The Lessons of History, page 10
Alexandria, 60
Alpine peoples, 27, 28
America, 28, 39, 40, 53, 94
contemporary painting in, 97
progress in, 97–99
see also NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
UNITED STATES
American Revolution, 76
Amon, religion of, 49
Anabaptists, 65
anarchism, 65
Angkor Wat, 29
Angles, 27, 30
Anglican Church, 50
Anglo-Saxon law, 76
Anglo-Saxons in America, 23, 27, 31, 48
Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (r. 138–161), 69
Antony, Mark (83–30 B.C.), 39, 56–57
Arabs, 97
architecture, 97
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 40
Argos, 75
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 40
aristocracy, 70–71, 75, 76, 82
and French Revolution, 57
and government, 70, 73, 75, 76, 90
and the arts, 70, 73, 78
Aristophanes (450?–385 B.C.), 100
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 74, 93
art and artists, 29, 31, 70–71, 78, 95
of Periclean Athens, 73
an aspect of civilization, 87, 97, 100, 102
Aryan race, 25–28 passim
Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273–232 B.C.), 82, 84
Asia, 15, 53, 84, 90, 96
Asia Minor, 27, 29
Assyria, 29, 40
atheism, 49, 50
Athens, 27, 29, 73, 100
democracy of, 26, 73–75, 79, 99
class war in, 55–56, 73
and Peloponnesian War, 27, 73
Atlantic Ocean, 16
Attica, 27, 72, 99
Augsburg, 54
Augustus, Caius Octavius, Emperor of Rome (r. 27 B.C-A.D. 14), 23, 76, 82, 100
and war, 39, 52–53, 57, 60, 82, 84–85
and conquest of Egypt, 52–53, 60
and Pax Romana, 57, 69, 86
Aurelius, Marcus, see MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Austerlitz, 65
Australia, 28, 84, 97
Austria, 15
Aztecs, 28
Babylonia, 29, 44, 59
Bach, Johann Christian (1735–82), 41
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 46–47, 95
Balkans, the, 27, 29
bankers and banking, 53, 54, 59, 74, 91
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 47
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 16
Bernhardi, Friedrich von (1849–1930), 26
Bible, 24, 29, 47, 60, 64
biology and history, 18–24, 46
birth control, 22–23, 38, 39, 52
birth rate, 21, 22, 23, 28, 83, 101
Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 68
Black, Joseph (1728–99), 41
Boswell, James (1740–95), 41
Brazil, 16
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), 15
Buddha (563?–?483 B.C.), 49, 53
Burke, Edmund (1729–97), 71, 85, 100
Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 21, 23, 39, 56, 69, 76
Cairo, 97
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus). Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41), 69
Calvin, John (1509–64), 20, 23
Canada, 22, 79
Canossa, 45
capitalism and capitalists, 47, 48, 54, 58–59, 65, 66, 67, 83
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 34
Carthage, 29
caste system, 27
Catholicism, 23, 24, 47, 49
see also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina 108?–62 B.C.), 56
Celts, 30
Central America, 15
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927), 26
character and history, 32–36
Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814), 28
Charles Martel (688?–741), 82
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of (1708–1778), 100
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard (1763–94), 49
Chephren (or Khafre), King of Egypt r. c. 2850 B.C.), 97
China, 15, 16, 28, 61, 62–63, 85
Christianity, 29, 46, 47, 50, 93
Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 35
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 56
Cimmerians, 27
civilization, 13, 17, 20, 41, 54, 88, 97, 100, 101
climate and, 15
airplane’s effect on, 16
birth rate and, 21
race and, 25, 26, 28–31
growth and decay of, 41, 87, 88, 91–94
