Put Y'all Back in Chains, page 26
47 Anastasiya Bolton, “‘We Can’t Sustain This’ | Border Patrol Reps Say Crossings are Expected to Surge, Whether or Not Title 42 Ends This Month,” KENS5.com, May 13, 2022, https://www.kens5.com/article/news/special-reports/at-the-border/title-42-court-update-texas-mexico-border-migrants-patrol/273-f57672cb-4b72-4d7c-8a26-3e0f9872309d.
48 Rebecca Morin, “Federal Judge Will Temporarily Block Biden Administration From Lifting Title 42,” USA Today, April 25, 2022, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/04/25/immigration-title-42-federal-judge-block-may-23/7446385001/.
49 S.4036 - Public Health and Border Security Act of 2022, 117th U.S. Congress, https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4036?s=1&r=4.
50 Alayna Treene, “Scoop: Bipartisan Senate Group Bids to Block Lifting Title 42,” Axios, April 6, 2022, https://www.axios.com/2022/04/07/bipartisan-senators-bill-prevent-biden-ending-title-42.
51 Stef W. Kight and Alayna Treene, “Biden’s Border Headache to Come Whipping Back,” Axios, March 31, 2022, https://www.axios.com/2022/04/01/bidens-border-headache-to-come-whipping-back.
52 Lindsey McPherson and Laura Weiss, “Vote On COVID-19 Spending Bill Indefinitely Delayed,” Roll Call, April 6, 2022, https://rollcall.com/2022/04/06/vote-on-covid-19-spending-bill-indefinitely-delayed/.
53 Sahil Kapur, Frank Thorp V, and Julie Tsirkin, “Biden’s Plans for Ukraine Aid, Covid Relief Jammed Up Over Immigration Dispute,” NBC News, April 29, 2022, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/bidens-plans-ukraine-aid-covid-relief-jammed-immigration-dispute-rcna26554.
54 Louisiana v CDC.
55 Elliot Spagat, “US Closes Trump-era Office for Victims of Immigrant Crime,” AP News, June 11, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-donald-trump-joe-biden-immigration-d7369e9a81c14e02bcb1981459a6eae6; “Biden Administration Dismantles Trump-Era Office for Victims of Immigrant Crime,” CBS News, June 12, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-administration-dismantles-trump-era-office-victims-immigrant-crime/.
56 “Criminal Migrants Arrested at the Border in the Rio Grande Valley,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, March 28, 2022, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/migrant-convicted-murder-arrested-rio-grande-valley.
57 Andy Cordan, “Man Deported At Least Once Now Charged With Rape Of Child in Tennessee,” Border Report, August 17, 2021, https://www.borderreport.com/hot-topics/border-crime/man-deported-at-least-once-now-charged-with-rape-of-child-in-tennessee/.
58 Travis Andersen, “Suspect in Rape Aboard Steamship Authority Ferry Attacked Victim in Truck on Vessel, Officials Say,” Boston Globe, June 9, 2021, https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/09/metro/suspect-rape-aboard-steamship-authority-ferry-attacked-victim-truck-vessel-officials-say/.
59 “Fugitive Migrant Arrested at the Border in Rio Grande Valley,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, May 20, 2021, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/fugitive-migrant-arrested-border-rio-grande-valley.
60 Dom Calicchio, “Illegal Immigrant from Mexico Wanted for Raping 2 Young Girls is Killed by Texas Cop: Report,” Fox News, March 20, 2021, https://www.foxnews.com/us/illegal-immigrant-from-mexico-wanted-for-raping-2-young-girls-is-killed-by-texas-cop-report.
61 Jerry DeMarco, “Illegal Immigrant Admits Raping Paterson Girl, 15, Taking Her Across State Lines,” Daily Voice, March 9, 2021, https://dailyvoice.com/new-jersey/southpassaic/news/illegal-immigrant-admits-raping-paterson-girl-15-taking-her-across-state-lines/804716/.
