The Loom of Time, page 49
Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 251n
Palmyra, 7
pan-Arab nationalism, 244–275
Ba‘athism and, 256–259
British rule of Levant and, 244–253, 255, 257–259
Faisal I on governing of Iraq, 255–256
ISIS as evolution of, 274–275
Islamism as evolution of, 248, 262–264
Kedourie on Arab “doctrine,” 250–256, 262–264 (See also Kedourie, Elie)
murder of Iraqi royal family (1958), 253–254
pan-Arab coup (Egypt, 1958), 253
Syria coups and elections (1947–1954) and, 254–255
Toynbee on, 259–261 (See also Toynbee, Arnold)
U.S. policy in Libya and, 270–273
U.S.-Iraq War and, 264–270
Pantokrator Monastery, 45, 46
Parcham (Banner) branch, Afghan Communist Party, 317
Paris Peace Conference, 106, 117, 251n, 252n
Partition (India and Pakistan), 331
Pasternak, Boris, 147, 147n
The Pathans: 550 B.C.–A.D. 1957 (Caroe), 319–320
Pathans (Pashtuns), 316–338
Afghanistan political changes of 1973–1978, 316–317
American view of “AfPak” and, 324, 332, 334
American war in Afghanistan (2001–2021), 328–330
culture of, 325
geopolitical theory of Heartland (Eurasia) and World-Island (Afro-Eurasia), 334–338
governance and political stability challenge in Afghanistan and Pakistan, 323–330
kings of (eighteenth century to 1973), 316, 319–320
North-West Frontier (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), 318, 324
Pakistan, twentieth and twenty-first century history, 330–333
Pukhtunwali code of behavior, 325, 327
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989), 317–319, 322, 323, 325–328
Soviet-supported communists in Afghanistan (early 1970s), 321
Taliban’s rise from, 181, 294, 326–329, 332, 337
tribal politics of Afghanistan and Pakistan, 320–323
Pelletiere, Stephen C., 276
Penelope’s web parable (Homer), 8–9
People’s Protection Units (Kurdistan), 283
Persia
Achaemenid Empire, 11, 48, 237, 250, 300, 311, 331
Baghdad as “successor state” to Zoroastrianism of Sassanid Persia, 214
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon) on, 48, 51–56
Greco-Persian Wars, 33
Iran, Turco-Persianate culture, and Turkish influence, 71, 74, 76, 80, 91
Kurds of, 276
in modern-day Iraq, 238
Safavid Empire, 238, 276, 300–302, 305–306, 309
Sassanid Empire, 48, 51–52, 178, 214, 237, 250, 260, 300
Saudi Arabia’s history and anti-Persian sentiment, 178
peshmerga, 277, 280–282, 296
Philby, Harry St. John Bridger “Abdullah,” 208–209, 259
Philby, Kim, 208–209
Pinochet, Augusto, 134n
Pipes, Daniel, 216
PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party) and, 278, 283, 291
Political Order and Changing Societies (Huntington), 121, 245n, 290
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 32
postcolonial studies, Said and, 34
“A Post-Saddam Scenario” (Kaplan), 253n
Princeton University. See Lewis, Bernard
Prosperity Party (Ethiopia), 154, 169
Provide Comfort campaign, 281
Pryce-Jones, David, 246
Pukhtunwali code of behavior, 325, 327
Putin, Vladimir, 61, 63, 67, 69–70, 88
PYD (Democratic Union Party, Kurdistan), 283
Q
Qaboos bin Said (Sultan of Oman), 20, 78–79
Qajar dynasty, 302–303, 309
Qatar, 64, 69, 73, 88
Qutb, Sayyid, 5–6
R
Raisani, Nawabzada Mir Lashkari, 321
Ramadan, Taha Yassin, 241–242
Rashid, Ahmed, 326
Reagan, Ronald, 60
The Rebel (Camus), 263–264
religiosity. See also pan-Arab nationalism; women’s rights
Anatolia and “Koran belt,” 82
Egypt and oil, 119–121
Islamism and pan-Arab nationalism, 248, 262–264 (See also pan-Arab nationalism)
Islamization in Ethiopia, 161–162, 169–170
jihad (holy war), 228
Orthodox Christianity in Ethiopia, 170
ubiquity of, 248
Wahhabism of Saudi Arabia, 180–181
Republican Party (U.S.), U.S.-Iraq War and, 268–270
Republican People’s Party (Turkey), 72
The Revenge of Geography (Kaplan), 304
Rimland thesis (Spykman), 335–338
Rodenbeck, Max, 103
Rodinson, Maxime, 151, 178
Rogan, Eugene, 219
Romania, 79, 256
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 179
“The Roots of Muslim Rage” (Atlantic), 38
Rosenberg, Alfred, 260
roshans (balcony screens), 207
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 310
Roux, Georges, 235
Roy, Olivier, 5
Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), 245
Rubin, Barnett, 20, 22
Rubin, Michael, 86
Russia
Afghanistan development and, 337
Arab League on U.S. foreign policy and, 126
as Eurasian, 32
Kurds and, 284
Putin and, 61, 63, 67, 69–70, 88
