: The Times, 16 Apr. 2005.
p. 327 The annual bill: Guardian, 20 Jan. 2007.
p. 328 remote-controlled drones: Daily Telegraph, 27 May 2013.
p. 329 red warning discs: Essery, 83.
p. 329 Warthill: Leigh 2, 61.
p. 329 automatic half-barrier crossings: Trains Illustrated, Apr. 1961, 195–6.
p. 330 Dornoch branch: RM, Jan. 1958, 104.
p. 331 Jane Emerson: PIP, 30 Nov. 1861.
p. 331 750 crossings: RM, Feb. 2014, 6.
p. 331–2 Northamptonshire landowners; ‘severance’: Simmons 2, 300; 305.
p. 333 ‘Bradshaw fires guns’: Burton, 28–9.
p. 333 Lord Sefton’s tenants: Ferneyhough, 17.
p. 333 Firearms might even be drawn: Burton, 30–31.
p. 333 This was Brunel’s way: Vaughan 2, 49–50.
p. 334 asleep in his chair: Rolt 2, 131.
p. 334 Robert Stephenson: Michael Bailey, lecture to the Victorian Society, London, 22 Feb. 2012.
p. 334 engineers increasingly took over; the incompetent and the unscrupulous: Thompson 1, 113; 110–11.
p. 335 Institution of Surveyors: Gourvish and O’Day, 32.
p. 335 a momentous step; Brassey’s qualities; relentless hard work: Walker, 16; 19–20, 36–9, 77, 118; 23–5.
p. 337 vivid new monikers; the first Woodhead Tunnel; the Committee’s recommendations: Coleman, 154; 115–38; 149–50.
p. 338 Brassey paid better: Walker, 30–32, 42–3.
p. 339 Coleman’s composite picture: Burton, 128, 162, 175; Brooke 2.
p. 339 four navvies in ten: Burton, 133.
p. 339 child labour: Clifford, 49.
p. 339 rolling crime-wave: Brooke 1.
p. 339 work on the Sabbath: Clifford, 51–2.
p. 340 ‘rough, loud-voiced men’: Waugh, 28.
p. 340 At Cholsey: Clifford, 190–91.
p. 340 maltings: Simmons 2, 327.
p. 341 distilleries at Dufftown: Turnock, 138.
p. 341 Bird-in-Hand inn: Simmons 2, 328.
p. 341 ‘polished horns, bright eyes’: Head, 76.
p. 341 ‘dull oxen’: ‘The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices’, HW, 10 Oct. 1857.
p. 342 Ireland’s exports: Foster, 336.
p. 342 migrant agricultural labour: Redford and Chaloner, 189–90.
p. 342 Cattle-rearing in Wales: Davies, 410.
p. 342 began to augment this flow: Spencer, 250.
p. 342 rinderpest epidemic: Wilson, A. N. 2, 428.
p. 342 Milk trains: RM, Mar. 1959, 155–7.
p. 343 frozen meat: Spencer, 282.
p. 343 ‘smelly bone train’: Garratt, C., 46.
p. 344 Each working horse: Thompson 3, 77.
p. 344 London’s night soil: Pryor, 558.
p. 344 manure from Leeds and Hull: Reading, 26.
p. 344 leftovers from making shoddy: Dickens Jnr.
p. 344 Burton ale: Simmons 4, 33–7; Hunter and Thorne, 51; VCH, County of Stafford, ix (2003), 65–8.
p. 344 brewery tours: Baedeker’s Great Britain (1887), 183.
p. 344 Bass works outing: Smith, D. N., 118; Paar and Grey, 39.
p. 345 Isle of Ely: Pryor, 574.
p. 346 ‘rabbit special’: Semmens, iii, 38.
p. 346 heatable vans: Taylor, M., 72.
p. 346 six-acre fish dock: Dow, i, 171–3.
p. 346 fish and chips; more processed and more standardised: Spencer, 264; 284–5.
