Fascism, page 25
“under assault and in retreat”: Freedom in the World 2018: Democracy in Crisis (Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2018), 1.
“the enemy of the American people”: Donald J. Trump, quoted in “Trump Calls the News Media the ‘Enemy of the American People,’” New York Times, February 17, 2017.
“laughingstock”: Trump, quoted in Ruth Marcus, “Our Criminal Justice System Is Not a ‘Joke,’ Yet,” Washington Post, November 3, 2017.
“Fascism was the major political innovation”: Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism (New York: Vintage, 2004), 3.
“every people has a right”: Woodrow Wilson, Address Delivered at the First Annual Assemblage of the League to Enforce Peace, May 27, 1916, American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=65391.
CHAPTER TWO: THE GREATEST SHOW ON EARTH
“genius of the modern age”: Thomas Edison, quoted in Richard Collier, Duce! A Biography of Benito Mussolini (New York: Viking, 1971), 93.
“superman”: Gandhi, quoted ibid., 93.
“struggle against the bestial appetites of Leninism”: Winston Churchill, quoted ibid., 93.
“to break the bones of the democrats”: Benito Mussolini, quoted in Paxton, Anatomy of Fascism, 17.
“Either we are allowed to govern”: Mussolini, quoted in Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini (London: Phoenix Press, 1981), 51.
attracted a mixed group: Description of marchers from Collier, Duce!, 25–26.
“I could have turned this drab grey hall”: Mussolini, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 66.
“I want to make a mark on my era”: Ibid.
“Never before . . . have the peoples thirsted”: Mussolini, “La dottrina del fascismo” (“The Doctrine of Fascism”), in Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti (Rome: Treccani, 1932).
“Live dangerously”: Mussolini, quoted in Smith, Mussolini, 112.
“the greatest colonial war in all history”: Ibid., 201.
“raise up your banners”: Mussolini, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 130.
“when Signor Mussolini stepped out”: Herbert Matthews, “Mussolini Declares War Unnecessary; Present Problems Do Not ‘Justify It,’” New York Times, May 15, 1939.
IF I ADVANCE, FOLLOW ME: slogan on banner cited in Collier, Duce!, 91. The saying may have originated with French general Henri de La Rochejaquelein (1772–94).
“Only one person in Italy is infallible”: Mussolini, quoted in Smith, Mussolini, 180.
“Often, I would like to be wrong”: Mussolini, quoted ibid., 110.
CHAPTER THREE: “WE WANT TO BE BARBARIANS”
“That night at the Inn”: Patrick Leigh Fermor, A Time of Gifts (New York: New York Review Books, 1977), 77.
“I do not want your votes”: Adolf Hitler, quoted in Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London: Penguin, 1990), 270.
“cantankerous, willful, arrogant”: Dr. Eduard Hüner, quoted ibid., 27.
“colossal untruths”: Hitler, quoted ibid., 70.
“of those who feel cheated”: Friedrich Nietzsche, quoted in Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure and Effects of National Socialism (New York: Praeger, 1970), 63.
“We National Socialists”: Hitler: Mein Kampf, Volume Two, chapter VII, www.hitler.org/writings/mein_kampf/mkv2ch07.html.
“a man born to be a dictator”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 117.
“policy of legality”: Hitler, quoted in Bracher, The German Dictatorship, 118.
“a legal revolution”: Hitler, quoted ibid., 48.
“The reactionary forces believe”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 276.
“If I am to be killed”: Ernst Röhm, quoted in “Night of the Long Knives,” The Triumph of Hitler, The History Place, 2002, www.historyplace .com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-roehm.htm.
“Workers, . . . you must look”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 632.
“We studied it as a Bible”: Martin Bormann Jr., quoted in Erna Paris, Long Shadows: Truth, Lies and History (New York: Bloomsbury, 2000), 55.
“Those who have met Herr Hitler”: Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries (New York: W.W. Norton, 1990; first published 1937), 170.
“grow the German Reich of which great poets”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 632.
CHAPTER FOUR: “CLOSE YOUR HEARTS TO PITY”
“stupid, barbarous, and unworthy”: Benito Mussolini, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 148.
“the great man south of the Alps”: Adolf Hitler, quoted in Robert M. Edsel, Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation’s Treasures from the Nazis (New York: W.W. Norton, 2013), 10.
“Hitler talks, talks, talks”: Count Galeazzo Ciano, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 678.
“War is to a man”: Mussolini, address to Italian Chamber of Deputies, April 28, 1939.
