The Darker Nations, page 54
SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization), 38, 40, 46
Second World: collapse of, 219, 258, 278, 279; presentation of the idea of, 6–7; socialism in, 7; and zone of peace, 46. See also USSR
Selassie, Haile, 100, 112
Semaun, 21
Senegal, 324n19
Senghor, Lamine, 23
Senghor, Léopold, 81
Sharabi, Hisham, 14
Sha’rawi, Huda, 54–55
Shariati, Ali, 91–92
Sheikh, Ahmed El, 161
Sheppard, William, 18
Shukri, Aminah, 60
Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, 100
Singapore, 245–59; as British colony, 249; Communist Party in, 211, 249–50; Development Plan (1960–64), 251; and economic crisis, 256, 258; Economic Expansion Incentives Act (1967), 253; free-trade port of, 211, 253; independence of, 247; People’s Action Party (PAP) in, 250–51, 252, 254; professional flight to, 254; technology in, 254; “Tiger” economy of, 245–49, 252–55; trade unions in, 253
Singer, H.W., 64, 294n1
Singh, Manmohan, 212
Slovo, Joe, 144 socialism: abandoned goals of, xviii; Arusha Declaration, 191–93; bureaucratism in, 196, 198; in Cold War, 8; commandism in, 196, 197; and Communist Party, 156–57, 158, 306n3; of consumption not production, 199; economic autarky as, 217; in former colonial states, 191–99; in a hurry, 191, 196, 197; in mixed economy, 199, 306n6; as new democracy, 158; in Second World, 7; as Third World goal, xvii, 24, 123–24, 130, 148, 191, 262; transitional stages toward, 20–21, 193, 195, 197; ujamaa (villagization), 192, 194–98
Soederberg, Susanne, 226
Solh, Riad as-, 265
Solh, Sami, 37
Somalia, armed struggle in, 112
“Someone Who Is Not Like Anyone” (Farrokhzad), 93–94
Sorel, George, 311n23
South Africa: apartheid in, 40, 144, 221; Communist Party in, 156; Defiance Campaign (1952), 12; NEPAD in, 280–81; Umkhonto we Sizwe in, 111
South America. See Latin America
South Korea: financial crisis in, 256; industrial output of, 215, 230; land reform in, 200, 249; “Tiger” economy of, 245, 252, 254; U.S. aid to, 252
South Yemen, Marxism in, 271
Soviet Union. See USSR
Spain, colonies of, 66
Spaulding, Winston, 238
Stalin, Joseph, 37, 46, 95, 97
Stanley, Henry, 17
Stanovnik, Janez, 299n35
Stone, I.F., 39
Stroessner, Alfredo, 138
Sudan: Communist Party in, 149, 159, 160–61; famine in, 212; IMF loan to, 233; independence of, 33; military coup in, 148; and NAM, 163; and Saudi Arabia, 274
Suez Canal, 52, 100, 263, 292n62
Suharto, Haji Mohammed, 141, 143, 154, 155–56, 163, 237
Sukarno, Ahmed, 4, 33–36, 48, 156; in Bandung conference, xvii, 30, 33–34, 39; in Belgrade conference, 306–7n11; in Brijuni conference, 100; in Brussels conference, 21; and Communist Party, 110, 152–54, 159, 162; and independence, 36; national theory of, 12, 13, 14; on nuclear threat, 101; overthrow of, 108, 154, 310n9; rise to power of, 152–54, 162
SUNFED (Special UN Fund for Economic Development), 44, 70
Sun Yat-sen, 27
Sun Yat-sen, Madame (Soong Ch’ingling), 22, 171
Syria, 161, 264
Taiwan. See Formosa
Tanarat, Sarit, 138
Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), 191–94
Tanzania: agriculture in, 192, 194–96, 197, 202; armed struggle in, 113; and Arusha Declaration (1967), 191–93, 195, 199; and Arusha Initiative (1980), 243–44; Mwongozo (Leadership Code) in, 191; National Service in, 139; postcolonial, 128, 133, 194–98; socialism as goal in, 191–98, 202; ujamaa program in, 194, 195–98, 202
Tariqi, ‘Abdullah al- “Red Sheikh,” 183–84, 265–66
Teresa, Mother, 9
“Terra Nova Statement on the International Monetary System and the Third World,” 242–44
Thailand, 38, 138
Therborn, Göran, 7, 8
