Fascism, page 28
early accolades for, 15
early revolutionary views, 16–17
as embodiment of Fascism, 72
expansionism (spazio vitale) of, 25
Fascism and, 20, 21, 22–28, 72, 168
Fascist slogan, 26, 260n26
good government and reforms by, 24
government takeover by, 22–24, 44–45
Hitler and, 44–48, 168
as Il Duce, 23
as “the incarnation of God,” 15
Italy’s economy and, 27
journalists, the press, and, 24, 26
nationalism and, 44, 172, 192
New Rome, 95
observation about accumulating power (plucking the chicken), 118, 229–30
as public speaker, 16, 26, 123
rejection of racial theories, 44
seizure of power, 22–23, 86
self-image, 27–28, 46, 76
serial novel by, 16–17
Spanish Civil War and, 47, 50
spectacle and showmanship, 23, 26, 130
style of governance, 46
view of the Bolsheviks, 79–80
vision of, 20, 25
wealthy backers of, 17, 229
in World War I, 17–18
World War II and, 47, 48–49, 69
Myanmar, ethnic cleansing in, 111
See also Burma
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 220–21
Nagy, Imre, 169, 185
National Democratic Institute (NDI), 109–11
nationalism, 95–96, 123
Bosnian Serbs and Milošević, 98–100, 243
Communist opposition to, 96
contemporary movements, 119, 182–83
in Europe, 178, 182
EU versus, 177–78
Fascism and, 8, 11, 12, 56, 59, 95, 96–97
in Franco’s Spain, 50, 51, 52
in Germany, rebirth of, 181–82, 183
Hitler and, 33, 44
in Hungary, 169–74, 184
hyper-nationalism, 182–83
in India (Aryanism), 60
interwar period, 56–59
Mussolini and, 44, 172, 192
in North Korea, 191
in Poland, 175, 176, 177–78
Putin and, 161, 165, 243
in Turkey, 137, 138, 140, 142, 147
Trump and, 5, 6
NATO, 88, 97, 139, 161, 171
bombing by, 100, 101, 104
Trump and, 218
Nazis. See Germany: Nazi Germany
Nepal, 110
Netherlands, 183
Party for Freedom, 183
Nicaragua, 132, 244
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 12, 33, 241
Nigeria, 110
Nixon, Richard, 92, 93, 219, 227
North Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea or DPRK), 190–205
alternative revenue streams including cybertheft, 203
anti-Americanism in, 191
belief in ability to destroy the U.S., 202
capital in Pyongyang, 190, 195–96
Cold War ending and, 193
conditions within the state, 204
contrast to Iran, 201
cost of Fascism in, 204–5
diplomatic approaches to, 204
famine in, 194
first nuclear test, 200
international sanctions against, 203
joint U.S.–South Korea military exercises and, 197
“Juche,” or self-reliance, 191, 193
Kim Il-sung and, 190–94
Kim Jong-il and, 192, 194
Kim Jong-un and, 192, 202
lies told to people of, 190–91, 192
loss of foreign assistance, 193
military deterrent developed by, 202
missile testing in, 194–95, 199, 202
nuclear weapons and, 119, 193–94, 202, 218
Obama on, 202
political prisoners in, 205
repression in, 191, 205
Russia and, 190
selling technology to Syria and Iran, 197
social media to shape opinion, 114
totalitarianism in, 191, 201–2
Trump and, 202–3
U.S. and Agreed Framework, 194
U.S. diplomacy and Albright visit to Pyongyang, 193–99
U.S. relations with under Bush, 200
withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, 193
Nuremberg trials, 105
Obama, Barack, 6, 8, 221, 234, 247–48
Open Society, 173
Orbán, Viktor, 169–74, 243, 246
anti-immigrant policy, 184–85, 187
character and personality, 173
