From Pessimism to Promise, page 18
5. Arline Groenewald, “Indonesia Blocks Popular Websites under New Censorship Law,” Privacy Hub, August 4, 2022, https://www.cyberghostvpn.com/en_US/privacyhub/indonesia-blocks-websites/.
6. Paul Bischoff, “Internet Censorship 2023: A Global Map of Internet Restrictions,” Comparitech, last updated October 16, 2023, https://www.comparitech.com/blog/vpn-privacy/internet-censorship-map/.
7. Mpela, “Top 10 Countries.”
8. Love Matters Naija, “Nipples are not an erogenous zone for everybody,” Facebook, November 30, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/LoveMattersNaija/photos/a.430131877454703/1536470013487545/?type=3.
9. RNW Media, “RNW Media Welcome Event 2022—Full Event,” June 16, 2022, YouTube video, 1:48:41, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_Ebd1MbOO0.
10. Personal communication.
11. Personal communication.
12. Mahwish Gul, “Biological Facts Every Girl Must Know,” D+C, December 30, 2021, https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/new-digital-app-helps-break-taboo-surrounding-girls-menstruation-pakistan.
13. Jacob Poushter and Nicholas Kent, “The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists,” Pew Research Center, June 25, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/.
14. Arjun Appadurai, “The Haptic and the Phatic in the Era of Globalization,” Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics, and Innovation, no. 1 (2022): 1–13, http://doi.org/10.12893/gjcpi.2022.1.2.
15. Appadurai, “Haptic,” 4.
16. Roshnee Burma, “World Sexual Health Day 2020,” Are We Listening? (blog), International Planned Parenthood Federation, September 4, 2020, https://sar.ippf.org/blogs/are-we-listening.
17. Chris Stokel-Walker, YouTubers: How YouTube Shook Up TV and Created a New Generation of Stars (Surrey: Canbury Press, 2019), 16.
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19. “2021 Year in Review.”
20. Pallavi Barnwal, “‘Indians Don’t Talk about Sex—So I Help Them,’” BBC News, July 11, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-56838660.
21. Barnwal, “‘Indians Don’t Talk about Sex.’”
22. Emma Whitford, “Students Viewed This Type of TikTok 412 Billion Times—and It’s Not Porn,” Forbes, October 18, 2022, https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawhitford/2022/10/18/students-viewed-this-type-of-tiktok-412-billion-times-and-its-not-porn/?sh=663349407e9c.
23. Koh Ewe, “We Asked the Math Tutor Who Posts His Lessons on Pornhub: Why?,” Vice, November 11, 2021, https://www.vice.com/en/article/dyp8wa/math-tutor-video-lessons-pornhub-changhsu.
24. Jimena Ledgard, “Getting Political Is Becoming Profitable for Influencers in Peru,” Rest of World, March 12, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/getting-political-is-becoming-profitable-for-influencers-in-peru/.
25. Jean Lin and Jeroen de Kloet, “Platformization of the Unlikely Creative Class: Kuaishou and Chinese Digital Cultural Production,” Social Media + Society 5, no. 4 (2019): 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119883430.
26. “Tencent-Backed Kwai App Ranked Most Popular Social Short Video App,” Business Insider, May 28, 2018, https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tencent-backed-kwai-app-ranked-most-popular-social-short-video-app-1025560745.
27. Lin and de Kloet, “Platformization.”
28. Tony Xu, “The Stars Who Vanished from China’s Live-Streaming Galaxy,” TechNode, April 15, 2019, https://technode.com/2019/04/15/the-stars-who-vanished-from-chinas-live-streaming-galaxy/.
29. “China Divided as WeChat Deletes LGBT Accounts from Platform,” BBC News, July 8, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57759480.
30. Andrew Deck and William Yang, “To Survive, China’s Biggest Dating App Became a Pharmacy,” Rest of World, August 27, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/china-bluecity-healthcare-dating-apps/.
