The Case for Mars, page 39
Regolith: What most commonly refer to as dirt.
rem: The measure of radiation dose most commonly used in the United States. One hundred rems equals one Sievert, the European unit. It is estimated that radiation doses of about 60 to 80 rem are sufficient to increase a person’s probability of fatal cancer at some time later in life by 1 percent. Typical background radiation on Earth is about 0.2 rem/year.
RWGS: Reverse water-gas shift reaction.
RIG: Radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Sabatier reaction: A reaction in which hydrogen and carbon dioxide are combined to produce methane and water. The Sabatier reaction is exothermic, with aypicalquilibrium constant (see above).
Saturn V: The heavy-lift launch vehicle used to send the Apollo astronauts to the Moon. The Saturn V could lift about 140 tonnes to LEO.
SEI: Space Exploration Initiative.
SNC meteorites: Named for the locations where the first three were found (Shergotty, Nakhla, and Chassigny), SNC meteorites are believed on the basis of very strong chemical, geologic, and isotopic evidence to be debris thrown off of Mars by impacting meteorites.
Sol: One Martian day; 24.6 hours long.
Solar flare: A sudden eruption on the surface of the Sun that can deliver immense amounts of radiation across vast stretches of space.
SPE: Solid polymer electrolyte.
Specific impulse: The specific impulse of a rocket engine is the number of seconds it can make a pound of propellant deliver a pound of thrust. If you multiply the specific impulse of a rocket engine, given in seconds, by 9.8, you will obtain the engine’s exhaust velocity in units of meters/second. Specific impulse is generally viewed as the most important factor in judging a rocket engine’s performance. Frequently abbreviated “Isp.”
SRB: Solid rocket booster.
SSME: Space Shuttle main engine.
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit.
Stable equilibrium: An equilibrium condition, which, if displaced by some external force, will return on its own to its original state. A ball on top of a hill is in unstable equilibrium, because if pushed in either direction it will roll away, accelerating itself from its original position. A ball on a flat surface in the bottom of a bowl is in stable equilibrium, because if pushed, it will roll back to its starting point.
STR: Solar thermal rocket.
Telerobotic operation: Remote control of some device, such as a small Mars rover equipped with TV cameras, by human operators at a significant distance away.
Thrust: The amount of force a rocket engine can exert to accelerate a spacecraft.
Titan IV: An expendable launch vehicle manufactured by the Lockheed Martin Corporation capable of delivering 20,000 kg to LEO or 5,000 kg to a minimum energy trans-Mars trajectory.
TMI: Trans-Mars injection, a maneuver which places a payload or spacecraft on a trajectory to Mars.
TW: Terrawatt, one terrawatt equals 1,000,000 megawatts. Human civilization today uses about 13 TW
TW-year: The total amount of energy associated with the use of one terrawatt for one year.
Unstable equilibnum: See stable equilibrium, above.
Vapor pressure: The pressure exerted by the gas emitted by a substance at a certain temperature. At 100°C, the vapor pressure of water is greater than the Earth’s atmospheric pressure and so it will boil.
W/kg: watts per kilogram.
NOTES
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2. G. Levin
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3. N. Horowitz, “The Biological Question of Mars,” D. B. Reiber, ed., The NASA Mars Conference, Volume 71, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, CA, 1988.
4. J. Postgate, The Outer Reaches of Life, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
5. A. Cohen et al., The 90 Day Study on the Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1989.
6. R. Zubrin, D. Baker, and O. Gwynne, “Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost-Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative,” AIAA 91-0326, 29th Aerospace Science Conference, Reno, NV, January 1991.
7. T. Stafford et al., America at the Threshold: Report of the Synthesis Group on America’s Space Exploration Initiative, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, May 1991.
8. R. Zubrin and D. Weaver, “Practical Methods for Near-Term Piloted Mars Missions,” AIAA 93-2089, 29th AIAA/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, Monterey, CA, June 28-30, 1993. Republished in Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, July 1995.