demagoguery of, 185
Hungarian unity and, 172
illiberal democracy of, 172–74, 176
models of governance, 172
nationalism and, 171, 173
Soros and, 173, 174
“Soros Plan” questionnaire, 184
Ortega, Daniel, 244
Orwell, George, 51, 209
Pakistan, 93
Panama, 123
Paraguay, 93
Paris Climate Agreement, 220
Paris Peace Conference, 19, 87–88, 172
Parker, Dorothy, 17n
Paxton, Robert, 11, 182
Pelley, William, 61
People Power movement (Philippines), 110
Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 125
Perón, Eva, 122–23
Perón, Juan, 122–23, 126
Perot, Ross, 227
Peru, 123–24, 228
Petacci, Claretta, 76
Philippines, 4, 93, 110, 248
Duterte as president, 5, 209–10
Marcos and, 110, 168
undemocratic practices in, 119
use of social media, 114
Picasso, Pablo, 52
Pinochet, Augusto, 110
Poland, 3, 13, 84, 174, 248
Communism and, 175, 176
Community of Democracies conference, 106–7
democracy imperiled in, 119, 174, 176
democratic values in, 176–77
economic growth in, 177
EU and, 176
Germany and USSR invade, 70
Hungary’s relationship with, 174, 176
John Paul II and, 3
Kaczyński and, 174–77
Law and Justice Party (PiS), 174, 175, 176, 177
media/journalism and, 176, 213
nationalism and, 175, 176, 177–78
political division in, 177
pro-democracy movement, 174–75
as Soviet satellite, 84
Wałęsa and, 170
World War II and, 47, 58, 70
Polk, James, 227
populism, 121, 226–29
diverse characteristics of, 228
Fascism and, 225–26, 229
in the U.S., 226–28, 226n
Portugal, 93
Potemkin. Grigory, 162
Punch cartoon, “the curate’s egg,” 108
Putin, Vladimir, 80, 155–69, 243, 246, 248
accumulating power, 159–60, 162–64
accusing opponents of treason, 163
Albright and, 158–59, 167
answer to election meddling charges, 164
background and family, 155–56
character and personality, 160–61
claim the media lies, 5
Cold War and worldview of, 156–57
collapse of the Soviet Union and, 156
Crimea and, 165–66, 218
distrust of the U.S., 161
economy and, 160, 168
in the KGB, 156, 164
nationalism and, 165
Orbán’s admiration of, 172
policies of, 161–63
as public speaker, 160
spectacle and showmanship, 160–61
Stalin’s totalitarianism and, 162–63
Trump and, 211
Ukraine and Crimea, 165–66
values of, 155
“vertical state” of, 163
vision of, 167
weak ties with the West, 167
Raspberry, William, 236
Reagan, Ronald, 92, 123, 209, 214, 227
Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, The (Brecht), 225–26
Reston, James, 236
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), 105, 243
Röhm, Ernst, 33, 39
Roma, 80
Roman (Fascist) salute, 23, 23n, 27
Romania, 13, 84, 179, 228
Legion of the Archangel Michael, 59
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 51
Roosevelt, Franklin, 6, 51, 77, 95, 209, 216, 226, 227
Roosevelt, Theodore, 227
Russia (former Soviet Union)
as autocracy, 119
Chechnya, Central Asia, and, 159
corruption in, 163, 168
Crimea and, 165–66, 218
cyberhacking by, 164, 166
democracy and free enterprise, 157, 168
economic crisis, 1990s, 157–58, 160
election meddling by, 164–65, 166
hyper-nationalist entities helped by, 183
media/journalism and, 162, 213
a “post-West world order” in, 167
Putin and, 155–69, 248
religion in, 160
South Korea and, 193
state-run corporations and banks in, 163
in Syria, 166
terrorism in, 159