31. “Owner of China’s Biggest Gay Dating App Enters Online Healthcare Business Focusing on Men’s Health,” Global Times, April 20, 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202104/1221615.shtml.
32. Deck and Yang, “To Survive.”
33. Emma Hine and Luciano Floridi, “New Deepfake Regulations in China Are a Tool for Social Stability, But at What Cost?,” Nature Machine Intelligence 4 (2022): 608–610, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-022-00513-4.
34. “2021 Year in Review.”
35. Simon Denyer and Annie Gowen, “Too Many Men,” Washington Post, April 18, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/world/too-many-men/.
36. Snigdha Poonam and Samarth Bansal, “Inside the Chinese Dating Apps Exploiting the Loneliness of India’s Men,” Quartz, March 13, 2020, https://qz.com/india/1811151/chinese-dating-apps-are-exploiting-loneliness-of-indias-men.
37. Poonam and Bansal, “Inside the Chinese Dating Apps.”
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39. Kate Devlin, “Sex Robots: How Do Sex Robots Work and Can You Buy a Sex Robot?,” Cosmopolitan, July 12, 2021, https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/sex/a36480612/sex-robots/.
40. Claire Wolters, “Asia’s Live-Streaming Industry Promises Intimacy. So Why Are Users So Lonely?,” National Geographic, July 31, 2019, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/asia-live-streaming-industry-creates-loneliness.
41. Charlie Yi Zhang, Dreadful Desires: The Uses of Love in Neoliberal China (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2022).
42. Elen C. Carvalho Nascimento, Eugênio da Silva, and Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista, “The ‘se’ of Sex Robots: A Bioethical Issue,” Asian Bioethics Review 10, no. 3 (2018): 231–240.
43. Carina S. González-González, Rosa Gil-Iranzo, and Patricia Paderewski-Rodríguez, “Sex with Robots: Analyzing the Gender and Ethics Approaches in Design,” Interacción ’19: Proceedings of the XX International Conference on Human Computer Interaction (2019): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1145/3335595.3335609.
44. Nicola Döring, M Rohangis Mohseni, and Roberto Walter, “Design, Use, and Effects of Sex Dolls and Sex Robots: Scoping Review,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 7 (2020): e18551.
45. Döring, Mohseni, and Walter, “Design, Use, and Effects.”
46. Kiran Vinod Bhatia, Payal Arora, and Manisha Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online: Unpacking the Quotidian Playful Resilience Influencing Girls’ Social and Digital Engagements,” International Journal of Communication 15 (2021): 4755–4733.
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48. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4764.
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50. Bhatia, Arora, and Pathak-Shelat, “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 4767.
51. “Digital Leisure Divide,” 47.
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55. Lucy Swinnen et al., “Telegram: Where Women’s Nudes Are Shared without Consent,” BBC News, February 16, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-60303769.
56. Tejika Bajaj, “Bengaluru Based Startup FRND Raises $6.5 Million in Series A Round of Funding,” Startup Story, December 21, 2021, https://startupstorymedia.com/insights-12-21-frnd-raises-6-5-million-in-series-a-round-of-funding/.
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Chapter 4
1. Ma Zhenhuan, “Dance with Zhejiang Couple Lifts Spirits of Millions,” China Daily, June 8, 2020, https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/08/WS5ede16e7a3108348172519a3.html.
2. Émile Durkheim, “Elementary Forms of Religious Life,” in Social Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Wesley Longhofer and Daniel Winchester (New York: Routledge, 2016), 52–67.
3. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (London: Profile Books, 2019).
4. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1993).
5. Jacobs, Death and Life, 55.
6. Chelsea Carrick, “‘Our Main Demand Is Not to Get Killed’: Mexican Women Find Safety in Location-Tracking Facebook Groups,” Rest of World, September 12, 2022, https://restofworld.org/2022/mexico-women-location-tracking-facebook-whatsapp-groups/.
