Indigenous Continent, page 69
Providence, R.I., Narragansett attack on, 161
Providence Island, 87
Provincias Internas, 415
Ptesáŋwiŋ (White Buffalo Calf Woman), 351, 400, 401
Pueblo Bonito (Chaco Canyon), 14–15, 20, 21
Pueblos, 44–45, 421
Christianity and, 178, 188, 189, 255
decentralized political system of, 45, 50, 51
farming by, 179–80
Franciscans and, 48–49, 50, 178–79, 183
horse trading by, 189
intermarriage between colonists and, 188
lasting impact of Spanish rule on, 186
marital conventions of, 183
mesas occupied of, 179–80
mounting grievances of, 177, 183–84
religion of, 179, 180, 188
1696 rebellion of, 188
smallpox epidemic and famine among, 180, 182
soldiers of, 177, 183
Spanish colonists as useful to, 51
Spanish enslavement of, 50
Pueblo Revolt (1860), 183–85, 195, 201, 249
aftermath of, 185–86
Apaches as allies in, 177
lasting impact on Pueblo traditions of, 189
planning of, 177
Spanish evicted from Pueblo land by, 184–85
as trigger for other Native rebellions, 186, 188–89
Puerto Rico, 30, 37
Puget Sound, 433, 451
pumpkins, cultivation of, 255, 352
Puritan Bibles, impact of Metacom’s War on, 161
Puritans, 168
anti-Native paranoia of, 148, 164
in migration to Massachusetts, 73–74
in wampum trade, 75–76
Pushmataha, 370
Pysière, Giles de, 55
Quakers, 165
Quapaws, 227, 312, 432
French alliances with, 210, 222
French colonists as slaves of, 221
as major regional power, 224, 227
Quebec:
British capture of, 282–83
founding of, 89–90
fur trade at, 91
Wyandot refugees in, 113
Quebec Act (British; 1774), 305
Quinnapin, 157
racial mixing, 55, 138–39, 227, 335
racism, xiii, 174, 197, 208, 326, 434, 454, 457
Radisson, Pierre-Esprit, 116
Ragueneau, Paul, 110
railroads, as key to U.S. subjection of equestrian Natives, 450
Raleigh, Walter, 57, 59
Ramón, Domingo, 232
Rappahannock River, 170
Raritans, Dutch massacre of, 83–85, 88
Raven, 306
Reconquista, 26–27
Spanish militarism influenced by, 27, 28, 32, 42, 58
Red Cloud, 439, 440, 449
peace advocated by, 448
Red Cloud’s War, x–xi, 439–40, 448
Red River, 231, 255, 415
Red River Colony, 454, 455
Red River valley, 216, 416
Red Shoes, 234, 263–64
Red Sticks, 372–76, 385, 388
repartimiento labor system, 188
reservations, Native American, 337, 389, 396, 437, 441, 442, 443, 446, 448, 450, 451–52, 459, 461–62
Apache, 422, 426, 441–42, 447, 455–56
as sign of U.S. weakness, 408, 432
Revolutionary War, 318
Black Loyalists in, 317
British surrender in, 317
Native attacks on American settlers in, 310, 313, 314–15, 316
Natives as neutral in, 309
Natives as Patriot allies in, 307–8, 313–14
smallpox outbreaks in, 317
Rhode Island Colony, 88, 155
Iroquois alliance with, 118–20
Ribault, Jean, 54
Richelieu, Cardinal, 92
Richelieu Valley, 283
Ridge, John, 398
Riel, Louis, 455
Rio de las Palmas, 39, 40
Rio Grande, 178, 180, 413
Rio Grande valley, 13, 43, 181, 184, 189, 194
Spanish colonization efforts in, 48–49
Rivera, Pedro de, 257
Roanoke Island, 172, 244
Roanoke River, 124
Roanokes, 57–59
Rocky Mountains, 251–52
Rogers, Robert, 299
Rolfe, John, 65
Roman Empire, 25
Romney, George, 271
Rosalie, Fort, 225–26
Rosas, Luís de, 179
Rosebud, Battle of (1876), 449
Rouensa-8cate8a, Marie, 139
Rowlandson, Mary, captivity narrative of, 164–65
Royal Proclamation line, 293, 295, 303, 304, 307
rum, 201, 262, 288, 296, 317, 389
Rupert’s Land, 346, 455