war and, 42, 81, 82
definition of, 87
Spengler’s view of, 89–90
classes, 34, 55–56
conflict between, 36, 43, 52–53, 62–63, 69, 73, 75, 79, 92
Cleland, John (fl. c. 1749), 40
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (r. 51–49, 48–30 B.C.), 52
climate and history, 14, 15, 30, 92
Clovis I, King of the Franks (r. 481–511), 28
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506), 16
Commodus, Lucius Aelius Aurelius, Emperor of Rome (r. 180–192), 69
Communism, 54, 64–65, 83–84
and religion, 43, 48, 49, 51, 64–65
in Russia, 65–66, 83
in Europe, 84, 89
Communist Manifesto, 65
competition, 18, 70, 81, 86, 92, 95
first biological lesson of history, 19, 20, 21
as a spur to capitalist achievement, 58, 59, 66
Compte, Auguste (1798–1857), 88
Concordat of 1807, 49
Confucius (551–479 B.C.), 97
Constantine I the Great, Emperor of Rome (r. 306?–337), 45
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 46
Corcyra (Corfu), 73
Cowper, William (1731–1800), 12
Crete, 27, 29
Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of England (r. 1653–58), 65
Crotona, Greek colony at, 29
Crusades, the, 28, 53
Danes, 30
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), 26
Dardanelles, 52
Declaration of Independence, 19
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 19
deists, English, 47
Delian Confederacy, 52
democracy, 52, 58, 69–81 passim; in Athens, 26, 73–75
and concentration of wealth, 55, 70
in America, 72, 77–79
and education, 79
Democritus (fl. 400 B.C.), 93
Demosthenes (385?—322 B.C.), 100
Denmark, 79
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 97
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 28
dictatorship, 75, 76, 79
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 93, 100
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome (r. 284–305), 60–61
Diogenes (412?–323 B.C.), 93
Domitian, Emperor of Rome (r. 81–96), 69
Donation of Constantine, 45
Donne, John (1573–1631), 46
Dorians, 27, 29
drama, 73, 100
Dravidic peoples, 28–29
Durazzo, Greek colony at, 29
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), 53
East, the, 23, 53, 67, 96, 100
economic development, 20, 58, 63, 71, 77
three stages in history of, 37–39
economics and history of man, 52–57
see also CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Edictum de pretiis (Diocletian), 60
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847–1931), 35
education, 22, 99
and intelligence, 23, 78
and race hate, 31
and religion, 39, 48, 49, 92
in 11th-century China, 63
government support of, 66–67, 79
and civilization, 94, iqi
Egypt, 13, 29, 97
geographical advantages, 15, 25, 90
religion of, 44, 49
Roman conquest of, 52, 60
state-controlled economy of, 59–60
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 65
England, 16, 27, 28, 84, 91, 100
economic aspects, 16, 20, 22, 72, 98
and France, 21, 82
and Western civilization, 30, 31, 83, 84
morals and religion in, 40, 42, 47, 50
and Levellers’ Utopian aims, 65
democracy in, 79, 84, 99
English people, 27, 28, 30, 34, 82
Enlightenment, French, 24, 47, 101
Enlightenment, Greek, 49
Ephesus, 29
Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), 93
equality and freedom, opposites, 20
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536), 71
Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines (Gobineau), 25
Essay on Population (Malthus), 21
Etruria, 29
Europe, 16, 40, 82–84, 94, 96, 99
birth rate in, 22, 28
racial differences in, 27–29
morals and religion in, 29, 39, 40, 93
see also WESTERN EUROPE
evolution, 18, 34
Eyck, Hubert van (1366?–1426), 97 Eyck, Jan van (1370?–1440), 97
False Decretals, 45
Farinelli, Carlo Broschi (1705–82), 41