7. Xiao Han and Giselinde Kuipers, “Humour and TikTok Memes during the 2020 Pandemic Lockdown: Tensions of Gender and Care Faced by Chinese Mothers Working from Home,” China Information 35, no. 3 (2021): 393–419.
8. Maud Ceuterick, “An Affirmative Look at a Domesticity in Crisis: Women, Humour and Domestic Labour during the COVID-19 Pandemic,” Feminist Media Studies 20, no. 6 (2020): 896–901.
9. Tom McTague, “Yes, Make Coronavirus Jokes,” The Atlantic, April 3, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/04/humor-laughter-coronavirus-covid19/609184/.
10. “Envious Suburban Lifestyle of Urban Angst,” Global Times, June 4, 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1225406.shtml.
11. Echo Zhan, “Li Ziqi Breaks YouTube Subscribers Record for Chinese Language Channel,” Guinness World Records, February 3, 2021, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2021/2/li-ziqi-breaks-youtube-subscribers-record-for-chinese-language-channel-647202.
12. Malcolm Gladwell, “I Was a Stranger and You Welcomed Me,” July 28, 2022, in Revisionist History, produced by Pushkin Industries, podcast, MP3 audio, 38:46, https://www.pushkin.fm/podcasts/revisionist-history/i-was-a-stranger-and-you-welcomed-me.
13. Beverly L. Jenkins, “Monica Lewinsky Creates ‘Goodness Bot’ to Combat Mean Tweets and Cyberbullying,” InspireMore, December 4, 2019, https://www.inspiremore.com/monica-lewinsky-goodness-bot/.
14. Olivia Seaman, “How TikTok’s Body Positivity Movement Overshadows Body Shaming,” The Torch, December 14, 2021, https://www.torchonline.com/opinion/2021/12/14/how-tiktoks-body-positivity-movement-overshadows-body-shaming/.
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16. Andrew Deck and Vittoria Elliott, “How Line Is Fighting Disinformation Without Sacrificing Privacy,” Rest of World, March 7, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/how-line-is-fighting-disinformation-without-sacrificing-privacy/.
17. Laura DeNardis, The Internet in Everything: Freedom and Security in a World with No Off Switch (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020), 3.
18. Agatha Mattos, Michela Bertolotto, and Gavin McArdle, “Mapping Slums with Deep Learning Feature Extraction” (paper presented at CDCEO 2022: 2nd Workshop on Complex Data Challenges in Earth Observation, Vienna, Austria, July 25, 2022), https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3207/paper5.pdf.
19. Mattos, Bertolotto, and McArdle, “Mapping Slums.”
20. Kehren Weitzberg, Margie Chessman, Aaron Martin, and Emrys Schoemaker, “Between Surveillance and Recognition: Rethinking Digital Identity in Aid,” Big Data & Society 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–7.
21. “Informal Economy in India,” Daily Updates, Drishti IAS, May 30, 2022, https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/informal-economy-in-india#:~:text=An%20Informal%20economy%20represents%20enterprises,urban%20squalor%2C%20poverty%20and%20unemployment.
22. David Murakami Wood and Rodrigo José Firmino, “Empowerment or Repression? Opening Up Questions of Identification and Surveillance in Brazil through a Case of ‘Identity Fraud,’” Identity in the Information Society 2, no. 3 (2009): 299.
23. Hayden Field, “Remote Employee Monitoring Tech Is Surging,” Tech Brew, November 23, 2022, https://www.emergingtechbrew.com/stories/2022/11/23/remote-employee-monitoring-tech-is-surging.
24. Field, “Remote Employee Monitoring Tech.”
25. Shweta Mohandas and Deepika Nandagudi Srinivasa, “The Boss Will See You Now: The Growth of Workplace Surveillance in India, Is Data Protection Legislation the Answer?,” Centre for Internet and Society, December 31, 2020, https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-boss-will-see-you-now-the-growth-of-workplace-surveillance-in-india-is-data-protection-legislation-the-answer.