Chapter 12: Railways and the Land II
p. 348 knacker’s yard: noted by McCulloch, 654.
p. 348 F. M. L. Thompson: see note to p. 344
p. 349 number of railway-owned horses: Worsley, 233.
p. 349 Mint Stables: Brindle, 143–6.
p. 349 resources of fodder: Vaughan 3, 370.
p. 350 ‘Nimrod’: Itkowitz, 13.
p. 350 Delmé Radcliffe: Carr, 107.
p. 350 Gloom overtook R. S. Surtees; the Holderness: Itkowitz, 13; 53.
p. 350 Lord Galway’s pack: PIP, 29 Mar. 1862.
p. 350 ‘packs of hounds’: Semmens, iii, 94.
p. 351 George Lane-Fox MP: Cannadine 1, 57.
p. 351 5th Earl Fitzwilliam: Thompson 2, 259.
p. 351 private station: Franks, 4.
p. 351 Jorrocks: Surtees 2, ch. 3.
p. 351 Women began riding: Itkowitz, 53.
p. 352 Huntsmen were noted at Euston: Sidney, 10.
p. 352 By the 1860s: Carr, 106–10.
p. 352 number of packs: Itkowitz, 53.
p. 352 ‘the Bold Dragoon’: Griffin, 137.
p. 353 To even out the slopes: Williams 2, 109, 134.
p. 354 Samphire Hoe: www.samphirehoe.com/uk/samphire-hoe/creation.
p. 354 Crossrail route: Guardian, 17 Sept. 2012.
p. 354 ‘Calculating Boy’: MP, 3 Apr. 1815.
p. 354 Edinburgh University: Rolt 1, 92, 229.
p. 355 details of grass species: Rolt 2, 149.
p. 355 a cutting in northern England; Intake embankment: Williams 2, 115; 134.
p. 355 fissured clays: Skempton, 43–4.
p. 355 Round Down: Dendy Marshall, ii, 293; RHRGB, ii (1982 edn), 30; Quick, 126.
p. 356–7 Merstham cutting; Lough Foyle: Williams 2, 110; 135.
p. 357 A depth of some sixty feet: Head, 27.
p. 357 Chevet Tunnel: Thornewell, 112.
p. 358 stratigraphy; A few engineers: Freeman 2, 34–43; 44–9.
p. 359 George and Robert Stephenson: Rolt 1, 209–10, 289.
p. 359 ironstone beds: Perkin, 130.
p. 359 East Kent: Catt, 4–5.
p. 360 horseshoe curve: Thomas, J. 2, 57.
p. 360 London & Birmingham: Burton, 66.
p. 361 at Sankey: Turnock, 64.
p. 361 multiple-arched structures: Smith, M., 30–31, 57–8.
p. 362 Maidenhead: Rolt 2, 171–2.
p. 362 Ballochmyle Viaduct: Smith, M., 45.
p. 362 concrete structures: Thomas, J. 2, 95–101.
p. 364 a cheaper method: Haworth, 71.
p. 365 The Board of Trade’s inspector: Paar and Grey, 4.
p. 365 exploration of timber crossings: Simmons 1, 158.
p. 365 standard pinewood sizes: Burton, 178.
p. 366 Cornwall Railway: Smith, M., 88–90.
p. 366 Landore Viaduct: Vaughan 2, 151.
p. 366–7 Barmouth Viaduct; Victoria Bridge: Smith, M., 97–9; 82–3.
p. 367 Robert Stephenson’s record: Lewis and Gagg.
p. 368 tubular box-girder bridges: Smith, M., 40–41, 49–52.
p. 369 High Level Bridge: Addyman and Fawcett, 39–49.
p. 369 suspension principle: Smith, M., 61–3, 70–72.
p. 369 this deflected alarmingly: Rolt 2, 70.
p. 370 Arun Bridge: Smith, M., 38.
p. 371 the first Tay Bridge: McKean, 1–3, 167–77.
p. 372 Belah and Deepdale: Smith, M., 80–82.
p. 372 warning bell: Weighell, 63.
p. 372 Crumlin Viaduct: Smith, M., 64–6.
p. 373 Not everyone admired: McKean, 299–300.
p. 374 post-war railway bridges: Mann, 1.
p. 374 Runcorn Bridge: Smith, M., 101–3; RW, Oct. 1969, 426.
p. 374 across the Taff Valley: Jones, W., 47.
p. 374 109,762 acres: Simmons 2, 301.
p. 375 ‘bizarre horticultural relics’: Mabey 2, 60.
p. 375 Cutting of the lineside: Sheffield Independent, 1 July 1837.
p. 375 Financial stringency: Rush and Price, 46.
p. 375 embankment at Eydon: Tyrrell, 115.
p. 375 440 farmers: Lichfield Mercury, 11 July 1941.
p. 375 General Booth: Booth, 126.
p. 376 fences of Belgium: Williams 2, 137.
p. 376 a correspondent to The Garden: BDP, 4 June 1875.
p. 376 terraced for vines: Hampshire Telegraph, 10 July 1847.
p. 376 railways may have helped unwittingly: Rackham, 176.
p. 378 lucrative conflagrations: Hewison, 72.
p. 378 Masham branch; Harry Hartley: Weighell, 169; 178.
p. 378 weedkiller: Johnson and Long, 353.
p. 378 groundwater expands: RM, Nov. 1963, 11–12.
p. 379 rosebay willowherb: Mabey 1, 235–6.
p. 379 Oxford Ragwort: Harris, S. A.; Mabey 1, 376–7.
p. 380 Regular mowing: Johnson and Long, 353.