Russia, Russians, in Northwest Coast fur trade, 377–78
Rut, John, 54
Saahkómaapi, 250
Sabinas River, 232
Sabine River, 231
Sable Island, 88
Sacagawea, 363
Sackville, Fort, 317
Sacred Born, 228
Sagadahoc River, 71
Saint Augustine (San Augustín), Fla., 54, 146, 199, 201, 242–43
Saint-Denis, Louis Juchereau de, 232
Sainte-Marie de Gannentaha (mission), 115
Saint Ignace (mission), 112
Saint Jean (mission), 113
Saint Lawrence, Gulf of, 71
Saint Lawrence River, 97, 100
Saint Lawrence Valley, 74, 88, 89, 91, 93, 145, 146, 194, 209, 258, 281
expanding population of, 215
Iroquois resettlement of, 117–18, 121, 125
Saint Louis, 363, 397
fur trade in, 354
Saint Louis, Fort, 210, 238
Salem, Mass., 150–51
witchcraft trials in, 166
Salish, 377
salmon, 11, 378
Saltillo, 233
Salt River valley, 20
Samoset, 72–73
San Antonio de Béjar (presidio), 232, 417
San Antonio de Valero (mission), 232
San Augustín (Saint Augustine), Fla., 54, 146, 199, 201, 242–43
Sand Creek massacre, 438–39
San Diego Bay, 378
San Diego de Alcala (mission), 380
Sandusky, Ohio, 1783 pan-Indian conference at, 319, 325
San Francisco Bay, 431
San Ildelfonso, Treaty of (1800), 347
San Juan Bautista, 184, 232
San Juan Capistrano (mission), 380
San Saba (mission), Comanche sacking of, 412–13
San Salvador Island, 29
Sans Arcs Lakotas, 357, 385
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 430
Santa Fe, N. Mex., 50, 51, 178, 184, 413, 418
Pueblo attack on, 184–85
Vargas’s capture of, 187
Santa Fe Trail, 407
Santo Domingo, 31, 59
slave rebellion in, 347, 348
Sassamon, John, 154
Saturibas, 54
Saturiwa, 40
Sauks, 104, 335, 366–67, 369
removal of, 397
Sault Sainte Marie (mission and town), 110, 131, 132, 137
Sauteurs, 131–32, 133
refugees from Iroquois absorbed by, 103–4
as Sioux allies, 139, 141
Savannah, Ga., 204, 205
Savannahs, in slave-hunting raids, 199
Saybrook Fort, 78–79
Scarouady, 276, 277
Scott, Charles, 337–38
Scott, Winfield, 399
Scottish Highland refugees, Lumbees’ alliance with, 244
Secon, M., 216
Second Seminole War, 389–90
Seminoles, 314, 331, 394, 460
Fort MacIntosh attacked by, 314
fugitive slaves incorporated into, 319, 373
Negro Fort stronghold of, 385, 388
in Red Stick uprising, 372–73
removal of, 389, 399–400
in wars with U.S., 389–90
Seneca-Cayugas, 274, 286, 304
in attacks on American settlers, 318
in Ohio Country, 303–5, 320
in Pontiac’s War, 289–90, 295
in Seven Years’ War, 270
Senecas, 106, 117, 122, 129, 239, 266, 312–13, 397
French attacks on, 212
as Iroquois League members, 98
Longhouse Religion among, 350
Patriots’ scorched-earth campaign against, 315
in Revolutionary War, 316
Susquehannocks defeated by, 173
Wyandots massacred by, 106
see also Iroquois League; Seneca-Cayugas
Sequoyah, 390
Seris, 376
Serra, Junípero, 378
settlers:
grievances of, 340–41
in Kentucky, 304, 306, 317–18, 335
land hunger of, see land hunger
Native conflicts with, 283, 284, 310, 313, 314–15, 316, 317–18, 330, 434
in Ohio Country, 265, 273, 301–2, 303–5, 324, 330, 332–33, 335, 336, 344, 346, 368, 374, 381
in Trans-Appalachian expansion, 324, 328–29, 344
Seven Council Fires, see Sioux Confederacy
7th Cavalry, U.S., x, 458
Seven Years’ War, 265, 308, 318
British invasion of New France in, 282–83
British-Native alliances in, 268–70, 275, 276, 279–81, 282, 283
British successes in, 279
changed British-Native relations in aftermath of, 284–88