Florence, 16, 28, 53, 54
food supply and population, 21–22
Ford, Henry (1863–1947), 35
Fox, Charles James (1749–1806), 71, 100
France, 16, 21, 27, 28, 70, 82, 83, 84, 100
population and food supply, 21–22
and the Church, 23, 24, 45, 48–51
Religious Wars of, 45, 82
Franks, 21, 27, 28
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 12, 82, 100
freedom and equality, opposites, 20
French Revolution, 19, 28, 53, 57, 70, 71, 72
religious issue in, 47, 50
and September Massacres, 53, 72
Wars of the, 82
French Revolution, The (Taine), 72*
Fugger family, 54
Gama, Vasco da (1469?–1524), 16
gambling, 40
Gaul, 21, 27, 28
Genghis Khan, Mongol ruler (r. 1206–1227), 46, 83
Genoa, 16
geography and history, 15–17, 29, 30
geology and history, 14
Germany, 15, 21, 23, 27, 64, 65, 85
food supply and birth rate, 22
racist theories, 26–27
the Church and Thirty Years’ War, 45
West Germany, 84
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), 41, 69, 100
Gobineau, Comte Joseph-Arthur de 1816–82), 25
God, death of, 47, 48, 49
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 90
Golden Rule, 84
Gordon riots (London, 1780), 53
Goths, 27
government and history, 68–80
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius (153–121 B.C.), 56, 69, 76
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (162?–133 B.C.), 56, 69
Grant, Madison (1865–1937), 27–28
Great Britain, see ENGLAND
Greece, 23, 34, 52, 94
colonies of, 16, 29
conquest of, 23, 27, 76
culture and civilization, 28, 29, 93, 94, 97, 101
morals and religion, 40, 41, 49, 93
political struggles in, 73–75
see also ATHENS
Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope (r. 1073–85), 45
growth and decay, 87–94
Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Chamberlain), 26
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138), 69
Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (r. 1750?–?1708 B.C.), 44, 59
Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 41
Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), 49
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 66
hell, disappearance of idea of, 47–48
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1056–1106), 45
Heracleitus (6th-5th century B.C.), 29, 81
Hermes, statue of, 97
Herodotus (5th century B.C.), 100
Hiroshima, 85
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 27, 53, 83
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 93
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543), 97
Holy Alliance of 1815, 85
Homer (9th century B.C.), 93
homosexualism, 40
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65–8 B.C.), 53
human nature, 11, 32–36, 88, 95
hunting, a stage in economic history, 37–38
Hut, Hans (fl. 1530), 65
Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV), King of Egypt (r. 1380?–1362 B.C.), 49
Ilium, 52
Incas, 28, 63–64
India, 15, 27, 28–29, 49, 53, 84
Indians, North American, 25, 26
Indians, South American, 64
see also INCAS
Industrial Revolution, 39, 48, 52, 65, 66,
industry, a stage in economic history, 37–38, 39, 47, 88
inequality of men, 20, 43, 72, 92
Innocent III (Giovanni Lotario de’ Conti), Pope (r. 1198–1216), 45
Inquisition, 45
international law, 81, 83, 86
Islam, 29
Isocrates (436–338 B.C.), 75, 100
Israel, 17
Italy, 15, 23, 27, 28, 30, ioi
morals and religion, 40, 41, 48
Communist Party in, 84
Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845), 72
Jacqueries, 57
Japan, 16, 53, 84
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), 77
Jesuits, 45, 64
Jesus Christ, 12, 15, 26, 28, 46, 48
Jews, 29, 37, 44
John of Leiden (1509–36), 65
Jutes, 30
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 93