Chapter 13: Goods and Services
p. 382 relatively late additions: RM, Nov. 2013, 36–40.
p. 383 Thornton Yard: RM, Feb. 1958, 129–33.
p. 385 ‘dash pots’: RM, Dec. 2013, 46–7; British Transport Films, Freight and a City (1966).
p. 385 ‘flat’ type: Williamson, 134.
p. 385 Crewe Basford Hall Yard: RW, Dec. 1973, 504–7.
p. 386 240,000 wagons: Gourvish 2, 435.
p. 386 fixed as early as the 1850s: Simmons 1, 203–5.
p. 387 slipper brake or ‘skid’: RW, July 1979, 352–3.
p. 388 set the chain swinging: Vaughan 4, 60.
p. 388 4 November 1879: Pritchard, 34–5.
p. 389 Fifty-three hopeful shunters: RW, Mar. 1969, 136.
p. 389 at Carnforth: RM, Aug. 2009, vii.
p. 389 The mental aspect; ‘fly shunting’: Vaughan 4, 109; 109–10.
p. 389–90 shunting pole; brake levers: Bagwell 2, 105; 107–8.
p. 390 ‘common employment’: Stein.
p. 391 Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants; information on casualties; automatic couplings: Bagwell 2, 47–8; 99; 103–7.
p. 392 Things began to look up: ibid., 107–10; Hewison, 129.
p. 393 Senior railwaymen: Western Gazette, 8 Nov. 1889; Sheffield Evening Telegraph, 27 Nov. 1889.
p. 394 2.7 per 1,000; Not everybody regarded; provident societies: Bagwell 2, 94; 47–8; 119–20.
p. 396 Taff Vale dispute: Wolmar 2, 200–201.
p. 397 Matters came to a head: Meacham, 214–15.
p. 397 unquestioning obedience: Kingsford, 13–34.
p. 397 Manchester & Leeds’s guards: Granville, i, 392.
p. 398 On the Great Western: MacDermot, i, 674–6.
p. 398 Individualism of this older kind; ‘men who die at the post of duty’: Reynolds, 5–7, 19, 25, 35; vi.
p. 399 ASLEF: Weighell, 29.
p. 399 Chester Royal Infirmary: VCH, County of Chester, ii (2005), 51.
p. 400 Skilled carpenters: Perkin, 96.
p. 400 standard workers’ houses: Anderson and Fox, pl. 689.
p. 401 Lickey incline: Casserley 1, 39.
p. 401 Catherine-wheel sparks: Maggs 1, 36.
p. 402 William Ellison: Hendry, 112.
p. 402 how these wagons were worked: Williamson, 150; Gourvish 2, 3–5; Bagwell 1, 278–9.
p. 403 cavalcades of these trucks: Dyment, 210–11.
p. 403 warehousing on wheels: Williamson 129; Semmens, i, 52–3.
p. 403 Loaded or empty: Semmens, ii, 27–30.
p. 404 heavy traffic of private wagons: Simmons 1, 206–9.
p. 404 Netherfield and Colwick: Hendry, 129.
p. 405 visitor to a Yorkshire marshalling yard: Way, 75.
p. 405 a maximum of 30 mph: Roden, 195.
p. 405 during the night: Gourvish 3, 132.
p. 405 platforms for the fast lines only: Simmons 1, 210.
p. 405 less than 10 mph: Semmens, ii, 27.
p. 406–7 standard wagons all of steel; Modernisation Plan of 1955; commitment to vacuum brakes: Gourvish 2, 86; 256–66; 291.
p. 409 the new Ministry of Transport: Pryor, 644.
p. 409 military spin-off: Moran 1, 9.
p. 409 Any road haulier: Wolmar 2, 229–30.
p. 409 found a ready market: RW, Jan. 1981, 6–12.