Easton summit in, 278–79
English colonists in, 276–77
French-Native alliances in, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275, 279, 281–82
lead-up to, 265, 268–70
Native attacks on English colonists in, 279–80
Native expectations in, 268, 278
root causes of, 270
smallpox outbreak among French allies in, 279
Seville, 27
Shake Hand, 360–61
Shamokin, 276, 277
Shawnees, 106, 117, 120, 241, 266, 274, 285–86, 299, 310, 328, 371, 397
in attacks on American settlers, 317–18
as French allies in Seven Years’ War, 268
Indian Confederacy led by, 325
land cession by, 342–43
migrations of, 238, 241–42, 460
mobility of, 239, 242, 262
in Ohio Country, 241–42, 302, 303–5, 313, 320
in Pontiac’s War, 289–90, 291, 295
removal of, 396
in Revolutionary War, 313, 314
in Seven Years’ War, 272, 282
trade and kinship networks of, 238–39
Shays’ Rebellion (1786), 324
Sheridan, Philip, 446, 449
Shingas, 273, 278
Shoeboots, 396
Shoshones, 23, 181, 252, 254, 363, 448, 452, 460
horses acquired by, 250
Lakota clashes with, 401, 403
U.S. attack on, 439
Sibley, George, 367
Sicangu Lakotas, 6–7, 249, 253, 357, 358, 361–62, 436
origin story of, 6–7
Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, 20, 258
Sihasapa Lakotas, 357
Sill, Fort, 456
Sioux Confederacy (Očhéthi Šakówin), 228, 360
annual spring gathering of, 352
in attacks on Great Lakes Indians, 131–32
in coalition with Ohio Country nations, 366–67
as dominant Native power in Trans-
Mississippi West, 139–41, 229–30
Fort Beauharnois controlled by, 228–29
French alliance with, 228, 229
Great Lakes Indians as enemies of, 132, 140
hands-off relations between Iroquois and, 141
loose structure of, 351–52
Meskwakis attacked by, 133
population of, 139–40, 489
Sauteurs and Cheyennes as allies of, 139, 141
U.S. war with, 438
westward expansion of, 253
see also individual nations
Sioux country:
Anishinaabeg raid on, 132
French traders’ push into, 133–34, 140
Sitting Bull, 438, 447–48, 449, 450
Six Nations, see Iroquois League
Skaniadariyo (Handsome Lake), 350
Sky Woman, 5–6, 97
slave raids, slave trade:
in Louisiana, 216, 217
in New England, 87, 151, 158, 165
in New Spain, 32–33, 38–39
in Southeast, 198, 199, 200–201, 226–27, 240, 242, 389
in Southwest, 179, 180, 182–86, 255–56, 409, 411, 414–15, 422–23, 425–27
in Virginia, 88, 174
slavery, westward expansion of, 349
slaves, African, 324
deported from Upper to Deep South,
391
in Louisiana, 226
Natives as owners of, 390, 392
in New England, 87, 151
rebellions by, 347
in South Carolina, 202
in Spanish Americas, 40–41, 42, 43
in Virginia, 65, 168–69, 304, 306
slaves, African, as fugitives, 204
in Florida, 331
incorporated into Seminoles, 319, 373
in Spanish Florida, 385, 388
in War of 1812, 371
slaves, European, 54, 221
slaves, Native American, 88, 242
captured Pequots as, 151
Comanche ownership of, 425–26
in English colonies, 207–8
English trade in, 70–71, 151, 152
in Louisiana, 226
in New England, 151, 152–53, 161
in New France, 215
in New Mexico, 179, 180, 182–83, 184, 187, 255–56, 409, 414–15
in New Spain, 29–31, 33, 37, 39, 50, 179
in precontact Americas, 14, 16
shipped to West Indies, 158
traffic in, 180, 182–83, 184, 199, 200–201
Slow Buffalo, 356–57
smallpox, 77, 126, 180, 279
among Comanches, 415–16, 417, 421
among Pueblos, 180
British weaponizing of, 290–91