9. M. Goldman, “Cancer Risk of Low Level Exposure,” Science, March 29, 1996.
10. S. Kondo, Health Effects of Low Level Radiation, Kinki University Press, Osaka, Japan, 1993.
11. C. Comar et al., “The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR),” Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1972.
12. B. Clark and L. Mason, “The Radiation Show Stopper to Mars Missions: A Solution,” presented to the AIAA Space Programs and Technologies Conference, Huntsville, AL, September 1990.
13. L. Simonson, J. Nealy, L. Townsend, and J. Wilson, “Radiation Exposure for Manned Mars Surface Missions,” NASA Technical Publication-2979, Washington, DC, 1990.
14. J. Letaw, R. Silverberg, and C. Tsao, “Radiation Hazards of Space Missions,” Nature, 330, no. 24 (1987):709-10.
15. A. Thompson, “Artificial Gravity for Long Duration Space missions,” presentation to Martin Marietta Scenario Development Team, February 1990.
16. M. Carr, Water on Mars, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 24-29.
17. J. Gooding, “2005 Sample Return: Martian Meteorites and Curatorial Plans,” presentation to the Mars Exploration Long-Term Strategy Working Group, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, September 20, 1995.
18. R. Zubrin, S. Price, L. Mason, and L. Clark, “Report on the Construction and Operation of a Mars In-Situ Propellant Production Plant,” AIAA-94-2844, 30th AIAA Joint Propulsion Conference, Indianapolis, IN, June 1994. Republished in Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, August 1995.
19. R. Zubrin, S. Price, L. Mason, and L. Clark, “An End to End Demonstration of Mars In-Situ Propellant Production,” AIAA-95-2798, 31st AIAA/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, San Diego, CA, July 10-12, 1995.
20. B. Clark, “A Day in the Life of Mars Base 1” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, November 1990.
21. B Mackenzie, “Metric Time for Mars,” AAS 87-269, in C. Stoker, ed., The Case for Mars III, Volume 75, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, CA, 1989.
22. B. Mackenzie, “Building Mars Habitats Using Local Materials,” AAS 87-216, in C. Stoker, ed., The Case for Mars III, Volume 74, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, CA, 1989.
23. R. Boyd, P. Thompson, and B. Clark, “Duricrete and Composites Construction on Mars,” AAS 87-213, in C. Stoker, ed., The Case for Mars III, Volume 74, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, CA, 1989.
24. B. Jakowsky and A. Zent, “Water on Mars: Its History and Availability as a Resource,” in J. Lewis, M. Mathews, and M. Guerreri, eds., Resources of Near-Earth Space, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1993.
25. C. Stoker et al., “The Physical and Chemical Properties and Resource Potentials of Martian Surface Soils,” in J. Lewis, M. Mathews, and M. Guerreri, eds., Resources of Near-Earth Space, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1993.
26. T. Meyer and C. McKay, “The Atmosphere of Mars—Resources for the Exploration and Settlement of Mars,” AAS 81-244, in p. Boston, ed., The Case for Mars, Volume 57, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, CA, 1984.
27. J. Williams, S. Coons, and A. Bruckner, “Design of a Water Vapor Adsorption Reactor for Martian In situ Resource Utilization,” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, August 1995.
28. G. O’Neill, The High Frontier, William Morrow, New York, 1977.
29. J Lewis and R. Lewis, Space Resources: Breaking the Bonds of Earth, Chapter 9, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987.
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REFERENCES
On Mars as a Planet
M. Carr, The Surface of Mars, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. The best introduction t
o Mars yet written.
M. Carr, Water on Mars, Oxford University Press, New York, 1996. A very readable book based on all the latest data, focusing on the central issue of water on Mars, past and present.
H. Kieffer, B. Jakowsky, C. Snyder, and M. Mathews, Mars, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1992. A collection of 114 papers by virtually the entire community of Mars science specialists. Rather technical, but quite complete.