“love total, pitiless war”: Mussolini, quoted in Peter Wyden, The Passionate War: The Narrative History of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 446.
“close your hearts to pity”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 526.
“Hitler always presents me with a fait accompli”: Mussolini, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 178.
“It is necessary to spread an atmosphere of terror”: General Emilio Mola, quoted in Wyden, Passionate War, 108.
“We three men”: Hitler, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 609.
“the greatest mistake of his life”: Hitler, quoted ibid.
CHAPTER FIVE: VICTORY OF THE CAESARS
“The last century was the winter of the West”: Oswald Spengler, Decline of the West (New York: Knopf, 1922).
“an overwhelming arrogance”: Jennie Lee, quoted in John Simkin, “Oswald Mosley,” Spartacus Educational, http://spartacus-educational.com /PRmosley.htm.
“be they Hebrew or any other form”: William Joyce, quoted ibid.
“the people that descended, several millennia ago”: Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Aryan World-View (Henderson, NV: Patriot Press, 2002), 11.
“revival of the Aryan culture”: spokesman of the Hindu Party, March 25, 1939, quoted in Marzia Casolari, “Hindutva’s Foreign Tie-Up in the 1930s: Archival Evidence,” Economic and Political Weekly, January 22, 2000, 224, http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/casolari.pdf.
“Just as Christ wanted little children”: girl in a Nazi youth camp in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, quoted in Mark D. Van Ells, “Americans for Hitler—the Bund,” America in WWII, August 2007.
“Rosenfeld” and his “Jew Deal”: Fritz Kuhn, quoted ibid.
“The speakers started ranting”: Meyer Lansky, quoted in Michael Feldberg, “But They Were Good to Their People,” My Jewish Learning, www .myjewishlearning.com/article/but-they-were-good-to-their-people/2.
“The branch”: John Kander and Fred Ebb, “Tomorrow Belongs to Me,” from Cabaret, directed by Bob Fosse (New York: Allied Artists Pictures, 1972).
CHAPTER SIX: THE FALL
“The whiz of a flying bomb”: Prokop Drtina, Československo můj osud (Prague: Melantrich, 1991), 573. Author’s translation.
“many tens of millions of people”: Hermann Göring, war directive, May 23, 1941, quoted in Bullock, Hitler, 642.
“a much better” new dad: David F. Crew, ed., Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945 (London: Routledge, 1994), 180.
“emancipation from emancipation”: German slogan, quoted ibid., 3.
“You believe you have the devotion of the people”: Dino Grandi, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 218–19.
“you are the most hated man in Italy”: King Victor Emmanuel, quoted ibid., 229.
“lose any sense of balance”: Benito Mussolini, quoted ibid., 317.
to “men who despise you, enslave you . . .”: The Great Dictator, directed by Charles Chaplin (Hollywood, CA: Charles Chaplin Film Corporation, 1940).
CHAPTER SEVEN: DICTATORSHIP OF DEMOCRACY
“the State is all-embracing”: Benito Mussolini, “Doctrine of Fascism.”
“engineers of human souls”: Joseph Stalin, quoted in Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds., Beyond Totalitarianism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 319.
“I do not agree with the policy of your government”: Yugoslav army office, quoted in Josef Korbel, Tito’s Communism (Denver, CO: University of Denver Press, 1951), 124–25.
“Ili Schweigen ili Gefängnis”: Russian citizen quoted in I. F. Stone, The Haunted Fifties: 1953–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 80.
“I have in my hand a list”: Joseph McCarthy, quoted in Jack Anderson and Ronald W. May, McCarthy: The Man, the Senator, the “Ism” (Boston, Beacon Press, 1952), 194.
“a conspiracy so immense”: Ibid., 237.
CHAPTER EIGHT: “THERE ARE A LOT OF BODIES UP THERE”
“Fascism did not die with Mussolini”: Harry S. Truman, remarks to founding session of the United Nations, San Francisco, California, June 26, 1945.
“We must secure unity in Serbia”: Slobodan Milošević, quoted in Steve Engleberg, “Carving Out a Greater Serbia,” New York Times, September 1, 1991.
CHAPTER NINE: A DIFFICULT ART
“The Constitution only maps”: Adolf Hitler, quoted in Bracher, The German Dictatorship, 193.
“it is a difficult art”: Cicero, quoted in Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W.W. Norton, 1932), 58.
“have had enough of experts”: Michael Gove, interview by Faisal Islam, Sky News, June 3, 2016.
