The Loom of Time, page 44
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Kaplan, Soldiers of God, pp. 219–20.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Olaf Caroe, The Pathans: 550 B.C.–A.D. 1957 (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 254.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Caroe, The Pathans, p. 255.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Kaplan, Soldiers of God, pp. 192–94.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Ernest Gellner, Muslim Society (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 24–26, 29, and 33. Germaine Tillion, Le Harem et les cousins (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Faleh A. Jabar and Hosham Dawod, Tribes and Power: Nationalism and Ethnicity in the Middle East (London: Saqi, 2003), p. 8.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Garry Wills, Saint Augustine (New York: Viking, 1999), p. 119.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, p. 84.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Robert D. Kaplan, “The Lawless Frontier: The Tribal Lands of the Afghanistan-Pakistan Border Reveal the Future of Conflict in the Subcontinent, Along with the Dark Side of Globalization,” The Atlantic, September 2000.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Anatol Lieven, Pakistan: A Hard Country (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), p. 12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Kaplan, pp. 38–41.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Sugata Bose, A Hundred Horizons: The Indian Ocean in the Age of Global Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 56.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Caroe, p. xv.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Declan Walsh, The Nine Lives of Pakistan: Dispatches from a Divided Nation (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020), p. 81.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Charles Lindholm, Generosity and Jealousy: The Swat Pukhtun of Northern Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), p. 204.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
James W. Spain, The Way of the Pathans (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 29.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Geoffrey Moorhouse, To the Frontier (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1984), p. 185.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Spain, The Way of the Pathans, pp. 46–47.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Walsh, The Nine Lives of Pakistan, p. 86.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia (London: I.B. Tauris, 2000), p. 22.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Robert D. Kaplan, “Man Versus Afghanistan,” The Atlantic, April 2010.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Robert D. Kaplan, “Time to Get Out of Afghanistan: The United States Is Spending Beyond Its Means on a Mission That Might Only Be Helping Its Strategic Rivals,” New York Times, January 1, 2019.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Kaplan, “The Lawless Frontier.”
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Robert D. Kaplan, “What’s Wrong with Pakistan?” Foreign Policy, July/August 2012.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Lieven, Pakistan, pp. 23–29, 204, 235, and 260.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Thomas Homer-Dixon, “Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases,” International Security, Summer 1994.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Epilogue: A Failure of Imagination
Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace, trans. from the Russian by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (New York: Vintage Classics, 2008), p. 885.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Robert D. Kaplan, “Kurds Draw a Blueprint for a New, Borderless Order,” The Observer, September 8, 1996.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Tolstoy, War and Peace, p. 885.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812–22 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), p. 5 of paperback edition.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
David Pryce-Jones, Signatures: Literary Encounters of a Lifetime (New York: Encounter Books, 2020), p. 150.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, trans. from the Russian by Constance Garnett (New York: Modern Library, [1879–80] 1996), p. 272.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Albert Camus, The Rebel: An Essay on Man in Revolt, translated from the French by Anthony Bower (New York: Vintage International, [1951] 1991), pp. 25 and 70–71.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Meiseles, Kurdistan, p. 31.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan, with a new Introduction by David Lattimore (New York: Kodansha America, [1929] 1995), p. xv. See also Lattimore’s Studies in Frontier History (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of the book. Each link will take you to the beginning of the corresponding print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