Kapital, Das (Marx), 65
Keats, John (1795–1821), 53
Khmers, 29 Koran, 24, 29
labor and unemployment, 60, 62, 63
laissez-faire, 30, 63
Lane, Edward (1801–76), 97
language, 31, 100
Latin America, 26, 90
see also SOUTH AMERICA
law, 19, 35, 37, 44, 48, 50, 76, 81, 87
see also INTERNATIONAL LAW
Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924), 35, 66
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), 101
Lesbos, 29
Levellers, 65
liberum veto, 68
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65), 78
literature, 31, 40, 52, 60
Greek, 41, 73, 97
and the Church, 49
and the aristocracy, 52, 71
Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1755), 41
Liu family (fl. A.U. 20), 62
Lombards, 28
London, 53, 54
Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 70
Lucretius (96?–55 B.C), 43
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 23, 40, 71
Lycurgus (9th century B.C.), 29
Macedonia, 27, 75
machines and mechanization, 39, 47, 54, 58
Madras, 29
Magna Carta, 76
Maistre, Comte Joseph de (1753–1821), 51
majorities and minorities, 35, 55, 70, 92
Málaga, Greek colony at, 29
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), 21–22
Mandura, 29
Manichaean religion, 46
manners, 70, 87, 96
Mantua, Duke of (fl. c. 1520–50), 40
Mao Tse-tung (1893– ), 35
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180), 42, 69, 86
Marius, Caius (157–86 B.C.), 39, 56, 69
Marseilles, Greek colony at, 29
Marx, Karl (1818–83), 35, 52, 53, 65, 66, 77
Mayan culture, 28
Medici, house of, 53, 54 medicine, 96
Mediterranean peoples, 27, 28, 75
Mediterranean Sea, 16, 27, 29, 75
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Cleland), 40
Menés, King of Egypt (r. c. 3500 B.C.), 44
Mesopotamia, 15
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), 48
Middle Ages, 44, 95
Milan, 28
Miletus, 29
Moguls, 53
Mohammed (570–632), 29, 35
Mohammedans (Moslems), 24, 29, 53, 83
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–1673). 100
Monaco, Greek colony at, 29
monarchy, 68–70, 75, 76
money, 54, 71, 72, 74, 76, 91
Mongols, 53, 83
monogamy, 38
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–1592), 40
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689–1755), 5
Moors, 53
morals, 31, 35, 37–42, 60, 70
and religion, 43–51, 93, 96
contemporary relaxation of, 42, 52, 88, 95, 96, 99
and the state, 81, 87
Morgans of New York, 54
Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872), 35
Moses, 44
Moslems, see MOHAMMEDANS
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), 41
Münster, Westphalia, 65
Münzer, Thomas (1489?–1525), 64–65
music, 64, 97
Mycenaea, 29
Mytilene, 75
Naples, Greek colony at, 29
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815), 35, 43, 49, 90
Napoleonic Wars, 28
nationalism, 45, 53, 82
Negroes, 30
Neolithic Age, 38
Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68), 69
Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98), 69
Netherlands, the, 84
New England, 31
New Zealand, 84
Nice, Greek colony at, 29
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), 23, 88, 93
Nineveh, 40
Nordic race, 27–28
Normans, 27–28, 30
North America, 22, 25, 28, 30, 84
Norway, 79
Notre Dame de Paris, 100
Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673 B.C.), 44
Nuremberg, 53
Octavius, see AUGUSTUS
oligarchy, 70, 73, 74, 75
Oscans, 27
“Ozymandias” (Shelley), 87
Pacific Ocean, 16
paganism, 50
painting, 97
see also ART
Palestine, 29
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–1594), 97
Palmyra, 16
pantheism, 47
Paris, 49, 54
and French Revolution, 47, 53, 72, 73
Parthenon, 52, 97, 100
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 14