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989), 317–319, 322, 323, 325–328
Soviet-supported communists in Afghanistan (early 1970s), 321
Soviet Union as empire, 17–18
Stalin and, 147, 158, 279
Ruthven, Malise, 6n
Rwanda, 157
Ryle, Gilbert, 95, 176
S
Saad, Karim Sami, 116
Sadat, Anwar
assassination of, 117–118, 133, 136
Egypt-Israel peace treaty (1979), 110, 124, 129, 134, 140
Egypt-Israel wars and, 109–110, 124, 130, 133, 177, 179, 193, 220, 221, 224–226, 241
Hafez al-Assad and, 224–226
reform by, 133, 134
Suez Crisis of 1956–57, 109–110
Saddam Hussein
al-Bu Nasr clan of, 12
Anfal campaign (Kurd massacre), 241, 281–282, 286, 291, 298
Iraqi dictatorship and fear instilled by, 233–235, 239–243, 292
Khomeini’s exile in Iraq and, 311
Lewis on, 40–41
rise to power by, 253–254
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikrit (full name), 239
Saeed, Abdel Moneim, 131–132
Saeed, Stam, 293–294
Safavid Empire, 238, 276, 300–302, 305–306, 309
Said, Edward W., 10, 34–43, 94, 174
Saladin (Muslim general), 277
Salafism (Salafi), defined, 6n
Saleem, Zmkan Ali, 290–291
Salem, Anis, 121–123
Salih, Barham, 289, 293–294
Sancar, Mithat, 86–87
Santayana, George, 29, 30, 95
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 85
Sassanid Empire, 48, 51–52, 178, 214, 237, 250, 260, 300
Al Saud, Salman Bin Abdulaziz (King of Saudi Arabia), 183, 188, 193
Saudi Arabia, 172–209. See also bin Salman, Mohammed (Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, “MBS”)
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud’s founding of, 177–178, 196, 198–199, 204–205, 208
Arab public opinion of MBS, 123
Chinese foreign policy with, 200–202
Egypt’s foreign policy with, 118
Hejaz history of, 175, 178, 182, 205, 208
Iran and, 180–181, 194, 201
Jeddah, modern-day, 205–209
Lawrence and British history of, 36, 54, 172–177
MBS’s rule of, 183, 188–192, 193, 200–209 (See also bin Salman, Mohammed [Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, “MBS”])
Nejd history of, 178, 181, 182, 186, 205, 208
oil and wealth of, 178–184, 192, 201, 204–205
Ottoman history of, 175, 177, 192–193
population statistics, 184, 188
Riyadh, modern-day, 184–188, 199–200
Al Saud family as asabiyyah, 12
shari’a law, 205
Singapore as model for, 190–192, 195, 198
social contract of Gulf states vs. democracy, 201, 292
Travels in Arabia Deserta (Doughty) and, 172–175
U.S. foreign policy toward, 195, 201, 313–314
Vision 2030 of, 200–202, 209
Wahhabism of, 119, 177–178, 180, 310
women’s rights in, 183, 186–190, 195–200, 206
Saud (King of Saudi Arabia, son of founder), 193
Saunders, Harold, 226
al-Sayyid Marsot, Afaf Lutfi, 105
Seale, Morris Sigel, 220
Seale, Patrick
on Arab-Israeli War of 1973, 225, 226
Asad of Syria, 221–223
biographical information and characterization, 220
The Struggle for Syria, 217n
on Syria’s geographic history, 216–217
on al-Za’im’s regime, 218
Seferis, George, 27
Selimiye Mosque, 78
Seljuk Empire, 11, 47, 56, 74, 76, 80, 81
Semites, defined, 213
September 11, 2001, attacks, 265, 322
Serageldin, Fuad, 117
Serageldin, Ismail, 117
Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence), 175–177, 257
Shah of Iran. See Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza (Shah of Iran)
Shareef, Mohammed, 297–298
shari’a law, 205, 327
Shi‘ite Muslims. See also Persia
Alawites and, 89–90, 219, 222, 227–229, 231–232
ideology of, 306–307
living in Saudi Arabia, 180–181
Safavid Empire’s influence on Iran, 238, 276, 300–302, 305–306, 309
Saudi Arabia’s history and anti-Shi‘ite sentiment, 178
Shi‘ites in Iraqi government, 287
Twelver Shi‘ites, 306–307
Shipman, Pat, 4n
al-Shishakli, Adib, 218
Sieff, Martin, 246
Sinan, Mimar, 77–78
Singapore, 132, 190–192, 195, 198, 287–288
al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah, 87, 103, 111, 115–116, 118–122, 126–131, 134–137
Six-Day War (Arab-Israeli War, 1967), 109, 124, 133, 179, 193, 220
The Social Contract (Rousseau), 310
Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Moore), 10, 98–101
Somalia, 69
Soueif, Ahdaf, 263
South Sudan, 128, 157
Soviet Union, as empire, 17–18. See also communism; Russia
Spengler, Oswald, 185
Spurling, Robert, 242
Spyer, Jonathan, 272
Spykman, Nicholas J., 335–338
Stalin, Joseph, 147, 158, 279
Stark, Freya, 216, 236, 253, 271
The Struggle for Syria (Seale), 217n
Study of History (Toynbee), 8, 30, 259