Abbas, Mahmoud, 64
Abbasid Empire, 16–17, 214, 215, 237–238
Abdi, Reshid, 153–156
Abduh, Mohammed, 105, 108, 308
Abdulaziz Ibn Saud (founder of Saudi Arabia), 12, 177–178, 196, 198–199, 204–205, 208
Abdul Hamid II (Ottoman Sultan), 65, 68–69
Abdulrahman, Sarwar, 288–290
Abiy Ahmed
Ethiopia’s “Brazilianization” and, 161
ethnic background of, 150, 152
Nobel Peace Prize of, 148, 152, 157, 168
Oromo-Amhara alliance and Ethiopian war of early 2020s, 148–157, 163–164, 167–171
as Pentecostal, 150, 152, 169
Aboulghar, Mohammed, 130–131
Aboul Gheit, Ahmed, 124–126
Abraham Accords, 129–130, 203–204
Abraham (biblical figure), 210–211
Abusulayman, Abir Jameel, 207
Achaemenid Empire, 11, 48, 237, 250, 300, 311
Aegean Sea, 33. See also Greece
Afghanistan. See also Pathans (Pashtuns)
Afghan Communist Party, 317
Afghan-Iran border (1973), 316
American view of “AfPak” and, 324, 332, 334
American war in (2001–2021), 328–330
Ghani presidency, 293–294
governance and political stability challenge in, 323–330
heroin trade, 22
Hindu Kush border of, 323
kings of (eighteenth century to 1973), 316, 319–320
Northern Alliance, 328
political changes of 1973–1978, 316–317
Soviet invasion of (1979–1989), 317–319, 322, 323, 325–328
Soviet-supported communists in (early 1970s), 321
Taliban’s rise, 181, 294, 326–329, 332, 337
tribal politics of, 320–323
Aflaq, Michel, 32, 256
“AfPak,” 324, 332, 334
Africa, geopolitical theory of Heartland (Eurasia) and World-Island (Afro-Eurasia), 334–338. See also individual names of countries
Afwerki, Isaias, 149, 152, 155, 163–164, 168, 169
Aharoni, Yohanan, 211n
Ahmad Shah (King of Afghanistan), 320
Ajami, Fouad, 248, 256, 305
Akkad, 237
Aksum, 143
Ala‘Aldeen, Diawer, 287–288
Alajmi, Mutrik, 188
Alawites
Aleppo Artillery School massacre (1979), 227–229
Assads and, 89–90, 219, 222, 231–232
Syrian geography and, 238
al-Bu Nasr clan, 12
alcohol prohibition, 187
Alemu, Girmachew, 164–165
Aleppo Artillery School massacre (1979), 227–229
Alexander the Great, 30, 31, 33, 116, 213, 300, 318
Algeria, 8, 11, 15, 17, 31, 85, 192, 249
Ali, Muhammed (Ottoman Pasha), 18n, 104, 122, 137
Ali (nephew of Prophet Muhammed), 306
Allawi, Ali A., 216, 251n, 259
Al Masmak (fort, Saudi Arabia), 198–199
al-Qaeda, 85, 183, 327–328
Alrashid, Salma, 189
Amanat, Abbas, 301
Amharas
Ethiopian famine of 1984–85 and, 147
Ethiopian war of early 2020s, 148–157, 163–164, 167–171
Serbs compared to, 154
Wax and Gold (Levine), 142–146
Amin, Hafizullah, 317
Amini, Mahsa, 313
Amnesty International, 242
anarchy. See empire vs. anarchy
Anatolia and Asia Minor. See also Ottoman Empire; Turkey
Anatolianism (geography of Atatürk), 59–61, 73–76, 80
Ankara, 81–83
Greece and, 23–25
Kurds of, 85–87
Rome and, 56
Zenobia and, 7n
Anfal campaign (Kurd massacre), 241–242, 281–282, 286, 291, 298
Angawi, Ahmed, 207
anti-Semitism
conspiracy theories and, 75
Farhud (Baghdad pogrom), 246, 257–259
Greek Orthodox Church and, 32
Holocaust, 203
Toynbee and, 260
Antonius, George, 32
Antony, Saint (Antony the Great), 49–52, 146
appeasement policy, 242–243
The Arab Awakening (Antonius), 32
Arab-Israeli War (1967, Six-Day War), 109, 124, 133, 179, 193, 220
Arab-Israeli War (1973), 109–110, 124, 177, 179, 193, 221, 224–226, 241
The Arabists (Kaplan), 3n
Arab League, 124–126
Arab Revolt, 252n
Arabs. See also pan-Arab nationalism; individual names of Arab countries
Arab mind myth, 36
Arabs (Mackintosh-Smith), 4n
Gibbon on geography and, 53
in Iran, 302
Kedourie on Arab “doctrine,” 250–256, 262–264 (See also Kedourie, Elie)
opposition to Israel, as uniting force, 215–216, 238–239
public opinion of MBS, 123
Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence) and characterization of, 175–177
worldwide population and “battle-related deaths” statistics, 4
Arab Spring
in Egypt, 110–113, 115, 118, 119, 121–125, 127, 129, 133–134, 136–137, 141
lack of change resulting from, 12, 21, 26–27, 263, 268
Saudi Arabia reforms as, 191
in Syria, 112, 229–230, 272
Turkey and effect of, 87, 89
Arafat, Yasser, 309
Aregawi, Fitsum, 153–156
Arif, Abdul Salam, 253
Armenian genocide, 17, 24, 286
Artaxerxes II (King of Persia), 277
asabiyyahs (group solidarity), 11–12
Asad of Syria (Seale), 221–223
Al Ash-Shaikh, Mohammed, 189
al-Assad, Bashar
Kurds and, 283–284
Landis on political survival of, 271
rise to power, 136, 222, 229–230
Turkey’s foreign relations with, 87–90
al-Assad, Bassel, 229
al-Assad, Hafez
Arab-Israeli War of 1973 and, 224–226, 241
Arab pan-nationalism and, 223, 254, 255, 262, 264
biographical information and characterization of, 222–224
duration of rule by, 274
Hama massacre (1982) and, 227–229, 262
Khairullah (Iraq) and, 241n
Lebanese civil war (1976) and, 226–227
rise to power, 219–220
Seale on, 220–224
son’s rise to power, 136, 222, 229–230 (See also al-Assad, Bashar)
Syria’s historic geography and, 212, 215
Turkey’s foreign relations with, 90
al-Assad, Rif’at, 228–229
Assyria (ancient civilization), 237
Assyrians (twentieth century), 252
Al Aswany, Alaa, 119n
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal)
Greco-Turkish war and, 23–25
