Lost London, page 32
12. Ambrose, P.J. and R.J. Colenutt, The Property Machine. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975.
13. Hyde, ‘Signed, Anonymous’.
14. Summerson, J., ‘City corner house’, Observer, 21 June 1987, p. 20.
15. ‘Highlights from the inspector’s report’, Architects’ Journal, 29 May 1985, p. 25.
16. Sudjic, D., ‘Invest in Stirling’, Sunday Times, 18 May 1986, p. 54.
17. Mull, O., ‘Postmodern architecture: No. 1 Poultry, London, by James Stirling’, Dezeen, 15 September 2015. https://www.dezeen.com/2015/09/15/ (accessed 5 June 2025).
18. Jacobs, ‘Negotiating the heart’.
19. Watson, V., ‘20th century avant‑garde and architecture: Mies van der Rohe’s unbuilt design for the City of London’, Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, 63, 2019, p. 94.
20. Hammond, N., ‘City’s first trading house identified’, The Times, 1 February 1999, p. 22.
16 KENSINGTON TOWN HALL
1. Weiner, D., Architecture and Social Reform in Late Victorian London. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994, p. 3.
2. Smith, J., ‘Bank Melli Iran’, in Smith, J.R. and Clarke, J, London’s Town Halls. London: Architectural Survey and National Monuments Record, English Heritage, 1998, p. 128.
3. ‘General introduction’, in Sheppard, F.H.W. (ed.), Survey of London: vol. 37, Northern Kensington, London, 1973. British History Online, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol37/pp1-24 (accessed 15 June 2025).
4. Cunningham, C., Victorian and Edwardian Town Halls. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.
5. The Builder, 1 August 1874, p. 644.
6. The Builder, 26 February 1876, p. 197.
7. The Builder, 2 December 1876, p. 1179.
8. Smith, ‘Kensington Town Hall’, in Smith and Clarke, London’s Town Halls, pp. 136–137.
9. The Builder, 21 December 1878, p. 1321.
10. London Daily Chronicle, August 9, 1880, p. 5.
11. Smith, ‘Kensington Town Hall’, p. 136.
12. Kensington Post, 16 December 1977, p. 44.
13. Letter, Kensington Post, 30 December 1977, p. 4.
14. Freeman, N., ‘Trouble at the old Town Hall’, The Times, 23 June 1982.
15. Kensington Society, Annual Report 1982–83. London: Kensington Society, 1983, p. 5.
16. Lomas, A., ‘Carnival clearing, not backing Boris, and Korean comparisons: Politics in Kensington’, New Statesman, 24 August 2014.
17. ‘Lords won’t interfere in town hall demolition’, Westminster & Pimlico News, 2 July 1982, p. 3.
17 BALTIC EXCHANGE
1. Findlay, J.A., The Baltic Exchange: Being a Short History of the Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange from the Days of the Old Coffee House, 1744–1927. London: Witherley & Company, 1927.
2. Forrester, R.B., ‘Commodity exchanges in England’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 155, 1, 1931, pp. 196–207.
3. Quoted in Barty-King, H., Baltic Exchange, 1744–1994: Baltic Coffee House to Baltic Exchange. London: Quiller Publishing, 1994, p. 37, from an 1896 issue of Chambers Journal.
4. Barty-King, Baltic Exchange, 1744–1994.
5. Barty-King, Baltic Exchange, 1744–1994.
6. De Matos, D., ‘The Baltic, Britain’s sociable exchange’, 2020, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tch-baltic-britains-sociable-exchange-daniel-dematos (accessed 11 June 2025).
7. Burch, S., ‘Unfolding signifier: London’s Baltic Exchange in Tallinn’, Journal of Baltic Studies, 39, 4, 2008, pp. 451–473.
8. Barty-King, Baltic Exchange, 1744–1994, p. xi.
9. Craig, T., ‘Sabotage! The origins, development and impact of the IRA’s infrastructural bombing campaigns 1939–1997’, Intelligence and National Security, 25, 3, 2010, pp. 309–326.