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 27
Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), 35
Paul, Saint (d. 67?), 26
Pax Romana, 57, 69
Péguy, Charles Pierre (1873–1914), 12
Peloponnesian War, 27, 39, 73
Alpine peoples, 27, 28
America, 28, 39, 40, 53, 94
contemporary painting in, 97
progress in, 97–99
see also NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
UNITED STATES
American Revolution, 76
Amon, religion of, 49
Anabaptists, 65
anarchism, 65
Angkor Wat, 29
Angles, 27, 30
Anglican Church, 50
Anglo-Saxon law, 76
Anglo-Saxons in America, 23, 27, 31, 48
Antoninus Pius, Emperor of Rome (r. 138–161), 69
Antony, Mark (83–30 B.C.), 39, 56–57
Arabs, 97
architecture, 97
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 40
Argos, 75
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 40
aristocracy, 70–71, 75, 76, 82
and French Revolution, 57
and government, 70, 73, 75, 76, 90
and the arts, 70, 73, 78
Aristophanes (450?–385 B.C.), 100
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 74, 93
art and artists, 29, 31, 70–71, 78, 95
of Periclean Athens, 73
an aspect of civilization, 87, 97, 100, 102
Aryan race, 25–28 passim
Ashoka, King of Magadha (r. 273–232 B.C.), 82, 84
Asia, 15, 53, 84, 90, 96
Asia Minor, 27, 29
Assyria, 29, 40
atheism, 49, 50
Athens, 27, 29, 73, 100
democracy of, 26, 73–75, 79, 99
class war in, 55–56, 73
and Peloponnesian War, 27, 73
Atlantic Ocean, 16
Attica, 27, 72, 99
Augsburg, 54
Augustus, Caius Octavius, Emperor of Rome (r. 27 B.C-A.D. 14), 23, 76, 82, 100
and war, 39, 52–53, 57, 60, 82, 84–85
and conquest of Egypt, 52–53, 60
and Pax Romana, 57, 69, 86
Aurelius, Marcus, see MARCUS AURELIUS ANTONINUS
Austerlitz, 65
Australia, 28, 84, 97
Austria, 15
Aztecs, 28
Babylonia, 29, 44, 59
Bach, Johann Christian (1735–82), 41
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 46–47, 95
Balkans, the, 27, 29
bankers and banking, 53, 54, 59, 74, 91
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 47
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 16
Bernhardi, Friedrich von (1849–1930), 26
Bible, 24, 29, 47, 60, 64
biology and history, 18–24, 46
birth control, 22–23, 38, 39, 52
birth rate, 21, 22, 23, 28, 83, 101
Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 68
Black, Joseph (1728–99), 41
Boswell, James (1740–95), 41
Brazil, 16
Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), 15
Buddha (563?–?483 B.C.), 49, 53
Burke, Edmund (1729–97), 71, 85, 100
Caesar, Caius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 21, 23, 39, 56, 69, 76
Cairo, 97
Caligula (Caius Caesar Germanicus). Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41), 69
Calvin, John (1509–64), 20, 23
Canada, 22, 79
Canossa, 45
capitalism and capitalists, 47, 48, 54, 58–59, 65, 66, 67, 83
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 34
Carthage, 29
caste system, 27
Catholicism, 23, 24, 47, 49
see also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH
Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina 108?–62 B.C.), 56
Celts, 30
Central America, 15
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927), 26
character and history, 32–36
Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814), 28
Charles Martel (688?–741), 82
Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of (1708–1778), 100
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard (1763–94), 49
Chephren (or Khafre), King of Egypt r. c. 2850 B.C.), 97
China, 15, 16, 28, 61, 62–63, 85
Christianity, 29, 46, 47, 50, 93
Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 35
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 56
Cimmerians, 27
civilization, 13, 17, 20, 41, 54, 88, 97, 100, 101
