The Case for Mars, page 41
mission sequence, 3–16
propellant and supplies, 3–5, 53–54, 57–61, 66–68, 91–95, 100, 148–156
psychological stress issue, 126–129
radiation hazards, 114–121
surface time, 9–10, 53
terraforming. See Terraforming Mars
Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, 36, 160
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, 64
Mars Observer spacecraft, 36, 37, 39, 170
Marsokhod rover, 44
Mars orbital capture (MOC), 89
Mars Orbital Rendezvous (MOR) plan, 41–44, 50, 99
Mars 96 orbiter, 159
Mars Pathfinder mission, 36–37, 73, 90–91, 168–169
283–291
“Marsprojekt, Die,” 47
Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission, 40–41
Mars Sample Return with In-Situ Propellant Production (MSR-ISPP) plan, 43–44, 107, 146, 148–156
Mars Science Working Group (MarsSWG), 322
Mars Semi-Direct plan, 67–69
Mars Surveyor ‘98 mission, 90–91
Mars Underground, 65, 70–74
Martian Arctic, 186
Martin Marietta Astronautics, 2, 38, 44, 51–52, 154–155, 174
Marx, Karl, 275
MAV. See Mars ascent vehicle (MAV) McDonnell Douglas DC-X, 106, 285
McElroy, Jim, 154
McKay, Chris, 70–72, 192, 193, 251, 253, 271
McKay, David, 308, 312–321
Mechanic (flight engineer), 85, 86
Mercury program, 55
Metallurgy, 199–205
Meteorite discoveries of 1996, 307–323
Meteorites, 226
Methanation reaction, 5, 150–151, 153, 155–156, 183, 197, 201
Methane, 5, 43, 44, 50, 60, 250, 266–267
Methane/oxygen propellant, 60–61, 66, 92, 93, 107, 108, 111, 144–146, 152–155, 183, 213, 214, 228, 230, 233
Meyer, Tom, 70, 72, 192, 193
Microfossils, 312–313, 321
Microprobe two-step laser microscopy, 318–319
Mikulski, Barbara, 275
Miller, Jon D., 276–277, 291
Millirem, 114
Milton, John, 270
Minimum energy plan, 83
Mir space station, 121, 281
Mittlefehldt, David, 310–312
MOC. See Mars orbital capture (MOC)
MOR. See Mars Orbital Rendezvous (MOR) plan
Morris, Richard, 315
Mother-daughter isotope measurement, 316
MSR. See Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission
MSR-ISPP See Mars Sample Return with In-Situ Propellant Production (MSR-ISPP) plan
Muncy, Jim, 293
Murray, Bruce, 292
Murray, Robert, 63
Mushrooms, 199
Nagasaki, 115
Napoleon Bonaparte, 275
Napoleon III, 275
National Academy of Sciences, 116
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 36, 46, 47, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 64–66, 70, 71, 73, 80, 88, 91, 92, 102–104, 106, 107, 150, 154, 274, 275, 279, 280, 285, 286, 307, 308, 314–316, 321–323
National Aerospace Plane (NASP) program, 240
National Commission on Space, 73
National Research Council, 116
National Space Society, 65, 291–293
Nautical mile, 162
Navigation, on Mars, 160–162
NEP. See Nuclear electric propulsion (NEP)
NERVA. See Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications (NERVA) program
Newsweek, 68, 275
Newton, Isaac, 24
Nickel, 150, 200, 225, 226
NIMF. See Nuclear rocket using indigenous Martian fuel (NIMF) program
90-Day Report, 46–48, 51–54, 66, 68, 80, 89, 94, 274, 285
Nitrogen, 194–197, 220, 248, 266, 268, 269
Nix Olympia, 29
Nixon, Richard M., 55
28
Northrup Aviation, 308
Northwest Passage, 16–18
NTRs. See Nuclear thermal rockets (NTRs)
Nuclear electric ion drives, 101