62 “Man Sentenced for Raping, Killing Jogger in Random Attack at New Jersey Park,” NBC New York, March 5, 2021, https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/man-sentenced-for-raping-killing-jogger-in-random-attack-in-new-jersey-park/2926400/.
63 “Criminal Noncitizen Statistics Fiscal Year 2022,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, September 14, 2022, https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/cbp-enforcement-statistics/criminal-noncitizen-statistics.
64 “Ohio Man Charged With Aiding and Abetting Plot to Murder Former President,” Department of Justice, Southern District of Ohio, May 24, 2022, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/ohio-man-charged-aiding-and-abetting-plot-murder-former-president.
65 “Immigration,” Gallup, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1660/immigration.aspx.
66 Jessica M. Vaughan and Bryan Griffith, “Map: Sanctuary Cities, Counties, and States,” Center for Immigration Studies, March 22, 2021, https://cis.org/Map-Sanctuary-Cities-Counties-and-States.
67 Jessica M. Vaughan and Bryan Griffith, “Immigration Brief: Sanctuary Cities,” Center for Immigration Studies, November 5, 2017, https://cis.org/Vaughan/Immigration-Brief-Sanctuary-Cities.
68 Kery Murakami, “The Biden Administration’s Plea to ‘Sanctuary’ Cities Gets a Cool Reception,” Route Fifty, February 8, 2022, https://www.route-fifty.com/public-safety/2022/02/sanctuary-cities-debate-grinds/361768/.
69 Alejandro N. Mayorkas, “Guidelines for Enforcement Actions in or Near Protected Areas,” Department of Homeland Security memo, October 27, 2021, https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/21_1027_opa_guidelines-enforcement-actions-in-near-protected-areas.pdf.
70 Vaughan and Griffith, “Immigration Brief: Sanctuary Cities.”
71 David Figlio et al. “How Do Immigrant Students Affect Their Classmates’ Academic Performance?,” Kellogg Insight, May 3, 2021, https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/immigrant-students-performance.
72 Steven A. Camarota, Bryan Griffith, and Karen Zeigler, “Mapping the Impact of Immigration on Public Schools,” Center for Immigration Studies, January 9, 2017, https://cis.org/Report/Mapping-Impact-Immigration-Public-Schools.
73 Abigail Geiger, “Many Minority Students Go to Schools Where at Least Half of Their Peers Are Their Race or Ethnicity,” Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, January 30, 2018, https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=26230.
74 Janie Boschma and Ronald Brownstein, “The Concentration of Poverty in American Schools,” Atlantic, February 29, 2016,” https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/02/concentration-poverty-american-schools/471414/.
75 Jay P. Greene and Paul E. Peterson, “Race Relations & Central City Schools: It’s Time for an Experiment with Vouchers,” Brookings Institution, March 1, 1998, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/race-relations-central-city-schools-its-time-for-an-experiment-with-vouchers/.
76 Emma Dorn et al. “COVID-19 and Learning Loss—Disparities Grow and Students Need Help,” McKinsey & Company, December 8, 2020, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and-social-sector/our-insights/covid-19-and-learning-loss-disparities-grow-and-students-need-help.
77 Scott Calvert, “Schools Are Back and Confronting Severe Learning Losses,” Wall Street Journal, September 6, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/schools-are-back-and-confronting-devastating-learning-losses-11662472087?mod=djemalertNEWS.
78 Ben Chapman and Douglas Belkin, “Reading and Math Scores Plummeted During Pandemic, New Data Show,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 2022, https://www.wsj.com/articles/education-departments-first-pandemic-era-trend-data-show-worst-reading-math-declines-in-decades-11662004860.?page=1&mod=article_inline.
79 Steven A. Camarota, “Welfare Use for Immigrants and Native-Born Households,” Center for Immigration Studies, September 1, 2021, https://cis.org/Camarota/Welfare-Use-Immigrants-and-NativeBorn-Households.
80 “Health Coverage Of Immigrants,” Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), April 6, 2022, https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/fact-sheet/health-coverage-of-immigrants/.