10. Barty-King, Baltic Exchange, 1744–1994, pp. 93–94.
11. Coaffee, J., ‘Rings of steel, rings of concrete and rings of confidence: Designing out terrorism in Central London pre and post September 11th’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, 1, 2004, pp. 201–211; Coaffee, J., ‘Fortification, fragmentation and the threat of terrorism in the City of London in the 1990s’, in J.R. Gold and G. Revill (eds) Landscapes of Defence. London: Routledge, 2014, pp. 114–129.
12. Barhillel, M., ‘Property English Heritage’, Spectator, 18 September 2004, https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/property-english-heritage/ (accessed 2 September 2025).
13. Powell, K., 30 St Mary Axe: A Tower for London. London: Merrell, 2006, p. 45.
14. Barhillel, ‘Property English Heritage’.
15. Burch, ‘Unfolding signifier’.
16. Kask, M. et al., Face-to-Face: The Story of the Baltic Exchange. Tallinn: Lugemik and Museum of Estonian Architecture, 2016.
18 ROSCOE STREET ESTATE
1. Greenwood, J., In Strange Company: Being the Experiences of a Roving Correspondent, 2nd edn. London: H.S. King and Co., 1874, p. 14.
2. Yeames, J., Life in London Alleys, with Reminiscences of Mary McCarthy and her Work. London: Legare Street Press, 2023, p. 22. Originally published in 1877.
3. Tarn, J.N., ‘The Peabody Donation Fund: The role of a housing society in the nineteenth century’, Victorian Studies, 10, 1, 1966, p. 10.
4. ‘The London poor’, The Times, 29 November 1883, p. 4.
5. Porritt, E., ‘The housing of the working classes in London’, Political Science Quarterly, 10, 1, 1895.
6. Yelling, J.A. ‘The selection of sites for slum clearance in London, 1875–1888’, Journal of Historical Geography, 7, 2, 1981, pp. 155–165; Whelan, R., ‘British social housing and the voluntary sector’, Economic Affairs, 28, 2, 2008, pp. 5–10.
7. Whelan, ‘British social housing and the voluntary sector’, p. 6.
8. Anon., ‘The rebuilding of London, III – Peabody Town, Bunhill Fields’, Pall Mall Gazette, 21 Jan.(?) 1883, p. 51, quoted in A. Arestis et al., Whitecross Street Estate. London: Publica, 2010, p. 11.
9. Howell, G., ‘The dwellings of the poor’, The Nineteenth Century and After: A Monthly Review, 13, 76, 1883, p. 1000.
10. London Evening Standard, 2 February 1884, p. 3.
11. Darbishire, H., ‘On the construction of dwellings for the poor’, The Builder, 21 November 1863, p. 822.
12. Honsa, J., ‘“The germ of future extension and perpetuity”: Capitalism and the Peabody Trust’, Journal of Architecture, 28, 4, 2023, p. 566.
13. ‘Artisans’ and labourers’ dwellings: The buildings of the Peabody Trust’, The Builder, 46, 16 February 1884, p. 249.
14. Porritt, ‘The housing of the working classes in London’.
15. Newsholme, A., ‘The vital statistics of Peabody Buildings and other artisan and labourers’ block buildings’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 54, 1, 1891, pp. 70–111.
19 LYONS CORNER HOUSE
1. Burnett, J., England Eats Out: A Social History of Eating Out in England from 1830 to the Present. London: Routledge, 2004.
2. Assael, B., The London Restaurant, 1840–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
3. Thorne, R., ‘Places of refreshment in the nineteenth-century city’, in A.D. King (ed.), Buildings and Society. London: Routledge, 1980, pp. 125–139.
4. Gutzke, D.W., John Pearce and the Rise of the Mass Food Market in London, 1870–1930. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
5. McCracken, S., ‘Voyages by teashop: An urban geography of modernism’, in P. Brooker and A. Thacker (eds), Geographies of Modernism. London: Routledge, 2005, p. 87.
6. Bird, P., The First Food Empire: A History of J. Lyons & Co. Chichester: Phillmore, 2000; Harding. T., Legacy: One Family, a Cup of Tea and the Company that Took on the World. London: Heinemann, 2019.
7. Oddy, D.J., ‘Catering for millions: The British Empire Exhibition, 1924–25, and the Festival of Britain, 1951’, in N. Teughels and P. Scholliers (eds), A Taste of Progress. London: Routledge, 2015, pp. 275–289.