Third World: absolutism in, 144; anticolonialism in (see colonialism); armed struggle as tactic of, 106–7, 110, 111–13, 122, 162; arms expenditures of, 220; character of governance in, 128; and civil rights, 89–90, 135; and Cold War, 8–11, 13, 42, 98–100, 105, 106–7, 113–14, 278, 327n37; Communist Parties in, 133, 161–63; community in, 70, 268; cultural nationalism in, xviii, 82–91, 105, 115, 217–18; demise of, xviii–xix, 14, 15, 133, 162, 209, 219–22, 240, 258, 276–79; dissent in, 140, 174; on economic development, 45, 91–92; economic problems of, 34, 62–64, 69–70, 114–15, 173, 197, 210–11, 212, 214–17, 229–39, 247, 258, 276, 280; education and literacy in, 88–90, 115; food security in, 201–2; foreign aid to, 64–65, 71–73; goals of, 11, 163; guerrilla wars in, 57, 162; idea of, xvii, 6–7, 11, 13, 15, 30, 32, 221; internationalist nationalism of, 12, 163, 197; land reform in, 74, 127, 142, 147, 198–201, 202; and League against Imperialism, 16, 22; military coups in, 130–32, 133, 138–49, 159, 162, 203; multiplicity (diversity) in, 84–87; nationalization of industries in,186–87; and non-alignment, 99 (see also Non-Aligned Movement); one-commodity nations of, 181, 182, 227, 233, 270; one-party states of, 123, 128–29, 139–40, 145, 312n10; and peaceful coexistence, 106–7, 109; political platform developed in, 14, 113–14, 162; popular mobilization in, 122, 133, 139–40; post-revolution nation-building in, 122–30; as project, xv, xvii, 231, 258; proxy wars in, 210, 211, 212, 220; racialism opposed by, 45; reconstruction in, 64, 127–28; separatist movements in, 84; social hierarchies maintained in, xvii–xviii, 14, 36, 45, 73, 91, 110, 115, 122–24, 129–30, 199, 212, 217–18, 219; socialized democracy lacking in, 123–26, 130; social unrest in, 198; structural adjustment of, 258; teachers in, 78–79, 80; technological development in, 91–92; ujamaa (villagization), 192, 194–98; and United Nations, xvi, 10, 11, 13, 15, 27–28, 41, 49, 73–74, 103; unity in, xvii–xviii, 11, 34, 217; and Vietnam War, 107–10; welfarist nations of, 193, 202, 242, 248; xenophobia in, 217, 218–19; in zone of peace, 46. See also specific nations
Tibet, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172
Tidjani, Hashemi, 126
Tito, Marshall, 4; African tour of, 307n17; at Brijuni conference, 95, 96–97, 100; and Cold War, 46, 97–98, 100, 162 Tlatelelco Treaty (1963), 221
Togo, military coup in, 147
Touré, Sékou, 158
Tran Danh Tuyen, 108
tribalism, 262
Tricontinental Conference, Havana (1966), 209; arguments taken to UN from, xvi; ideology crafted in, xv, 104, 107, 111–13, 122; on struggle against Third World’s own weakness, 114–15; on Vietnam War, 107–9
Trilateral Commission, 141
Truman, Harry S., 7, 38, 290n42
Tunisia, nationalism in, 84
Turkey, 7, 38, 84–85
Uganda, military coup in, 147
UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development): creation of, xvi, 45, 299n35; decline of, 277, 280; and G-77, 70, 72; and IMF, 233, 234; Nairobi meeting of (1976), 220; and NIEO, 189; on one-commodity nations, 181, 185; and Third World economic development, 70–74, 189, 222; and transnationals, 241
UNCTC (UN Centre on Transnational Corporations), 240, 241
UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization), 6, 10–11, 45, 85, 87, 89–90
United Arab Republic (UAR), 162, 264
United Fruit Company, 18, 106, 137
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Nations (UN): Charter of, 48; and Cold War, 44, 109, 173–74; Convention on the Law of the Sea, 219; democratization of, 96, 101, 102–4, 163; Development Programs, 44, 70, 234; diminishing influence of, 49; Food and Agriculture Organization, 70, 74, 201–2; founding of, 10, 102; Global Compact Program, 339n55; and global economy, 64, 68–69, 70–74; and IAEA, 42; and land reform, 74; and Latin America, 26–27, 102; membership in, 41; and NAM, 96, 100, 102–3, 163; and NIEO, 163, 189, 214, 219; and nuclear threat, 101, 173, 221; reform urged for, 280; roles of, xvi, 44, 167; Security Council of, 102, 221; successes of, 28; and Third World, xvi, 10, 11, 13, 15, 27–28, 41, 49, 73–74, 103; and transnational corporations, 240–41; and women’s rights, 56