26. “Sanitation Workers Protest against GPS Enabled Watches, Chandigarh MC Refuses to Budge,” Hindustan Times, March 13, 2020, https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sanitation-workers-protest-against-gps-enabled-watches-chandigarh-mc-refuses-to-budge/story-sYJLH96Yi6smfctGtz0BII.html.
27. Sabah Gurmat, “India Is Creating a ‘Surveillance Segregation’ State by Tracking Lower-Caste Workers,” Daily Dot, November 6, 2022, https://www.dailydot.com/debug/india-sanitation-workers-gps-watches-surveillance-segregation/.
28. “e-Shram: Shramev Jayate, National Database of Unorganised Workers,” Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India, last updated October 27, 2023, https://eshram.gov.in/.
29. Atikh Rashid, “Migrant Workers Gone, Pune Grapples with Shortage of Labourers; Work Speed Down to 20%,” Indian Express, June 1, 2020, https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/effects-of-migrant-exodus-metro-sites-wear-desolate-look-progress-of-work-down-to-20-per-cent-of-usual-capacity-in-pune-6436392/.
30. Shweta Mahendra Chandrashekhar, “Migrant Workers and Digital Inclusion in the Construction Sector in India,” in Feminist Futures of Work: Reimagining Labour in the Digital Economy, ed. Payal Arora, Usha Raman, and René König (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023), 167–184.
31. Priyanka Parashar, “Female Workforce in India Declined to 9% Since Covid Pandemic. Here’s Why,” Mint, June 3, 2022, https://www.livemint.com/news/india/female-workforce-in-india-declined-to-9-since-covid-pandemic-here-s-why-11654254827989.html.
32. Bhatia et al., “Good Girls Don’t Go Online,” 19.
33. Personal communication.
34. Personal communication.
35. Personal communication.
36. Sreelakshmi Ramachandran and Snehil Singh, “Women in the Driving Seat: Studying the Interplay between Gender and Asset Ownership in the Platform Economy,” Ola Mobility Institute, March 2021, https://olawebcdn.com/ola-institute/women_asset_ownership_platform_economy.pdf.
37. Sai Amulya Komarraju, Payal Arora, and Usha Raman, “Agency and Servitude in Platform Labour: A Feminist Analysis of Blended Cultures,” Media, Culture & Society 44, no. 4 (2022): 672–689.
38. Komarraju, Arora, and Raman, “Agency and Servitude,” 11.
39. Komarraju, Arora, and Raman, “Agency and Servitude,” 7–8.
40. Achyutha Sharma, “Women Resellers in India’s Gig Economy: From Access to Confidence,” in Feminist Futures of Work: Reimagining Labour in the Digital Economy, ed. Payal Arora, Usha Raman, and René König (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023), 77–86, https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.2711713.10.
41. Tatiana Melnichuk, “Why Does Emotional Intelligence Matter in Recruiting?,” Forbes, October 18, 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2021/10/18/why-does-emotional-intelligence-matter-in-recruiting/?sh=65e55bdb2f62.
42. Marc Brackett and Christina Cipriano, “Emotional Intelligence Comes of Age,” Cerebrum (2020), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7409775/.
43. Ben Highmore, “Bitter after Taste: Affect, Food and Social Aesthetics,” in The Affect Theory Reader, ed. Melissa Gregg and Gregory J. Seigworth (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 118.
44. Service Civil International, “Picturing the Global South: The Power behind Good Intentions,” version 3, Service Civil International Toolkit, 2018, http://www.sci.or.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/picturingtheglobalsouth_toolkit_v1.pdf.
45. Jacqueline Holler, “The History of Emotions in Colonial Latin America,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History, May 23, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.533.
46. Ann Laura Stoler, “Affective States,” in A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, ed. David Nugent and Joan Vincent (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004), 4–20.
47. Holler, “History of Emotions.”
48. Stoler, “Affective States,” 18.