climate and, 15
airplane’s effect on, 16
birth rate and, 21
race and, 25, 26, 28–31
growth and decay of, 41, 87, 88, 91–94
war and, 42, 81, 82
definition of, 87
Spengler’s view of, 89–90
classes, 34, 55–56
conflict between, 36, 43, 52–53, 62–63, 69, 73, 75, 79, 92
Cleland, John (fl. c. 1749), 40
Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (r. 51–49, 48–30 B.C.), 52
climate and history, 14, 15, 30, 92
Clovis I, King of the Franks (r. 481–511), 28
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506), 16
Commodus, Lucius Aelius Aurelius, Emperor of Rome (r. 180–192), 69
Communism, 54, 64–65, 83–84
and religion, 43, 48, 49, 51, 64–65
in Russia, 65–66, 83
in Europe, 84, 89
Communist Manifesto, 65
competition, 18, 70, 81, 86, 92, 95
first biological lesson of history, 19, 20, 21
as a spur to capitalist achievement, 58, 59, 66
Compte, Auguste (1798–1857), 88
Concordat of 1807, 49
Confucius (551–479 B.C.), 97
Constantine I the Great, Emperor of Rome (r. 306?–337), 45
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 46
Corcyra (Corfu), 73
Cowper, William (1731–1800), 12
Crete, 27, 29
Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector of England (r. 1653–58), 65
Crotona, Greek colony at, 29
Crusades, the, 28, 53
Danes, 30
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), 26
Dardanelles, 52
Declaration of Independence, 19
Declaration of the Rights of Man, 19
deists, English, 47
Delian Confederacy, 52
democracy, 52, 58, 69–81 passim; in Athens, 26, 73–75
and concentration of wealth, 55, 70
in America, 72, 77–79
and education, 79
Democritus (fl. 400 B.C.), 93
Demosthenes (385?—322 B.C.), 100
Denmark, 79
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 97
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 28
dictatorship, 75, 76, 79
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 93, 100
Diocletian, Emperor of Rome (r. 284–305), 60–61
Diogenes (412?–323 B.C.), 93
Domitian, Emperor of Rome (r. 81–96), 69
Donation of Constantine, 45
Donne, John (1573–1631), 46
Dorians, 27, 29
drama, 73, 100
Dravidic peoples, 28–29
Durazzo, Greek colony at, 29
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), 53
East, the, 23, 53, 67, 96, 100
economic development, 20, 58, 63, 71, 77
three stages in history of, 37–39
economics and history of man, 52–57
see also CAPITALISM
SOCIALISM
Edictum de pretiis (Diocletian), 60
Edison, Thomas Alva (1847–1931), 35
education, 22, 99
and intelligence, 23, 78
and race hate, 31
and religion, 39, 48, 49, 92
in 11th-century China, 63
government support of, 66–67, 79
and civilization, 94, iqi
Egypt, 13, 29, 97
geographical advantages, 15, 25, 90
religion of, 44, 49
Roman conquest of, 52, 60
state-controlled economy of, 59–60
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 65
England, 16, 27, 28, 84, 91, 100
economic aspects, 16, 20, 22, 72, 98
and France, 21, 82
and Western civilization, 30, 31, 83, 84
morals and religion in, 40, 42, 47, 50
and Levellers’ Utopian aims, 65
democracy in, 79, 84, 99
English people, 27, 28, 30, 34, 82
Enlightenment, French, 24, 47, 101
Enlightenment, Greek, 49
Ephesus, 29
Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), 93
equality and freedom, opposites, 20
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536), 71
Essai sur l’inégalité des races humaines (Gobineau), 25
Essay on Population (Malthus), 21
Etruria, 29
Europe, 16, 40, 82–84, 94, 96, 99
birth rate in, 22, 28
racial differences in, 27–29
morals and religion in, 29, 39, 40, 93
see also WESTERN EUROPE
evolution, 18, 34
Eyck, Hubert van (1366?–1426), 97 Eyck, Jan van (1370?–1440), 97
False Decretals, 45
Farinelli, Carlo Broschi (1705–82), 41