Turkey and, 152
Ukraine and Crimea, 165–66
use of social media, 114
U.S. relations with, 166–67
U.S. sanctions, 220
See also Putin, Vladimir; Soviet Union
Ruzzini, Giovanni, 22
Rwanda, 97, 244
satyagraha, 2
Saudi Arabia, 93
Schenk, Claus Philipp, 73
Schorr, Daniel, 52n
Serbia, 69, 97–99
Kosovo crisis, 101–5
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 102, 103
massacre in Račak, 101, 102
NATO air strikes, 100, 101, 104
Sezer, Ahmet Necdet, 143
Silva, Katherine, 2
Sisi, Abdel Fattah el-, 210
Slovakia, 179
social media
“Big Brother” angle, 10
fake news on, 10, 114, 115, 164
foreign countries as opinion-shapers on, 114
need for regulation, 115
as news source, 236–37
political activism and, 146–47
responsibility of platforms and, 115
Russian abuse of, 164
Somalia, 97, 213
Soros, George, 173, 184
South Africa, 105, 110
Mandela as president, 251–52
South Korea (Republic of Korea or ROK), 4, 190, 228
capital in Seoul, 190
dictatorship in, 93
threat from North Korea, 202
U.S. intervention for Kim Dae-jung, 214
U.S. troops in, 197
Soviet Union (USSR)
Berlin crisis, 52, 52n
Bolshevik Revolution and, 19
Bolsheviks in, 18, 20, 51, 55, 82
Cold War and, 92
collapse of, 3, 4, 93, 97, 105, 116, 156
dictatorship of, 82
famine in, 81
Fascist actions in, 88–89
filmmakers in, 81–82
Hungarian uprising, 169
invasion of Poland, 70
Kissinger and, 219
North Korea and, 190
population’s dependency on the state, 157
propaganda and, 81
purges and executions in, 81, 88–89
satellites of, 3, 84
Spanish Civil War and, 50, 52
totalitarianism in, 3
World War II and, 49, 69–72
See also Russia; Stalin, Joseph
Spain
Civil War, 47, 49–52
Falange party, 59
Franco and Hitler, 49, 52–53, 69
Franco as dictator of, 49–53, 59, 93
Franco’s slogan, 52
German bombing of Guernica, 52
Great Depression and, 49
international brigades in, 50
religious schism in, 51
Russian troops and tanks in, 50, 52
Socialist Party in, 49, 51, 52
Spengler, Otto, 57, 167
Spencer, Herbert, 12
Spieglová, Růžena, 65–66
Stalin, Joseph
as Fascist, 8
character and personality, 80
contrasted with Hitler, 80–81
Czechoslovakia and, 84
Korean War and, 190
Putin’s grandfather and, 80
Putin’s father and, 156
ruthlessness of, 70, 81, 89
Spanish Civil War and, 50
totalitarianism and, 162
use of the word Fascist, 79
world domination and, 88
World War II and, 70, 71, 83
Stone, I. F., 88
Sudan, 97
Suharto, Hajji, 168
Sweden, Democrats, 182
Swift, Jonathan, 92
Syria, 152, 166, 197, 248
Tajikistan, 97
Taylor, Zachary, 227
technology, 111–12
“Big Brother” angle, 10
extremist use of, 10–11
first rule of deception and, 11
information dissemination and, 114
misinformation and, 114
See also social media
Thailand, 213
Time for Gifts, A (Fermor), 29, 260n29
Torrijos, Omar, 123
totalitarianism, 11, 72
Kim Il-sung and North Korea, 191–92
Putin and, 162–63
in the Soviet Union, 3, 89, 116, 162
Trotsky, Leon, 51
Truman, Harry, 6, 83, 88, 227
Point Four Program, 6, 88
United Nations and, 95, 97
Trump, Donald, 6, 209–23, 234
admiration for autocrats, 211
America First and, 216–19
anti-democratic instincts, 246
appeal to autocracies, 5, 245–46
Bahrain and, 210–11
demagoguery of, 215–16
democracy and, 5, 7, 220, 246
Duterte and, 210
election of, 4–5, 233, 248, 252