8. Holcombe, L., ‘Space, efficiency and service: Luxury and femininity in the establishments of J. Lyons & Co (1895–1935)’, Luxury, 6, 1, 2019, pp. 105–119.
9. Grafe, C., ‘The restaurant: Stage set and functional arrangement, the short history of an impossible typology’, in C. Grafe and F. Bollerey (eds), Restaurants and Dining Rooms. London: Routledge, 2019, p. 107.
10. Middlesex County Times, Saturday, 10 April 1915, p. 1.
11. Surrey Mirror, Tuesday, 13 April 1915, p. 3.
12. Surrey Mirror, Tuesday, 13 April 1915, p. 3.
13. Westminster Gazette, Wednesday, 7 April 1915, p. 8.
14. Westminster Gazette, Wednesday, 7 April 1915, p. 8.
15. Surrey Mirror, Tuesday, 13 April 1915, p. 3.
16. Walkowitz, J., Nights Out: Life in Cosmopolitan London. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2012, pp. 194–195.
17. Walkowitz, Nights Out, p. 195, quoting Green, J., A Social History of the Jewish East End in London, 1914–39: A Study of Life, Labour and Liturgy. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen, 1991, p. 342.
18. Whorrall-Campbell, G., ‘Emotions and sexuality at work: Lyons Corner Houses, c.1920–50’, in A. Arnold-Forster and A. Moulds (eds), Feelings and Work in Modern History: Emotional Labour and Emotions about Labour. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022.
19. Walkowitz, Nights Out, p. 204.
20. Lyon, P., ‘Dining out: Restaurants and British society in the 1930s’, Journal of Culinary Science & Technology, 18, 3, 2020, pp. 177–191.
21. Walkowitz, Nights Out, p. 183.
22. Oddy, ‘Catering for millions’, p. 278.
23. Bird, The First Food Empire.
24. Rappaport, E., A Thirst for Empire: How Tea Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017, p. 240.
25. Mason, R.O., ‘The legacy of LEO: Lessons learned from an English tea and cake company’s pioneering efforts in information systems’, Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 5, 5, 2004, pp. 183–219.
26. Ferry, G., A Computer Called LEO: Lyons Teashops and the World’s First Business Computer, London: Fourth Estate, 2003.
20 THE ASTORIA
1. Cruickshank, D., Soho: A Street Guide to Soho’s History, Architecture and People. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2020, p. 14.
2. Nott, J.J., Music for the People: Popular Music and Dance in Interwar Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
3. Summers, J., Soho: A History of London’s Most Colourful Neighbourhood. London: Bloomsbury, 1989, p. 161.
4. Allen Eyles, A. and K. Skone, London’s West End Cinemas, 3rd edn. Swindon: English Heritage, 2014, p. 78.
5. Kuhn, A., ‘Cinema-going in Britain in the 1930s’, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 19, 4, 1999.
6. Nott, Music for the People, p. 86.
7. Porter, L., ‘The talkies come to Britain: British silent cinema and the transition to sound, 1928–30’, in I.Q. Hunter, L. Porter and J. Smith (eds), The Routledge Companion to British Cinema History. London: Routledge, 2017, pp. 103–114.
8. Walkowitz, J., Nights Out: Life in Cosmopolitan London. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2012, p. 185.
9. Nott, Music for the People.
10. Walkowitz, Nights Out, p. 190.
11. Walkowitz, Nights Out, p. 192.
12. Kinsella, R., The Bebop Scene in London’s Soho, 1945–1950: Post-War Britain’s First Youth Subculture. Cham: Springer, 2022.
13. ‘The Astoria Theatre’, Arthur Lloyd.co.uk, http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/AstoriaTheatreCharingCrossRoad.htm.
14. Graves-Brown, P., ‘Where the streets have no name: A guided tour of pop heritage sites in London’s West End’, in S. May, H. Orange and S. Penrose (eds), The Good, the Bad and the Unbuilt: Handling the Heritage of the Recent Past. London: BAR Publishing, 2012, pp. 63–76.
15. Campkin, B., ‘Queer infrastructures: LGBTQ+ networks and urban governance in global London’, in R. Ramos and S. Mowlabocus (eds), Queer Sites in Global Contexts. London: Taylor & Francis, 2020, pp. 82–101.