Florence, 16, 28, 53, 54
food supply and population, 21–22
Ford, Henry (1863–1947), 35
Fox, Charles James (1749–1806), 71, 100
France, 16, 21, 27, 28, 70, 82, 83, 84, 100
population and food supply, 21–22
and the Church, 23, 24, 45, 48–51
Religious Wars of, 45, 82
Franks, 21, 27, 28
Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 12, 82, 100
freedom and equality, opposites, 20
French Revolution, 19, 28, 53, 57, 70, 71, 72
religious issue in, 47, 50
and September Massacres, 53, 72
Wars of the, 82
French Revolution, The (Taine), 72*
Fugger family, 54
Gama, Vasco da (1469?–1524), 16
gambling, 40
Gaul, 21, 27, 28
Genghis Khan, Mongol ruler (r. 1206–1227), 46, 83
Genoa, 16
geography and history, 15–17, 29, 30
geology and history, 14
Germany, 15, 21, 23, 27, 64, 65, 85
food supply and birth rate, 22
racist theories, 26–27
the Church and Thirty Years’ War, 45
West Germany, 84
Gibbon, Edward (1737–94), 41, 69, 100
Gobineau, Comte Joseph-Arthur de 1816–82), 25
God, death of, 47, 48, 49
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 90
Golden Rule, 84
Gordon riots (London, 1780), 53
Goths, 27
government and history, 68–80
Gracchus, Caius Sempronius (153–121 B.C.), 56, 69, 76
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius (162?–133 B.C.), 56, 69
Grant, Madison (1865–1937), 27–28
Great Britain, see ENGLAND
Greece, 23, 34, 52, 94
colonies of, 16, 29
conquest of, 23, 27, 76
culture and civilization, 28, 29, 93, 94, 97, 101
morals and religion, 40, 41, 49, 93
political struggles in, 73–75
see also ATHENS
Gregory VII (Hildebrand), Pope (r. 1073–85), 45
growth and decay, 87–94
Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Chamberlain), 26
Hadrian, Emperor of Rome (r. 117–138), 69
Hammurabi, King of Babylonia (r. 1750?–?1708 B.C.), 44, 59
Haydn, Franz Joseph (1732–1809), 41
Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), 49
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), 66
hell, disappearance of idea of, 47–48
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1056–1106), 45
Heracleitus (6th-5th century B.C.), 29, 81
Hermes, statue of, 97
Herodotus (5th century B.C.), 100
Hiroshima, 85
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 27, 53, 83
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 93
Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?–1543), 97
Holy Alliance of 1815, 85
Homer (9th century B.C.), 93
homosexualism, 40
Horace (Quintus Horatius Flaccus 65–8 B.C.), 53
human nature, 11, 32–36, 88, 95
hunting, a stage in economic history, 37–38
Hut, Hans (fl. 1530), 65
Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV), King of Egypt (r. 1380?–1362 B.C.), 49
Ilium, 52
Incas, 28, 63–64
India, 15, 27, 28–29, 49, 53, 84
Indians, North American, 25, 26
Indians, South American, 64
see also INCAS
Industrial Revolution, 39, 48, 52, 65, 66,
industry, a stage in economic history, 37–38, 39, 47, 88
inequality of men, 20, 43, 72, 92
Innocent III (Giovanni Lotario de’ Conti), Pope (r. 1198–1216), 45
Inquisition, 45
international law, 81, 83, 86
Islam, 29
Isocrates (436–338 B.C.), 75, 100
Israel, 17
Italy, 15, 23, 27, 28, 30, ioi
morals and religion, 40, 41, 48
Communist Party in, 84
Jackson, Andrew (1767–1845), 72
Jacqueries, 57
Japan, 16, 53, 84
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), 77
Jesuits, 45, 64
Jesus Christ, 12, 15, 26, 28, 46, 48
Jews, 29, 37, 44
John of Leiden (1509–36), 65
Jutes, 30
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 93
Kapital, Das (Marx), 65
Keats, John (1795–1821), 53
Khmers, 29 Koran, 24, 29
labor and unemployment, 60, 62, 63
laissez-faire, 30, 63
Lane, Edward (1801–76), 97
language, 31, 100
Latin America, 26, 90