Nuclear electric propulsion (NEP), 228–230, 242, 264
Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications (NERVA) program, 102–104, 231
Nuclear power, 205–206
Nuclear propulsion, 53–58, 66
Nuclear rocket using indigenous Martian fuel (NIMF) program, 213–215, 223
Nuclear thermal rockets (NTRs), 81, 89, 101–107, 214, 231, 232
Oberth, Herman, 27
Olympus Mons, 29, 30
O’Neill, Gerard, 194, 292
Open real estate, 236–238
Opposition-class mission, 79–83, 90, 94, 95, 119, 120
Oppositions, 25, 75, 76
Orbiter space plane, 106
Orbiting mirrors, 252, 263–264, 268
Orchards, 199
Oxygen, 5, 43, 44, 50, 59, 146–148, 151–153, 182, 185, 194, 195, 203, 220, 248, 249, 267270
Oxygen isotope analyis, 311
Ozone layer, 265–267
Paine, Thomas O., 73, 137
Panetta, Leon, 315
Perfluoromethane, 265
Pericles, 294
Perigee, 96
Perigee kicks, 105
Permian period, 35
Peroxides, 33, 133
Phillips Lab, Albuquerque, 104
Phobos, 25, 36, 162
Phosphorus, 200, 220
Photosynthesis, 195, 197–198, 269
Pillinger, Colin, 322
Pioneer-Venus 1 and 2, 70
Pioneer Venus Orbiter, 125
Pioneer Venus Probe Carrier, 125
Planetary Society, 291, 292
Plastic manufacture, 182–184
Platinum, 226
Pluto, 23
Polar caps, 25, 28, 186, 187, 249, 251–254, 256, 258, 260, 263
Polaris, 161
Pollack, James, 266
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 313, 318–320
Positive feedback system, 250–251, 262
Potassium, 197
“Preliminary Report of the Mars Study Group, The,” 71
Price, Steve, 52, 155
Proton, 285
Psychological stresses, 126–129
Ptolemy, Alexandria Claudius, 21
Public opinion, 275–277
Pyrrhotite, 317, 318
Quayle, Dan, 275
Radiation hazards, 10, 13, 81, 83, 95, 114–120
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), 190, 191
Ramohali, Kumar, 43, 152
Rapid-spin/short-arm artificial gravity systems, 123
Reagan, Ronald, 73
Regolith, 249–251, 254–258, 260–262, 264
Rems, 114–120
Renaissance, 20–21
Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction, 152–153, 182–183, 200
Risk issue, 13–14, 43, 44
Robotic self-assembly scheme, 53
Romanek, Chris, 311, 312, 314
Roman Empire, 300
RTG. See Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)
Rubidium-strontium, 316
Rudolph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 22
Ruthenium, 150, 155
RWGS. See Reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction
Sabatier reaction, 5, 150–151, 153, 155–156, 183, 197, 201
Sagan, Carl, 73, 266, 279–282, 292, 315
Sagan model, 279–282, 291, 292
Salts, 187, 188
Samarium-neodymium, 316
Saturn V, 3, 53, 56, 64, 77, 88, 89, 91, 101, 231
Scanning electron microscope, 312, 320
Schallenmuller, Al, 52, 64, 66
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 25–26
Science magazine, 314, 315, 319
Score, Roberta, 308–310
SEI. See Space Exploration Initiative (SEI)
Shock events, 316–317
Shortwave communication, 157–159
Shuttle C, 56, 62, 106, 286
Shuttle Z, 56–58, 61–62
Sievert, 114
Silane, 202–204
Silicon, 200–204
Silicon dioxide, 184, 220
Single-stage-to-orbit vehicles (SSTOs), 101, 106–109, 228, 233, 241
Skylab space station, 70, 88, 121, 122, 137, 146, 175
Smectite clays, 188, 197
SNC meteorites, 132, 174, 188, 196, 204, 316, 322
Sojourner rover, 37, 44