On Missions to Mars
P. Boston, The Case for Mars, Volume 57, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, 1984.
C. McKay, The Case for Mars 11, Volume 62, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, 1985.
C. Stoker, The Case for Mars III, Volumes 74 and 75, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, 1989.
The above three items are the proceedings of the first three “Case for Mars” conferences. The proceedings to Case for Mars IV and V, edited by T. Meyer and P. Boston, respectively, are scheduled to be published in Summer 1996 and 1996/1997, respectively. Also, Univelt is planning to publish soon a collection, edited by R. Zubrin, of articles on new concepts for Mars exploration drawn from the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Other useful information can be found in C. Stoker and C. Em-mart, “Strategies for Mars: A Guide to Human Exploration,” Volume 86, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, 1996; and D. Reiber, “The NASA Mars Conference,” Volume 71, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Univelt, San Diego, 1988.
For information on how to obtain the above publications, contact Univelt, Inc., P.O. Box 28130, San Diego, CA 92198.
On the Folklore of Mars>
J. Wilford, Mars
Beckons, Alfred Knopf, New York, 1990.
INDEX
Abort options and backup plans, 95–101
Advanced Miniature High Frequency System (AMH
FS), 158–159
Advanced space transportation systems, 101–109, 224, 240–246
Aerobraking, 52, 58, 63, 80, 84, 89–90
Aerocapture, 90, 97–98
Aeroshells, 4, 89, 90
Aerospace America, 65
Airbag system, 37
Air-breathing supersonic ramjet propulsion, 234, 240–241
Albrecht, Mark, 274
Aldrin, Buzz, 45, 234, 292
ALH84001, 307–322
Allan Hills Far Western icefield (the Pinnacles), 308–311
Alpha Cephei, 161
Alumina oxide, 220
Aluminum, 201
Amazonia, 209
AMHFS. See Advanced Miniature High Frequency System (AMHFS)
Ammonia, 250, 266–267
Amundsen, Roald, 16–18, 86
Andrews, Dana, 244
Antarctic exploration, 212
Antarctic Meteorite Lab, Johnson Space Center, 308, 309
Antarctic Meteorite Newsletter, 310, 311
Anti-nuclear movement, 103
Apogee, 97
Apollo 13 mission, 83
Apollo program, 3, 45, 54, 55, 58–59, 70, 77–78, 87, 88, 99, 137, 142, 143, 146, 273–274, 277–279
Arcadia, 209
Areogator, 167–169
Ares booster, 3, 6–9, 13, 61–63, 67, 88, 286
Argon propellant, 228
Argos satellite system, 160–161
Ariane, 280
Aristarchus of Samos, 22, 23
Aristotle, 23
Armstrong, Neil, 45
Artificial gravity systems, 61–62, 122–126
Ash, Robert, 43, 60–61, 152
Asteroid belt, 225–230
Astronomy, early, 21–25
Atmosphere of Mars, 25, 27, 34, 39, 57, 129, 130, 136, 140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 177, 192, 194, 222, 249–251
Atmospheric pressure, 251–256, 272
Attentive public, 276–277
Austin, Gene, 64
Back contamination, 113, 132–135
Bacterial ecosystems, 250, 263, 266–268
Bacterial stromatelites, 140
Baker, David, 52, 54–56, 62–66, 73, 88, 223
Ballhaus, Bill, 66
Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, 106
Bar, defined, 249
Barth, Charles, 71
Base-building period, 165, 171–215, 218
brick manufacture, 174–175, 187–188
ceramic and glass production, 184–185
founding base, 173
greenhouse agriculture, 181, 195–199
habitation, 175–181
metallurgy, 199–205
plastic manufacture, 182–184
power, 205–211
support of long-range mobility, 212–215
tapping water, 185–193
Beagle spacecraft, 6–9
