The Loom of Time, page 41
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Toynbee, A Study of History, p. 556.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Toynbee, A Study of History, p. 556. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust II, 1831, pp. 501–09 (R. Anstell’s translation).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Barry Cunliffe, By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 201, 255, 273, 392, and 420.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History, trans. from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, ed. and abridged by N. J. Dawood (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967), p. 12.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, pp. 93, 109, 119, 133, 136, and 140.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, with a new afterword by Malise Ruthven (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 461–62.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 1, p. 125.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Luo Guanzhong (A.D. 1330–1400), The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, trans. Martin Palmer (New York: Penguin, 2018), p. 1.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000 (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008), p. 22.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Darwin, After Tamerlane, p. 469.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Tim Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes, and Empires (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 96.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, p. 144.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Hourani, p. 95.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 281–82.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), p. 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
See Robert F. Worth’s “Mohammed bin Zayed’s Dark Vision of the Middle East’s Future,” New York Times, January 9, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Mackintosh-Smith, Arabs, p. 520.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Walter Russell Mead, “The West and Middle East Dictators,” Wall Street Journal, April 15, 2019.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Charles Hill, Trial of a Thousand Years: World Order and Islamism (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2011), pp. 153–54.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Michael C. Hudson, Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 91.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, p. 5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, vol. 2, The Expansion of Islam in the Middle Periods (University of Chicago Press, 1974), pp. 570–74. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, vol. 3, pp. 165–66.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Arnold Toynbee, The Western Question: In Greece and Turkey; A Study in the Contact of Civilisations (London: Constable and Company, 1922), p. 1.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Toynbee, The Western Question, pp. 17–18 and 108.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Ussama Makdisi, Age of Coexistence: The Ecumenical Frame and the Making of the Modern Arab World (Oakland: University of California Press, 2019), p. 24.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
Bowles, The Sheltering Sky, p. 145.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), pp. 278 and 286.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Steven A. Cook, False Dawn: Protest, Democracy, and Violence in the New Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 246.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Roderick Beaton, George Seferis: Waiting for the Angel; A Biography (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 302.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
chapter 2. Aegean
Constantine Cavarnos, Orthodox Iconography (Belmont, MA: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 1977), p. 37.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques, trans. John Weightman and Doreen Weightman (New York: Penguin Books, [1955] 2012), p. 38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
George Santayana, The Life of Reason: Or the Phases of Human Progress (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905), pp. 6, 33, and 84–85. Timothy Ware, The Orthodox Church (Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, [1963] 1975), p. 9. Philip Sherrard, The Wounds of Greece: Studies in Neo-Hellenism (London: Rex Collings, 1978), p. 61.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgment of vols. 7–10 by D. C. Somervell (New York: Oxford University Press, [1957] 1987), p. 193.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, pp. 341–42.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Robert D. Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), p. 241.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
J. G. A. Pocock, “An Overview of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,” in Karen O’Brien and Brian Young, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Edward Gibbon (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018), p. 24.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgment of vols. 7–10, p. 195.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Hugh Trevor-Roper, Introduction to The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1994), p. lxii.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (New York: William Morrow, 1977), pp. 41 and 47.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Elie Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies (Boston: University Press of New England, [1970] 1984), pp. 317–18 and 336.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998), pp. 32–34 and 66.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris and Co., 1988; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 29. Citations refer to the University of California Press edition.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgment of vols. 1–6, p. 16.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Ryszard Kapuscinski, Travels with Herodotus, trans. Klara Glowczewska (New York: Vintage International, 2008), p. 80.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Freya Stark, Alexander’s Path (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, [1958] 1988), p. xvii.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Paul Theroux, On the Plain of Snakes: A Mexican Journey (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2019), p. 5.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
“Sailing to Byzantium,” 1926.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, [1978] 1979), pp. 1, 12, 41, and 73–74.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Said, Orientalism, pp. 57, 96, 104, 196–97, 295, 301, and 322.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Said, pp. 314–16.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Bernard Lewis, “The Question of Orientalism,” New York Review of Books, June 24, 1982.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Edward Said, “Orientalism: An Exchange,” New York Review of Books, August 12, 1982.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Samuel P. Huntington, “If Not Civilizations, What?,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1993.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Joseph Brodsky, “Flight from Byzantium,” New Yorker, October 28, 1985.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