United States: arms sales by, 71–72, 98, 99; and Baghdad Pact, 38; and Bandung Conference, 47–48; and Bay of Pigs, 101, 142; deficit spending of, 231, 270; deindustrialization of, 188; foreign aid from, 71–72, 192, 252, 267; and global economy, 63, 66, 68, 243; hegemony of, 213, 237–38, 278–80; interventions in Latin America by, 25–27, 105–6, 109, 136–38, 140, 142–44, 147, 236; Marshall Plan of, 64–65; military umbrella of, 38–39; nuclear weapons of, 42–43, 221; and SEATO, 38, 46; and UN Security Council, 102; and World War II, 8
Universal Declaration on Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition (1974), 202
U Nu, 34, 36, 39, 46, 48–49, 100, 101, 108, 162, 166–67
Uruguay, Communist Party in, 156
Uslar-Pietri, Arturo, 176, 178
USSR: and African nations, 112; and Arab nations, 98–100, 160, 263; arms sales by, 46, 50, 99; Bolshevik Revolution in, 97; and China, 10, 37, 47, 110, 166; and Cold War, 7–8, 9–10, 37, 46–48, 109, 113, 156, 278; Comecon of, 72; Cominform in, 9, 97–98; Cominterm of, 20–21, 22, 29–30, 156, 157; Communist Party in, 8, 46, 97, 153, 156, 157–58, 278; decline of, 210–11, 212, 213, 219, 228, 272–73, 278; Eastern European states in orbit of, 7, 72–73; economic aid from, 46, 52, 72–73, 149, 156, 158, 192; Karakhan Manifesto, 166; and Latin America, 72–73, 106, 143; nuclear weapons of, 42–43, 101; October Revolution in, 210; oil in, 180, 186; Stalinist purges in, 286n12; and Third World, 9–10, 20–21, 46, 106–7, 133, 156, 209; and UN Security Council, 102; and World War II, 8, 72; and zone of peace, 46
Vandervelde, Émile, 19
Vasconcelias, José, 22
Venezuela: foreign investment in, 177; military coup in, 148; oil in, 176–90; social upheaval in, 177, 279
Vietnam, 4, 33, 35, 129
Vietnam War, 4, 5, 106, 107–10, 112–13, 209
Wahhab, Muhammed ibn ‘Abd al-, 261
Wahhabism, 261, 263, 264
Wallace, W.T., 176
Warsaw Pact, 10, 37, 72, 96, 173
Wilcox, Clair, 69
Williams, Henry Sylvester, 23
Wilson, Woodrow, 21
women: in guerrilla warfare, 57; programs for, 242; rights of, 53–61, 84, 241–42, 293n24
World Bank: on agriculture sector, 194, 201; and Asian “Tiger” economies, 248–49; Brandt Report of, 235; and global debt, 229; and land reform, 202; loans with conditions attached, xviii, 9, 71, 216, 222, 232, 235, 276, 338n43; on military vs. social spending, 173; and wealth gap, 277
World Muslim League (WML), 260–62, 267–68, 270–73
World Trade Organization (WTO), 228
World War II: alliances in, 157; economic impact of, 72, 249; horrors of, 6; populations lost in, 8
The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 121–22
Wright, Richard, 81
Yalta Conference (1945), 95, 96
Ydígoras Fuentes, Miguel, 142
Yemen, in UAR, 264, 265
Youssef, Ben, 100
Yugoslavia: Belgrade conference (1961), xvi, 4, 95–97, 167, 185, 308n20; Brijuni conference (1956), 95–97, 100–101, 277; in Cold War, 97–98; and Communist Party, 97–98; dismemberment of, 278; and Third World, 46, 306n5; and USSR, 46, 98, 162; U.S. violation of airspace of, 98
Zaire, 233, 262
Zakaria, Fareed, 251
Zaki, Khalid Ahmed, 161
Zhdanov, Andrei, 10, 97, 99
Zhou En-lai, 36–37, 165–67, 171–72
Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, 271, 272, 273
Zimbabwe, 111, 112
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Vijay Prashad, The Darker Nations