81 Louise Radnofsky, “Illegal Immigrants Get Public Health Care, Despite Federal Policy,” Wall Street Journal, March 24, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/illegal-immigrants-get-public-health-care-despite-federal-policy-1458850082.
82 Matthew O’Brien, Spencer Raley, and Jack Martin, “The Fiscal Burden of Illegal Immigration on United States Taxpayers (2017),” Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), September 2017, https://www.fairus.org/sites/default/files/2017-09/Fiscal-Burden-of-Illegal-Immigration-2017.pdf.
83 O’Brien, Raley and Martin, “Fiscal Burden.”
84 Camarota, “Welfare Use for Immigrants.”
85 “The Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages and Employment Opportu-nities of Black Workers,” United States Commission on Civil Rights, January 15, 2010, https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/docs/IllegImmig_10-14-10_430pm.pdf.
86 Commission, “Impact of Illegal Immigration.”
87 Chanell Washington and Laquitta Walker, “Marriage Prevalence for Black Adults Varies by State—District of Columbia Had Lowest Percentage of Married Black Adults in 2015–2019,” U.S. Census Bureau, July 19, 2022, https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/07/marriage-prevalence-for-black-adults-varies-by-state.html.
88 Submitted into the Congressional Record by the Honorable David Cicilline, “The Truth About Black Fatherhood,” August 11, 2020, https://www.congress.gov/117/meeting/house/114092/documents/HMKP-117-JU00-20210929-SD012.pdf
89 Kevin Breuninger, “Biden Signs Juneteenth Bill, Creating New Federal Holiday Commemorating End of Slavery in U.S.,” CNBC, June 17 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/17/juneteenth-federal-holiday-biden-signs-bill.html.
90 Margaret Brennan and Jake Miller, “Senator Tim Scott Says Police Reform Talks Collapsed Because Democrats Supported ‘Defunding The Police’,” CBS News, September 25, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/senator-tim-scott-police-reform-talks-collapsed-democrats-defund-the-police/.
91 Frederick Douglass, “Speech Given by Frederick Douglass at the Anniversary of the American Anti-Slavery Society,” Liberator 23, no. 21, May 27, 1853: 93, https://blackfreedom.proquest.com/speech-of-frederick-douglass/.
Chapter Four
1 Sean Salai, “Small Retailers Raising Prices to Offset Organized Theft Surge,” Washington Times, September 22, 2022, https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2022/sep/22/report-small-retailers-raising-prices-offset-organ/.
2 “U.S. Chamber of Commerce Says Retail Theft a ‘National Crisis’,” News Direct, July 25, 2022, https://newsdirect.com/news/u-s-chamber-of-commerce-says-retail-theft-a-national-crisis-322730498.
3 Don Terry, “Carjacking: New Name for Old Crime,” New York Times, December 9, 1992, https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/09/us/carjacking-new-name-for-old-crime.html.
4 Erin Marquis, “How The Invention of ‘Carjacking’ May Have Spurred The Crime,” Autoblog, December 5, 2016, https://www.autoblog.com/2016/12/05/carjacking-crime-detroit-history/.
5 Tresa Baldas, “Carjackers Losing Grip On Detroit, But Strike Daily,” Detroit Free Press, November 30, 2014, https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2014/11/30/detroit-police-fight-carjacking-crime/19671313/.
6 Emma Colton, “Carjackings Spike Higher than 2020 Levels in Cities Across Country: ‘Perfect Storm’,” Fox News, September 22, 2022, https://www.foxnews.com/us/cities-across-country-perfect-storm-crimes-carjackings-spike-higher-2020-levels.
7 Marquis, “Invention of ‘Carjacking’.”
8 Colton, “Carjackings.”
9 “New CDC/NCHS Data Confirm Largest One-Year Increase in U.S. Homicide Rate in 2020,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics, October 6, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2021/202110.htm.
10 John Yoo and Horace Cooper, “Reform Our Cities, Not Just the Police,” National Review, June 17, 2020, https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/06/police-reform-refocus-law-enforcement-bolster-community-foundations/.