“Democracy is not only a form of state”: Tomáš Masaryk, quoted in Karel Čapek, Talks with T. G. Masaryk, ed. and trans. Michael Henry Heim (North Haven, CT: Catbird Press, 1995).
CHAPTER TEN: PRESIDENT FOR LIFE
“irresponsible populism”: Brian Palmer, “Why Did Hugo Chávez Hate the United States So Much?” Slate, March 6, 2013.
“I was overwhelmed by the feeling”: Gabriel García Márquez, quoted in Rory Carroll, Comandante: Hugo Chávez’s Venezuela (New York: Penguin Press, 2013), 4–5.
“How can I forget the feelings”: Hugo Chávez, quoted ibid., 188.
“Fourteen years ago, my barrio neighbors”: Lisa Sullivan, “Yo Soy Chavez, Tu Eres Chavez, Todos Somos Chavez,” Chicago Religious Leadership Network on Latin America, https://www.crln.org/reflection-on-the-death-of-hugo-chavez.
“rolling on in”: Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, “And the Money Kept Rolling In,” from the musical Evita (1976).
“coup-mongering, power-grabbing”: Nicolás Maduro, quoted in Mariana Zuñiga and Nick Miroff, “Venezuela’s Opposition Holds Its Biggest Protests in Years. Will They Change Anything?,” Washington Post, April 12, 2017.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: ERDOĞAN THE MAGNIFICENT
“The mosques are our barracks”: Ziya Gökalp, “The Soldier’s Prayer” (1912).
“For the People, In Spite of the People”: political slogan, quoted in Steven Kinzer, Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds, rev. ed. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008), 47.
“Other parties have members”: Necmettin Erbakan, quoted in Soner Cagaptay, The New Sultan: Erdogan and the Crisis of Modern Turkey (London: I.B. Taurus, 2017), 69.
“shining star in the darkness”: Adolf Hitler, quoted in William O’Connor, “The 20th-Century Dictator Most Idolized by Hitler,” Daily Beast, November 24, 2014.
“whatever issues are going on in Turkey”: Madeleine Albright, press conference with Valdis Birkavs, foreign minister of Latvia, Washington, D.C., June 13, 1997.
“pious generation”: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, quoted in “The Decline of Turkish Schools,” The Economist, September 30, 2017.
“holy path”: Erdoğan, quoted in “Erdoğan Strengthens Grip with AKP Return,” Financial Times, May 21, 2017.
“Turkish-style” . . . “half-people”: Freedom House, “Freedom in the World 2017” report, March 2017, https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2017 /turkey.
“the second war of independence”: Erdoğan, quoted in “Brave ‘New Turkey’: The Legacy of an Attempted Coup,” The Economist, April 12, 2017.
“Nazism . . . risen from the dead”: Erdoğan, quoted in Patrick Kingsley and Alissa J. Rubin, “Turkey’s Relations with Europe Sink amid Quarrel with Netherlands,” New York Times, March 12, 2017.
“If the West calls someone a dictator”: Erdoğan, quoted in Steven A. Cook, “Five Myths About Turkey,” Washington Post, March 17, 2017.
“I don’t look at what Hans and George say”: Erdoğan, quoted in Patrick Kingsley, “Erdogan and Supporters Stage Rally on Anniversary of Failed Coup,” New York Times, July 16, 2017.
“surpassed Hitler in barbarism”: Jack Simpson, “Turkish Prime Minister Says Israel Is ‘More Barbaric Than Hitler,’” Independent (UK), July 20, 2014.
CHAPTER TWELVE: MAN FROM THE KGB
“a pure and utterly successful product”: Vladimir Putin, with Nataliya Gevorkyan, Natalya Timakova, and Andrei Kolesnikov, First Person, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York: PublicAffairs, 2000), 41–42.
“Do not try to squeeze Russia”: Putin, quoted in Madeleine Albright, Madam Secretary: A Memoir (New York: Talk/Miramax, 2003), 560.
“almost uncontained hyper use of force”: Putin, address to 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy, Munich, February 10, 2007, http://www.washington post.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html.
“We have no democracy”: Nikita Orlov, quoted in Neil MacFarquhar and Ivan Nechepurenko, “Across Russia, Protesters Heed Navalny’s Anti-Kremlin Rallying Cry,” New York Times, June 12, 2017.
“start picking berries and eating honey”: Putin, annual press conference, Moscow, December 18, 2014.
“If Ukraine does secede”: Eduard Shevardnadze, quoted in James A. Baker III, The Politics of Diplomacy (New York: Putnam, 1995), 560.