EU and, 220
foreign policy of, 216–19
fulfillment of campaign promises, 220–21
global influence of, 212
human rights and, 210, 211, 212, 213, 220
immigration policy of, 5, 209, 211, 221
international assessment of, 220
Iran nuclear deal and, 221
Islam and, 5, 221–22
judiciary criticized by, 5
media/journalism and, 5, 212–13
Merkel and, 220
nationalism of, 5, 6
NATO, 218
North Korea and Kim Jong-un, 202–3, 211
poem about the foolish woman and the snake, 209
as supposed populist, 228
positive actions, 220
potential damage by, 221
“Principled Realism” of, 216
on Putin, 211
Russia and, 164
self-image, 219–20
el-Sisi and, 210
speech in Harrisburg, Pa. (April 2017), 214–15
trade policy of, 211, 219, 220–21, 222
Trans-Pacific Partnership, 222
troubling aspects of foreign relations and, 211–12, 223
Turkey’s Erdoğan and, 211
Venezuela and, 135
as wake-up call for American democracy, 237–38
Tunisia, 110
Turkey, 88
anti-West sentiment in, 141–42
attempted coup (2016), 147–49
city of Siirt, 137
diaspora in Europe, 151
dissent in, 146–47
divisions in, 152–53
earthquake (1999) and, 141
Erdoğan and, 137–53, 210–11, 248
EU and, 139, 144–45, 151, 152
Gülenists and, 148–49, 153
history of, 138–39
Islam in, 138, 139, 140–41, 146
Istanbul, 143–44
Justice and Development Party (AKP), 138, 141, 142, 144–46, 149–51, 153
under Kemal, 138–39, 140
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 152
Kurds and, 141, 147, 150
media/journalism and, 145–46, 149
military in, 142–43, 145, 147–49
in NATO, 139
as a parliamentary democracy, 139, 142, 152–53
protests (2013), 146–47
repression in, 149–50
Russia and, 152
terrorism and, 152, 153
undemocratic practices in, 119
use of social media in, 114
women’s rights in, 139, 146
Turkmenistan, 244
Tusk, Donald, 176
Uganda, 244
Ukraine, 4, 71, 165–66, 220
downing of Malaysia Airlines plane, 166
United Kingdom
Brexit movement, 115–16, 181
D-Day landings, Normandy, 208–9
German bombing of, 67–69
Mosley and Fascism in, 57–58
Mussolini’s rejection of, 44
New Party, 57
United Nations, 88, 95, 97
Mandela’s valedictory address, 252
United States
Albright’s family in, 1–3
Alliance for Progress, 92
anti-Semitism in, 62
anti-terror legislation and, 234
“Atoms for Peace” program, 92
birth of, 208
China and, 92
Congressional right to declare war, 234
D-Day landings, Normandy, 208–9, 211
degradation of political conversation in, 244–45
democratic ideals of, 7, 207, 209, 238
Fascist opportunity in, 61–62, 232–39
foreign policy, purpose of, 200–201
Hitler’s view of, 207–8
human rights and, 92, 105, 213–14
immigration issues and, 61, 183, 185, 248
international leadership and, 4, 7, 220
labels for Communists, 89
leadership, issue of trust and, 236
loss of faith in government, 112–13
media/journalism in, 236–37
NATO and, 88, 161
North Korean threat to, 202
Panama Canal Treaty, 123
Paris Peace Conference and, 87
partisanship in, 238–39, 244–45
populism in, 226–28, 226n
postwar programs and alliances, 6–7, 88
power of the presidency, 234
promoting democracy and, 116–17
questions to be asked of prospective leaders, 252–53
racial discrimination in, 208
ranked as “flawed democracy” in 2017, 112–13
Red Scare and McCarthyism, 89–92
Russia and, 157, 166–67
Russian election meddling, 164–65, 166