chapter 3. Constantinople
Ernest Hemingway, “Old Constan,” Toronto Daily Star, October 28, 1922.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, trans. from the German by Joan Hussey (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp. 377, 380, and 549.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
John Ash, A Byzantine Journey (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 287.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Robert Mayhew, “Gibbon’s Geographies,” in O’Brien and Young, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Edward Gibbon, pp. 43–45.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4 (New York: Everyman’s Library, [1910] 1994), p. 119.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Pocock, “An Overview of The Decline and Fall,” p. 24.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Fred Parker, “Gibbon’s Style in The Decline and Fall,” in O’Brien and Young, eds., The Cambridge Companion, pp. 167–68. Charlotte Roberts, “The Memoirs and Character of the Historian,” also in The Cambridge Companion, p. 206.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, p. 196.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 4, pp. 5–6, 9, and 11.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
Edward N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, [2009] 2011), p. 410.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 10
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 5, p. 40.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 11
Gibbon, vol. 4, pp. 204, 212, and 331.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 12
Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, p. 112.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 13
Gibbon, vol. 4, p. 595.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 14
Gibbon, vol. 5, p. 221.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 15
Gibbon, vol. 5, pp. 230–32 and 239.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 16
Gibbon, vol. 5, p. 325.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 17
Gibbon, vol. 5, pp. 424 and 426.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 18
Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 6, p. 333.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 19
Gibbon, vol. 6, p. 311.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 20
Mary Lee Settle, Turkish Reflections: A Biography of a Place (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 75–77.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 21
Carl Max Kortepeter, The Ottoman Turks: Nomad Kingdom to World Empire (Istanbul: Isis Press, 1991), pp. 25–28 and 39.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 22
Hill, Trial of a Thousand Years, pp. 17–18.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 23
Gibbon, vol. 6, p. 391.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 24
Mortimer, Faith and Power, pp. 141–42 and 145–46.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 25
Tarek Osman, Islamism: What It Means for the Middle East and the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016), p. 163.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 26
Soner Cagaptay, Erdogan’s Empire: Turkey and the Politics of the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 2020), pp. 5–6 and 71.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 27
Simon A. Waldman and Emre Caliskan, The New Turkey and Its Discontents (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 50.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 28
Ragıp Soylu @ragipsoyl,Twitter, https://twitter.com/ragipsoylu/status/1281657592117366785.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 29
Tuvan Gumrukcu, “Turkey Gave Hamas Members Passports, Israel Says,” Reuters, August 26, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 30
Yossi Kuperwasser and Lenny Ben-David, “Turkish Hyper-Activity Reverberates Throughout the Middle East,” Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, September 10, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31
Cagaptay, Erdogan’s Empire, pp. xv and 55.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32
Cagaptay, pp. 137–38.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33
Cagaptay, pp. 64 and 70.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34
M. Hakan Yavuz and Nihat Ali Ozcan, “The Kurdish Question and Turkey’s Justice and Development Party,” Middle East Policy, Spring 2006.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35
Michael Rubin, “One Way the Kurdish Insurgency Could Lead to the Collapse of Turkey,” The National Interest, September 9, 2020.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36
Mortimer, Faith and Power, pp. 138–39.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 37
Waldman and Caliskan, The New Turkey and Its Discontents, pp. 168 and 171.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 38
Malik Mufti, Daring and Caution in Turkish Strategic Culture: Republic at Sea (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 4.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 39
Simran Khosla, “How Other Famous Landmarks Compare to Erdogan’s Huge New Palace,” Agence France-Presse, November 6, 2014.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 40
Nikos Kazantzakis, Journeying: Travels in Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Jerusalem and Cyprus, trans. Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, [1961] 1975), p. 21.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 41
Nicholas Danforth, “Why a Turkish Dictator Let Himself Lose an Election,” Al-Monitor (website), August 6, 2021.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 42
chapter 4. Lower Nile
Mortimer, Faith and Power, p. 19.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1
Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), pp. 10, 35, 36, 40, 49, 51, and 87.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 2
Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures, p. 6.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 3
Charles King, Gods of the Upper Air: How a Circle of Renegade Anthropologists Reinvented Race, Sex, and Gender in the Twentieth Century (New York: Doubleday, 2019), pp. 9 and 341.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 4
Geertz, p. 11, 14, 28, 30, 53, 408, and 442.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 5
Geertz, pp. 259–62, 269–70, and 276–77.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6
Geertz, p. 308.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 7
Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?,” Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 8
Geertz, p. 311.
BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 9