see also SOUTH AMERICA
law, 19, 35, 37, 44, 48, 50, 76, 81, 87
see also INTERNATIONAL LAW
Lenin, Nikolai (1870–1924), 35, 66
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), 101
Lesbos, 29
Levellers, 65
liberum veto, 68
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65), 78
literature, 31, 40, 52, 60
Greek, 41, 73, 97
and the Church, 49
and the aristocracy, 52, 71
Litta, Conte Cavaliere Agostino (fl. 1755), 41
Liu family (fl. A.U. 20), 62
Lombards, 28
London, 53, 54
Louis XIV, King of France (r. 1643–1715), 70
Lucretius (96?–55 B.C), 43
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 23, 40, 71
Lycurgus (9th century B.C.), 29
Macedonia, 27, 75
machines and mechanization, 39, 47, 54, 58
Madras, 29
Magna Carta, 76
Maistre, Comte Joseph de (1753–1821), 51
majorities and minorities, 35, 55, 70, 92
Málaga, Greek colony at, 29
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), 21–22
Mandura, 29
Manichaean religion, 46
manners, 70, 87, 96
Mantua, Duke of (fl. c. 1520–50), 40
Mao Tse-tung (1893– ), 35
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, Emperor of Rome (r. 161–180), 42, 69, 86
Marius, Caius (157–86 B.C.), 39, 56, 69
Marseilles, Greek colony at, 29
Marx, Karl (1818–83), 35, 52, 53, 65, 66, 77
Mayan culture, 28
Medici, house of, 53, 54 medicine, 96
Mediterranean peoples, 27, 28, 75
Mediterranean Sea, 16, 27, 29, 75
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Cleland), 40
Menés, King of Egypt (r. c. 3500 B.C.), 44
Mesopotamia, 15
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), 48
Middle Ages, 44, 95
Milan, 28
Miletus, 29
Moguls, 53
Mohammed (570–632), 29, 35
Mohammedans (Moslems), 24, 29, 53, 83
Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–1673). 100
Monaco, Greek colony at, 29
monarchy, 68–70, 75, 76
money, 54, 71, 72, 74, 76, 91
Mongols, 53, 83
monogamy, 38
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–1592), 40
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brede et de (1689–1755), 5
Moors, 53
morals, 31, 35, 37–42, 60, 70
and religion, 43–51, 93, 96
contemporary relaxation of, 42, 52, 88, 95, 96, 99
and the state, 81, 87
Morgans of New York, 54
Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791–1872), 35
Moses, 44
Moslems, see MOHAMMEDANS
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), 41
Münster, Westphalia, 65
Münzer, Thomas (1489?–1525), 64–65
music, 64, 97
Mycenaea, 29
Mytilene, 75
Naples, Greek colony at, 29
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815), 35, 43, 49, 90
Napoleonic Wars, 28
nationalism, 45, 53, 82
Negroes, 30
Neolithic Age, 38
Nero, Emperor of Rome (r. 54–68), 69
Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, Emperor of Rome (r. 96–98), 69
Netherlands, the, 84
New England, 31
New Zealand, 84
Nice, Greek colony at, 29
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1844–1900), 23, 88, 93
Nineveh, 40
Nordic race, 27–28
Normans, 27–28, 30
North America, 22, 25, 28, 30, 84
Norway, 79
Notre Dame de Paris, 100
Numa Pompilius, legendary King of Rome (r. 715–673 B.C.), 44
Nuremberg, 53
Octavius, see AUGUSTUS
oligarchy, 70, 73, 74, 75
Oscans, 27
“Ozymandias” (Shelley), 87
Pacific Ocean, 16
paganism, 50
painting, 97
see also ART
Palestine, 29
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da (1526?–1594), 97
Palmyra, 16
pantheism, 47
Paris, 49, 54
and French Revolution, 47, 53, 72, 73
Parthenon, 52, 97, 100
Pascal, Blaise (1623–62), 14
Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), 27
Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), 35
Paul, Saint (d. 67?), 26
Pax Romana, 57, 69
Péguy, Charles Pierre (1873–1914), 12
Peloponnesian War, 27, 39, 73