“A lie ain’t a side of the story”: The Wire, season 5, episode 8, “Clarifications,” directed by Anthony Hemingway, written by Dennis Lehane and David Simon, aired February 24, 2008, on HBO.
“Sure, I like Chinese food”: Putin, quoted in Albright, Madam Secretary, 439–40.
“The idea of Fascism conquers the world”: Benito Mussolini, quoted in Collier, Duce!, 114.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: “WE ARE WHO WE WERE”
“We young people”: Viktor Orbán, quoted in Timothy Garton Ash, The Magic Lantern: The Revolution of ’89 Witnessed in Warsaw, Budapest, Berlin, and Prague (New York: Vintage, 1990), 51.
“a xenophobic, anti-democratic nationalist”: Carol Giacomo, “A Democracy Road Trip Through Hungary,” New York Times, July 1, 2017.
“morning, evening and night”: Ferenc Gyurcsány, quoted in Pablo Gorondi, “Hungary’s Prime Minister in Trouble over Leaked Recording,” Associated Press, September 18, 2006.
“mafia state”: George Soros, quoted in Palko Karasz, “George Soros Accuses Viktor Orban of Turning Hungary into ‘Mafia State,’” New York Times, June 1, 2017.
“disease and parasites”: Jarosław Kaczyński, quoted in Henry Foy, “Poland’s Kingmaker,” Financial Times, February 26, 2016.
“bring Budapest to Warsaw”: Kaczyński, Polish TVN24, October 9, 2011.
“You are scoundrels”: Kaczyński, quoted in Rick Lyman, “In Poland, an Assault on the Courts Provokes Outrage,” New York Times, July 19, 2017.
“the worst sort of Poles”: Kaczyński, quoted in Monika Scislowska, “Divisive Polish Party Leader Kaczynski Pulls the Strings,” Associated Press, February 7, 2017.
“terrified of not living in a free country”: Paulina Wilk, quoted in Isaac Stanley-Becker, “Led by Populist Law and Justice Party, Polish Parliament Moves to Strip Supreme Court of Independence,” Washington Post, July 23, 2017.
“There will be no peace”: Jean Monnet, remarks to the French Committee of National Liberation, August 5, 1943.
“One of the reasons European citizens are stepping away”: Jean-Claude Juncker, remarks to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, April 19, 2016.
“I see Islam as a foreign body”: Alexander Gauland, quoted in Guy Chazan, “Gauland Struggles to Tame Germany’s Wayward AfD,” Financial Times, July 22, 2017.
“one hears echoes of classical fascist themes”: Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, 185–86.
“Czech Trump”: Milos Zeman, quoted in Griff Witte, “‘Czech Trump’ Wins Second Term as President,” Washington Post, January 28, 2018.
“The masses arriving from other civilizations”: Viktor Orbán, Address to the Nation, Budapest, Hungary, March 15, 2016.
“The most effective form of persuasion”: Josef Goebbels, quoted in Rory Sutherland, “The Hitler Guide to Rigging a Referendum,” The Spectator, May 11, 2013.
“Once you have given citizenship”: Roman legislator, quoted in Mary Beard, SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome (London: W.W. Norton, 2015), 237.
“We are who we were”: Orbán, speech in Budapest, March 15, 2016.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: “THE LEADER WILL ALWAYS BE WITH US”
“If we have to go to war”: Mun Hyok-myong, quoted in Nicholas Kristof, “War Drums Inside the North,” New York Times, October 8, 2017.
“Rocket Man . . . on a suicide mission”: Donald J. Trump, address to the UN General Assembly, September 19, 2017.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
“All Europe is for us”: Benjamin Franklin, quoted in Stacy Schiff, A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 64.
“The American question”: Giuseppe Garibaldi, quoted in Don H. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 299.
“The beginnings of a great new social order”: Adolf Hitler, quoted ibid., 10.
“millions of Redskins”: Hitler, quoted in James Whitman, “Why the Nazis Loved America,” Time, March 21, 2017.
“though often to heedless”: John Quincy Adams, speech before the U.S. House of Representatives, July 4, 1821.
“Shut up, silly woman”: Donald J. Trump, remarks at Make America Great Again rally, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, April 29, 2017. http://transcripts.cnn .com/TRANSCRIPTS/1704/29/se.02.html.
“peace invulnerable to the schemings”: Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, Washington, D.C., June 6, 1944.
“I’ll supply the dead bodies”: Duterte, quoted in The Duterte Manifesto (Quezon City, Philippines: ABS-CBN Publishing, 2016), 40.