Solar electric ion drives, 101
Solar flares, 117–120, 177, 194, 195, 221, 222
Solar max, 119
Solar power, 206–207, 211, 221
Solar sails, 101, 234, 242–243, 263–265
Solar thermal rockets (STRs), 101, 102, 104–106
Solar wind, 243–244
Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrolyzers, 151
Soviet space program, 28–29, 36, 37, 88, 107, 121, 130, 159, 279–282
Space doctors, 86–87
Space Exploration Initiative (SEI), 46–51, 64–66, 73, 88, 103, 104, 273–275
Space Frontier Foundation, 293
Space News magazine, 315
Space Shuttle, 56, 70, 88, 97, 104, 125, 143, 147, 202, 274
Space Station program, 48, 65, 121, 150, 151, 274, 280–281
Space Transfer Vehicle (STV) program, 54
SPE. See Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrolyzers Specific impulse, 60, 102, 228
Spencer, Bob, 63
Sponsorship, 215, 231–236
Sridhar, K. R., 152
SSTOs. See Single-stage-to-orbit vehicles (SSTOs)
Staehle, Robert, 243
Stafford, Thomas, 66
Steel, 185, 199–201
Stoker, Carol, 70, 72, 73
“Straight Arrow Approach, The,” 53
STRs. See Solar thermal rockets (STRs)
STV. See Space Transfer Vehicle (STV) program
Sulfides, 311
Sulfur, 220
Superoxides, 33
Surface mobility, 141–147
Synthesis Group report, 66
Syrtis Major, 25
Telerobotics, 164–166
Temperature of Mars, 27–28, 57, 129, 136, 175, 249–263, 271–272
Terraforming Mars, 70, 71, 218, 238, 247–272
calculations, 251–260
hydrosphere activation, 268
methods of accomplishing global warming, 263–268
oxygenating, 269–270
rate of outgassing of atmosphere from regolith, 260–262
Terror (ship), 17
Tether-generated artificial gravity schemes, 61–62, 123–126
Tharsis region, 30, 159, 209
Thermal conduction, 260–261
Thermonuclear fusion reactors, 223, 224, 245–246
Thomas-Keprta, Kathie, 308, 312–314
Thompson, Al, 52
Tilapia fish, 199
Timekeeping, on Mars, 162–164, 166
Titan IV, 40, 41, 43
TMI. See Trans-Mars injection (TMI)
Trans-Mars injection (TMI), 96, 97
Transmission electron microscope, 312
Triangle trade, 230–231
Truly, Richard, 274
Truth, Sojourner, 37
Tumlinson, Rick, 293
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 295–296
University of Colorado, 70–72
Uranus, 25
U.S. Geological Survey, 139
U.S./Russian humans-to-Mars program, 279–282, 291, 292
Utopia Planitia, 32
Vali, Hojatollah, 314
Valles Marineris, 29, 139–140
Vanadium, 200
Vapor pressure, 252–254
Venus, 52, 70, 80, 82, 95, 97, 140, 162, 266
Viking program, 13, 19–20, 30–36, 39, 52, 70, 87, 99, 130–132, 140, 148, 157, 170, 174, 184, 188, 190, 196, 198, 207, 208, 268
Volcanic action, 159, 209–210
von Braun, Wernher, 47, 66, 102, 292
Voyager program, 70, 190
V-2 rocket engines, 60
Walker, Charles, 292
Walker, Robert, 274
War of the Worlds (Wells), 173
Water, 5, 10, 11, 30, 35, 61, 91–92, 133, 150, 151, 153, 159, 185–193, 220, 224–225, 249, 266
Weaver, David, 67, 68, 154
Webb, Walter Prescott, 303–304
Welch, Steve, 71, 72
Wells, H. G., 173
Wilcockson, Bill, 52, 63
Williams, John, 193
Wilson, Roger, 72
Wind power, 207–208, 211, 221
Worden, Pete, 106, 274
World Space Foundation, 243
Wright, Ian, 322
X-33, 106
Zare, Richard, 308, 313, 314, 318, 323
Zeolite, 193, 261
Zero gravity, 10, 13, 81, 83, 95, 113, 120–126
Zubrin, Robert, The Case for Mars