11 The broken windows theory posits that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking, jaywalking, and public transportation fare evasion help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness.
12 Hope Corman and Naci H. Mocan, ”Carrots, Sticks, and Broken Windows,” Journal of Law and Economics 48 (April 1, 2005), 235-266.
13 Brian A. Reaves, Ph.D. and Matthew J. Hickman, “Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990–2000,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, May 2002, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/pdlc00.pdf.
14 “What Reduced Crime in New York City,” National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2003, https://www.nber.org/digest/jan03/what-reduced-crime-new-york-city. NYC residents in Prison derived from Crime Analysis Unit of the New York City Police Department and the New York City Independent Budget Office (IBO).
15 Hope Corman, Theodore Joyce, and Norman Lovitch, “Criminal Deterrence and the Business Cycle in New York City: A VAR Approach,” Review of Economics and Statistics 69, no. 4 (November 1987): 695-700.
16 “Police Staffing Levels and Reported Crime Rates in America’s Largest Cities: Results of Preliminary Analysis,” New York City Independent Budget Office (IBO), March 16, 1998, https://ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/crimerep.html.
17 New York City Police Department, https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/about/about-nypd/about-nypd-landing.page
18 Fola Akinnibi, “Arrests for Low-Level Crimes Climb Under NYC Mayor Eric Adams,” Bloomberg, August 30, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-30/nyc-s-rise-of-low-level-arrests-worry-critics-of-broken-windows-era.
19 “Seven Major Felony Offenses,” City of New York website, accessed October 20, 2022, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/historical-crime-data/seven-major-felony-offenses-2000-2020.pdf.
20 Craig McCarthy, “NYC Wiped Out Five Years of Policing Progress in 2021,” New York Post, January 3, 2022, https://nypost.com/2022/01/03/nyc-wiped-out-five-years-of-policing-progress-in-2021/.
21 Justin Fox, “Homicide Is Pandemic’s Biggest Killer of Young Black Men,” Bloomberg, February 22, 2022, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-02-22/pandemic-murder-wave-fell-most-heavily-on-young-black-men.
22 Fox, “Young Black Men.”
23 Fox, “Young Black Men.”
24 Fox, “Young Black Men.”
25 Evie Lotze et al, The Pretrial Services Reference Book, Pretrial Services Resource Center, Department of Justice, December 1999, https://www.ojp.gov/taxonomy/term/23366.
26 Lotze et al. Pretrial Services.
27 Sir Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I., 2nd ed. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2010). Vol. 2, https://oll.libertyfund.org/page/history-of-english-law.
28 William F. Duker, “The Right to Bail: A Historical Inquiry,” Albany Law Review 42 (1977-1978), 33, 34-36, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/albany42&div=12&id=&page=.
29 See generally, Paul Lermack, “The Law of Recognizances in Colonial Pennsylvania,” Temple Law Quarterly 50, no. 475 (1976-1977).
30 “A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates,1774–1875,” Annals of Congress, 1st Congress, 1st Session, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=002/llac002.db&recNum=481.
31 Bryan A. Stevenson and John F. Stinneford, “The Eighth Amendment: Common Interpretation,” U.S. Constitution, National Constitution Center, https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/interpretation/amendment-viii/clauses/103.
32 Peter Kumpa, “Narrow Escape From Death: The Attempt To Assassinate Andrew Jackson,” Baltimore Sun, November 19, 1990, https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1990-11-19-1990323133-story.html.
33 “This Day In History: Andrew Jackson Narrowly Escapes Assassination,” History.com, accessed October 18, 2022, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/andrew-jackson-narrowly-escapes-assassination.
34 Kumpa, “Narrow Escape From Death.”
35 District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970,Pus. L. No. 91-358, 84 Star. 473; Bail Reform Act of 1984, Pus. L. No. 98-473, 98 Stat. 1976.
36 “Criminal Justice Statistics,” New York State, Division of Criminal Justice Services, https://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/crimnet/ojsa/stats.htm.