devastating effect on Iroquois of, 101, 105, 116, 123, 127, 210
devastating effect on Natives of, 100–101, 353–54, 402
in Revolutionary War, 317
in Southeast, 242
in Virginia and Southeast, 198
Smith, Adam, 285
Smith, John, 61–62, 61, 62, 64
Snake Indians, see Shoshones
Snelling, Fort, 437
Sobaipuris, 189
Society of Jesus, see Jesuit missionaries
Sonora, 258, 422, 427
Native-Spanish conflict in, 375, 376
Soto, Hernando de, 46–48, 60, 216
South:
cotton industry in, 390, 391
Native fugitives in, 399–400
pan-Indian resistance in, 306, 310
see also Southeast; specific colonies and states
South America:
first humans in, 5, 8
Spanish conquest of, 51
South Carolina, 193, 199, 200, 201, 263
African slaves in, 202
Cherokee wars with, 283, 284, 310
Choctaw trade with, 234–35
in competition for trade with Natives, 263
end of Native slave trade in, 201, 202
interior land claims of, 329
as Muscogees’ primary trading partner, 266
Native slaves in, 207–8
rice cultivation in, 202
Southeast:
Native dominance of, 331
petites nations in, 242–43
slave raids in, 240, 242–43
smallpox epidemic in, 242
Southeast, Native Americans in:
in slave-hunting raids, 199, 200
women as powerful actors among, 197–98, 202–3
South Platte River, 403
South Platte Valley, 404
Southwest, slave trade in, 179, 180, 182–86, 255–56, 409, 414–15
Soveraignty and Goodness of God . . . , The (Rowlandson), 164–65
Spain, Spanish Empire, 33, 37–51
as alliance of crown and church, 379
expansionism of, 27
exploitative colonial methods questioned by, 94
failed coexistence policy of, 375–76
new emphasis on coexistence with Natives, 196
in peace negotiations with Comanches, 416–20
treasure fleets of, 33, 45, 54, 55, 231
in war with Britain, 315, 323
see also conquistadors; Florida; New Mexico; New Spain
Spice Islands, 27, 30
spiritualist movements, Indigenous:
Christianity and, 287, 350, 367–68
Ghost Dance, 388, 458
separatist, 287–88, 289, 293, 306
Sun Dance, 351, 402–3, 458
see also specific nations
Squanto, 72–73
squash, cultivation of, 13, 14, 20, 97, 253, 255, 356, 421
Staten Island, 84
St. Clair, Arthur, 336, 337, 338, 339
Stockbridge Indians, in Revolutionary War, 307–8
Stone, John, 77
Stonewall John, 157
Stuart, John, 315
Stuyvesant, Peter, 85
Sumas, 189
Sumner, Edwin, 435
Sun Dance, 351, 402–3, 420, 458
Superior, Lake, 103, 104, 139
Supreme Court, U.S., Cherokee cases in, 395, 398
Susquehanna River, 97
Susquehanna Valley, 170, 239, 287
Paxton Boys’ anti-Native campaign in, 295–96
Susquehannocks, 106, 116, 117, 124, 126, 239, 240
in conflicts with Virginians, 169–71, 172, 175
epidemics among, 170
Occaneechis attack on, 172
Seneca defeat of, 173
Swansea, Mass., 155, 156
Tabeau, Antoine, 353, 356
Tadadaho, 99
Tadoussac, 88, 100
Taensas, 210, 227
Tailfer, Patrick, 206
Taínos, 28–29, 37
Tallapoosas, 240
Talon, Jean, 116, 133
Tanaghrisson, 268–69, 270
Taos Pueblo, Taoseños, 184, 187, 189, 409–10, 411, 415
Taovayas, 414, 432
Tarahumaras, 189
Tarke, 343
Tatobem, 86
Tawiskaron, 6
Tecumseh, 369
defeat and death of, 374
Native confederacy of, 370–72
Tecumseh, Fort, 386
Teedyuscung, 259–60, 272
at Easton summit, 278–79
Tehuacán Valley, 12
Tekakwitha, Kateri, 126
Tennessee, 303, 373
Tenochtitlán, 31–32
Tensaw (Muscogee town), 373
Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), 396
spiritual movement founded by, 367–70, 374