16. Cruickshank, Soho: A Street Guide to Soho’s History, p. 3.
17. Quoted in Cruickshank, Soho: A Street Guide to Soho’s History, p. 13.
18. Hebbert, M., ‘Megaproject as keyhole surgery: London Crossrail’, Built Environment, 37, 1, 2012, pp. 89–102.
19. Cruickshank, Soho: A Street Guide to Soho’s History, p. 3.
21 THE ACE OF SPADES
1. Law, M., ‘Turning night into day: Transgression and Americanization at the English inter-war roadhouse’, Journal of Historical Geography, 35, 2009, pp. 473–494.
2. Gutzke, D., ‘The life and death of the interwar roadhouse’, Brewery History, 170, 2017, pp. 22–34.
3. ‘The Ace of Spades Club by E.B. Musman’, Architectural Review, May 1933, pp.186–187; quoted in D.W. Gutzke and M.J. Law, The Roadhouse Comes to Britain: Drinking, Driving and Dancing, 1925–1955. London: Bloomsbury, 2017, p. 84.
4. Gosling, L., ‘From river clubs to road houses: An interwar leisure phenomenon’, Art Deco Society, https://artdecosociety.uk/2021/11/04/from-river-clubs-to-road-houses-an-interwar-leisure-phenomenon/ (accessed 11 June 2025).
5. Daily Mail, 26 June 1931; quoted in Gutzke, ‘The life and death of the interwar roadhouse’, p. 26.
6. Law, ‘Turning night into day’, pp. 473–4. Based on the Pathé newsreel, Outer London Clubs and Cabarets – ‘The Ace of Spades’, reel: 1086.02, 7 August 1933. The SS1 is as imagined by the author but was a popular choice of model and colour.
7. Margetson, S., The Long Party: High Society in the Twenties and Thirties. London: Cremonesi, 1974, p. 46.
8. Cutforth, R., Later than We Thought: A Portrait of the Thirties. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1976, p. 10.
9. Priestley, J.B., English Journey. London: Heinemann, 1934.
10. Gutzke D.W., ‘Improved pubs and road houses: Rivals for public affection in interwar England’, Brewery History, 119, 2005, pp. 2–9.
11. Jennings, P., The Local: A History of the English Pub. Cheltenham: History Press, 2021.
12. Gutzke, ‘Improved pubs and road houses’.
13. Jennings, The Local, p. 199.
22 FIRESTONE FACTORY
1. The Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population, also known as the Barlow Commission, was set up in 1937 and published its report in 1940.
2. Hall, P., ‘The new industrial areas’, in J.T. Coppock and H.C. Prince (eds), Greater London. London: Faber & Faber, 1964, pp. 121–139.
3. Darley, G., Factory. London: Reaktion Books, 2003. See also Freeman, J.B., Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World. New York: W.W. Norton, 2018.
4. Law, M.J., The Experience of Suburban Modernity: How Private Transport Changed Interwar London. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014.
5. Taylor, F.W., The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper, 1911.
6. Alexander, S., ‘A new civilization? London surveyed 1928–1940s’, History Workshop Journal, 64, 2007, p. 307.
7. Chance, H., From Model Factory to Modern Factory: A History of Corporate Landscapes from the Industrial to the Digital Age. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017, p. 38.
8. Edwards, A.T., Good and Bad Manners in Architecture. London: John Tirani, 1924, reprinted 1941; cited in J.S. Skinner, Form and Fancy: Factories and Factory Buildings by Wallis, Gilbert & Partners, 1916–1939. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997, p. 30.
9. Skinner, J., ‘The Firestone factory 1928–1980’, Twentieth Century Architecture, 1, 1994, p. 20.
10. Loader, R. and J. Skinner, ‘Management, construction and architecture: The development of the model factory’, Construction History, 7, 1991, pp. 83–103.
11. Wallis, T., ‘Factories’, Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 25 February 1933, pp. 301–302.
12. Darley, Factory; Freeman, Behemoth.
13. Skinner, Form and Fancy.
14. Skinner, ‘The Firestone factory 1928–1980’, p. 15.
15. Knox, P.L., Better by Design? Architecture, Urban Planning, and the Good City. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Publishing, 2020, https://publishing.vt.edu/site/books/m/10.21061/better-by-design/ (accessed 12 June 2025).
